Encyclopedia - Radiation: Encyclopedia - Radiation
Radiation can refer to one of the following: Specific types in physics: Alpha radiation, composed of the nuclei of helium-4 atoms. Beta ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Radiation: Oceanography Dictionary - Radiation
  Definition and meaning of radiation:   radiation - energy that comes from a source and travels through some material o...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Radiation: New Age Spiritual Dictionary On Radiation
radiation Power existing in various wave rates and lengths. Believed to be the carrier of spirit communication with sensitives. This ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colonization Of Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Colonization Of Mars - Radiation
Mars has no global geomagnetic field comparable to Earth's. Combined with a thin atmosphere, this increases the amount of ionizing radiat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cyclotron Radiation: Encyclopedia - Cyclotron Radiation
Cyclotron radiation is a type of bremsstrahlung (braking) radiation. It is electromagnetic radiation emitted by moving charged particles ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Background Radiation: Encyclopedia - Background Radiation
Background radiation is the ionizing radiation from several natural radiation sources: sources in the Earth and from those sources that a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adaptive Radiation: Encyclopedia - Adaptive Radiation
Adaptive radiation describes the rapid speciation of a single or a few species to fill many ecological niches. This is an evolutionary pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cherenkov Radiation: Encyclopedia - Cherenkov Radiation
Cherenkov radiation (also spelled Cerenkov or sometimes ÄŒerenkov) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle passes th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Radiation: Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-radiation Missile: Encyclopedia - Anti-radiation Missile
An anti-radiation missile is a missile which is designed to detect and home in on the emissions of an enemy radar installation. Commonly ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation: Encyclopedia - Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
edit In cosmology, the cosmic microwave background radiation (most often abbreviated CMB but occasionally CMBR, CBR or MBR) is a form of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Van Allen Radiation Belt: Encyclopedia - Van Allen Radiation Belt
The Van Allen radiation belt is a torus of energetic charged particles (ie. a plasma) around Earth, trapped by Earth's magnetic field. Wh...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Radiation: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Radiation
Radiation Generally, the emission of life energies, or various kinds of energic outflowings or productions radially outward from a cen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ionizing Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Ionizing Radiation - Types Of Radiation
Ionizing radiation is produced by radioactive decay, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, extremely hot objects (thermal or blackbody radi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ionizing Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Ionizing Radiation - Example: Electromagnetic Radiation
The energy of a photon (i.e., a quantum of electromagnetic radiation) is given by the Planck equation: E = hν where E is the energy o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiation Poisoning: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiation Poisoning - Measuring Radiation Dosage
The rad is a unit of absorbed radiation dose defined in terms of the energy actually deposited in the tissue. One rad is an absorbed dose...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ionizing Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Ionizing Radiation - Sources Of Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing radiation - Natural background radiation. Natural background radiation comes from four primary sources: cosmic radiation, sola...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Background Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Background Radiation - Natural Background Radiation
Natural background radiation comes from three primary sources: cosmic radiation, terrestrial sources, and radon. The worldwide average ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Isotropic Radiator: Encyclopedia Ii - Isotropic Radiator - Physics
A point radiation or sound source. At a distance, the sun is an isotropic radiator of electromagnetic radiation. The Big Bang is another ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ionizing Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Ionizing Radiation - The Effects Of Ionizing Radiation On Animals
We tend to think of biological effects of radiation in terms of their effect on living cells. For low levels of radiation exposure, the b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ionizing Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Ionizing Radiation - Minimizing Health Effects Of Ionizing Radiation
Although exposure to ionizing radiation carries a risk, it is impossible to completely avoid exposure. Radiation has always been present ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cherenkov Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cherenkov Radiation - Uses
Cherenkov radiation is used to detect high-energy charged particles. In pool-type nuclear reactors, the intensity of Cherenkov radiation ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cherenkov Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cherenkov Radiation - Characteristics
Intuitively, the overall intensity of Cherenkov radiation is proportional to the velocity of the inciting charged particle and to the num...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Synchrotron Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Synchrotron Radiation - Synchrotron Radiation In Astronomy
Synchrotron radiation is also generated by astronomical structures and motions, typically where relativistic electrons spiral (and hence ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Background Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Background Radiation - Man-made Radiation Sources
The radiation from natural and man-made radiation sources are identical in their nature and their effects. These materials are distribute...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiation Pressure: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiation Pressure - Theory
It may be shown by electromagnetic theory, by quantum theory, or by thermodynamics, making no assumptions as to the nature of the radiati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiation Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiation Therapy - Kinds Of Radiation Therapy
Three main divisions of radiotherapy are external beam radiotherapy (XBRT) or teletherapy, brachytherapy or sealed source radiotherapy an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiation Hardening: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiation Hardening - Radiation Effects On Electronics
Radiation hardening - Fundamental mechanisms. Two fundamental damage mechanisms take place: Lattice displacement, caused by neutrons, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Background Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Background Radiation - Man-made Background Radiation
Every above-ground nuclear detonation scatters a certain amount of radioactive contamination. Some of this contamination is local, render...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiation Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiation Therapy - Application
Radiotherapy is commonly used for the treatment of malignant tumors (cancer.) It may be used as the primary therapy. It is also common to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiation Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiation Therapy - Dosage
Radiation therapy, like drugs, has biological effects. It is therefore useful to distinguish the total dose from the fractionation schedu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Radiation - Physics
Electromagnetic radiation - Theory. Electromagnetic waves of much lower frequency than visible light were predicted by Maxwell's equati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Radiation - Derivation
Electromagnetic waves as a general phenomenon were predicted by the classical laws of electricity and magnetism, known as Maxwell's equat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Synchrotron Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Synchrotron Radiation - Synchrotron Radiation From Storage Rings
Synchrotron radiation is characterized by: High brightness and high intensity, many orders of magnitude more than with x-rays produced i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acoustic Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Acoustic Hawking Radiation - Controversy: Identity Of Radiated Information
Although the "classical" and "quantum" descriptions of the overall statistical characteristics of the emitted radiation agree, the nature...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terahertz Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Terahertz Radiation - Introduction
Like infrared radiation or microwaves, these waves usually travel in line of sight. Terahertz radiation is non-ionizing and shares with m...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Radiation Control: Pagan Paganism Dictionary Ii On Radiation Control
Radiation Control: An APK talent for speeding up and slowing down the decay rates of radioactive materials.   (See also: Radia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Nuclear And Radiation Accidents: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Nuclear And Radiation Accidents - Accident Types
List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Criticality accidents. Criticality accidents and power excursions in nuclear reactors, for ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravitational Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravitational Radiation - Prospects
Scientists are eager to directly measure gravitational waves from astronomical sources, as they can probe phenomena that are difficult or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Hawking Radiation - Overview
Black holes are sites of immense gravitational attraction into which surrounding matter is drawn by gravitational forces. Classically, th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravitational Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravitational Radiation - Detection
Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993 for their observations of a remarkable bi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Nuclear And Radiation Accidents: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Nuclear And Radiation Accidents - Accident Types
List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Criticality accidents. Criticality accidents and power excursions in nuclear reactors, for ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravitational Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravitational Radiation - Overview
In Einstein's theory of General Relativity, gravitation is, essentially, identified with spacetime curvature. In the famous slogan promul...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Electromagnetic Radiation: New Age Spiritual Dictionary On Electromagnetic Radiation
electromagnetic radiation Radiation of different wavelengths extending from radio waves to gamma rays and including visible light; of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiation Poisoning: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiation Poisoning - Symptoms And Effects
The symptoms of radiation sickness become more serious (and the chance of survival decreases) as the dosage of radiation increases. Prolo...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Electromagnetic Radiation: Oceanography Dictionary - Electromagnetic Radiation
  Definition and meaning of electromagnetic radiation:   electromagnetic radiation - energy that travels through space in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiation Poisoning: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiation Poisoning - Table Of Exposure Levels And Symptoms
Dose-equivalents are presently stated in sieverts: Radiation poisoning - 0.05–0.2 Sv 5–20 REM. No symptoms. Potential for cancer an...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Solar Radiation: Oceanography Dictionary - Solar Radiation
  Definition and meaning of solar radiation:   solar radiation - the amount of radiation or energy received from the sun...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Ionizing Radiation: Oceanography Dictionary - Ionizing Radiation
  Definition and meaning of ionizing radiation:   ionizing radiation - high-energy radiation capable of producing ioniza...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Nonionizing Radiation: Oceanography Dictionary - Nonionizing Radiation
  Definition and meaning of nonionizing radiation:   nonionizing radiation - radiation that carries enough energy to exc...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Adaptive Radiation: Oceanography Dictionary - Adaptive Radiation
  Definition and meaning of adaptive radiation:   adaptive radiation - the evolution of a single evolutionary stock into ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Visible Radiation: Oceanography Dictionary - Visible Radiation
  Definition and meaning of visible radiation:   visible radiation - energy at wavelengths from 400 - 700 nm that is det...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravitational Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravitational Radiation - Derivation
Gravitational radiation - Perturbation of Flat Space-time. Consider that the full metric g is nearly the flat metric η plus some small...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cherenkov Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cherenkov Radiation - Physical Origin
While relativity holds that the speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant (c), the speed of light in a material may be significa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiation Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiation Therapy - Side Effects
Radiotherapy is in itself painless. Many low-dose palliative treatments (e.g. radiotherapy to bony metastases) cause minimal or no side e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiation Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiation Therapy - How It Works
Radiation therapy works by damaging the DNA of cells. The damage is caused by an electromagnetic, electron or proton beam directly or ind...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Radiation - Electromagnetic Spectrum
Generally, EM radiation is classified by wavelength into electrical energy, radio, microwave, infrared, the visible region we perceive as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar Radiation - Climate Effect Of Solar Radiation
The average energy density of solar radiation just above the Earth's atmosphere, in a plane perpendicular to the rays, is about 1367 W/mÂ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Hawking Radiation - Emission Process
A black hole emits thermal radiation at a temperature , in natural units with G, c, and k equal to 1, and where κ is the surface grav...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Ir, Infrared Radiation: Oceanography Dictionary - Ir, Infrared Radiation
  Definition and meaning of IR, infrared radiation:   IR (infrared) radiation - earth-emitted radiation over thermal wav...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Uv, Ultraviolet Radiation: Oceanography Dictionary - Uv, Ultraviolet Radiation
  Definition and meaning of UV, ultraviolet radiation:   UV (ultraviolet) radiation - the region of the electromagnetic ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravitational Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravitational Radiation - Sources Of Gravitational Waves
Gravitational waves are caused by certain motions of mass or energy. The type of motion required is different from electromagnetism in on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Hawking Radiation - Black Hole Evaporation
When particles escape, the black hole loses a small amount of its energy and therefore of its mass (recall that mass and energy are relat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravitational Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravitational Radiation - The Nature Of Gravitational Waves
Gravitational waves represent fluctatations in the metric of space-time. That is, they alter the relative distance between test particles...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acoustic Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Acoustic Hawking Radiation - Gravitational Analogues
Since "non-gravitational" Hawking radiation effects are usually considered to be analogous to the behaviour around black holes, they are ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acoustic Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Acoustic Hawking Radiation - Overlap Of Quantum And Classical Behaviour
Explanations of Hawking radiation around a black hole often use a description of quantum-mechanical pair production effects occurring on ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acoustic Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Acoustic Hawking Radiation - Historical Dates
1784: John Michell publishes a research paper outlining the light-trapping properties of the Newtonian predecessor of the black hole, (no...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acoustic Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Acoustic Hawking Radiation - Analogy Vs Identity
Visser, "Acoustic Black Holes" (1999): "This partial isomorphism is the basis of a very useful analogy whereby parts of General Relativit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars Radiation Environment Experiment: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars Radiation Environment Experiment - How The Instrument Works
A spectrometer inside the instrument measured the energy from two sources of space radiation: galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar energe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Radiation Experiments: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Radiation Experiments - Plutonium Experiments
During and after the end of World War II, scientists working on the Manhattan Project and other nuclear weapons research projects conduct...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Radiation Experiments: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Radiation Experiments - Project Sunshine
Early in the Cold War, researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia attempted to determine just how much nuclear f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetosphere: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetosphere - Radiation Belts
    When the first scientific satellites were launched in the first half of 1958--Explorers 1[14] and 3 by the US, Sputnik 3 by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation - Features
The cosmic microwave background is a 2.725 K thermal spectrum of black body radiation that fills the universe. It has a peak frequency of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation - History
See also: Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation The cosmic microwave background was predicted by George Gamow, Ralph Alph...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation - Relationship To The Big Bang
The standard hot big bang model of the universe requires that the initial conditions for the universe are a Gaussian random field with a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation - History
The cosmic microwave background was predicted by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Hermann in 1948. Moreover, Alpher and Herman were...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dipole: Encyclopedia Ii - Dipole - Dipole Radiation
In addition to dipoles in electrostatics, it is also common to consider an electric or magnetic dipole that is oscillating in time. In pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Radiation Hazard: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Radiation Hazard - U.s. Military Definition
In Federal Standard 1037C, the United States government adopts the following definition: Electromagnetic radiation hazards (RADHAZ or EM...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Photochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Photochemistry - Electromagnetic Radiation
Photochemistry - Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is broad, however, a photochemist will find them...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mobile Phone Radiation And Health: Encyclopedia Ii - Mobile Phone Radiation And Health - Occupational Health Hazards
Telecommunication workers who spend time at a short distance from the active equipment, for the purposes of testing, maintenance, install...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mobile Phone Radiation And Health: Encyclopedia Ii - Mobile Phone Radiation And Health - Precautionary Principle
Although scientific evidence for health hazards of low level cellphone radiation is weak, the World Health Organization has recommended t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mobile Phone Radiation And Health: Encyclopedia Ii - Mobile Phone Radiation And Health - Health Hazards Of Handsets
Part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone handset are absorbed by the human head; the radio waves emitted by a GSM handset, f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mobile Phone Radiation And Health: Encyclopedia Ii - Mobile Phone Radiation And Health - Safety Standards And Licensing
In order to protect the population living around base stations and users of mobile handsets, governments and regulatory bodies adopt safe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Discovery Of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Discovery Of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation - History
By the middle of the 20th century cosmologists concerned with the creation of the universe had evolved two leading theories to explain th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Van Allen Radiation Belt: Encyclopedia Ii - Van Allen Radiation Belt - Removing The Belts
The belts are a hazard for artificial satellites and moderately dangerous for human beings and difficult and expensive to shield against....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Radiation Hazard: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Radiation Hazard - Biological Hazards Of Emf
The best understood biological effect of electromagnetic fields is to cause dielectric heating. For example, touching an antenna while a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sensor: Encyclopedia Ii - Sensor - Optical And Radiation Sensors
Sensor - Ionising radiation. radiation sensors: Geiger counter, dosimeter, Scintillation_counter subatomic particle sensors: scintillo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Planck's Law Of Black Body Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Planck's Law Of Black Body Radiation - History
Many popular science accounts of quantum theory, as well as some physics textbooks, contain some serious errors in their discussions of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sensor: Encyclopedia Ii - Sensor - Optical And Radiation Sensors
Sensor - Ionising radiation. radiation sensors: Geiger counter, dosimeter, Scintillation_counter subatomic particle sensors: scintillo...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Par, Photosynthetically Active Radiation: Oceanography Dictionary - Par, Photosynthetically Active Radiation
  Definition and meaning of PAR, Photosynthetically Active Radiation:   PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) - thos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ionization Chamber: Encyclopedia Ii - Ionization Chamber - Radiation Detectors
A Geiger-Müller tube—used in a Geiger counter—is another type of ionization chamber. In such a tube, one plate is wrapped into a cyl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiative Forcing: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiative Forcing - Radiation Balance
Most of Earth's energy which affects weather comes from the Sun. The planet and its atmosphere absorb and reflect some of the energy, wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Membrane Paradigm: Encyclopedia Ii - Membrane Paradigm - Hawking Radiation
After being introduced to model the theoretical electrical characteristics of the horizon, the "membrane" approach was then pressed into ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Medicine - Radiation Dose
A patient undergoing a nuclear medicine procedure will receive a radiation dose. Under present international guidelines it is assumed tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Semiconductor Detector: Encyclopedia Ii - Semiconductor Detector - Semiconductor Radiation Detector
In these detectors, radiation is measured by means of the number of charge carriers set free in the detector, which is arranged between t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Light: Encyclopedia Ii - Light - Visible Electromagnetic Radiation
Visible light is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between the frequencies of 380 THz (3.8×1014 hertz) and 750 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mobile Phone Radiation And Health: Encyclopedia Ii - Mobile Phone Radiation And Health - Health Hazards Of Base Stations
Another area of worry about effects on the population's health have been the radiation emitted by base stations (the antennas located ins...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiation Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiation Therapy - Virtual Simulation 3-dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy And Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy
The planning of radiotherapy treatment has been revolutionised by the ability to delineate tumours and adjacent normal structures in 3 di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Van Allen Radiation Belt: Encyclopedia Ii - Van Allen Radiation Belt - The Van Allen Belt's Impact On Space Travel
Solar cells, integrated circuits, and sensors can be damaged by radiation. In 1962, the Van Allen belts were temporarily amplified by a h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Planck's Law Of Black Body Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Planck's Law Of Black Body Radiation - Derivation Statistical Mechanics
(See also the gas in a box article for a general derivation.) Consider a cube of side L. From the particle in a box article, the resonati...   » Read the article