Further information: Genocides In 19th century Europe and America, some scientists developed various theories about biological differences among races, and these theories were in turn used to legitimize racist beliefs and practices. As did Michel Foucault show in Society Must Be Defended (1978-79), the old notion of "race" was biologized by racist scholars and eugenicists, paving the way to 20th century "state racism" (See above). This work has since been rejected by the scientific co ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - Turkey, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Racism by country

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - Turkey, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Origins of racism

One view of the origins of racism emphasizes stereotypes, which psychologists generally believe are influenced by cultural factors. People generally respond to others differently based on what they know, which may include superficial characteristics often associated with race. A "white" person walking after dark in a primarily "black" neighborhood in an American city might be anxious for a combination of reasons. The same may be said for a black person walking in a white neighborhood. A police officer who spends most of his day in that same ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Origins of racism

Anti-racism refers to beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. In general, anti-racism is intended to promote an egalitarian society in which people do not face discrimination on the basis of their race, however defined. By its nature, anti-racism tends to promote the view that racism in a particular society is both pernicious and socially pervasive, and that particular changes in political, economic, and/or social life are required to eliminate it. Anti-racism - Precursors of anti ...

Including:

• Anti-racism - Precursors of anti-racism
• Anti-racism - Origins of modern anti-racism
• Anti-racism - The revival of anti-racism in the United States
• Anti-racism - Anti-racism's influence
• Anti-racism - Controversies
• Anti-racism - Anti-racist organisations

Read more here: » Anti-racism: Encyclopedia - Anti-racism

In common usage in Europe, Asia and former USSR countries, "Caucasian" is a collective term which refers to anyone descended from native ethnicities of Caucasus. Confusingly, the Russian language stereotypes of Caucasian people are in the direct opposition to the common colloquial English language meaning of "Caucasian" as the "white race". Typically, Caucasian people are considered "dark" or "black", with negative connotations ...

Including:

• Racism in Russia - Racism towards peoples of the Caucasus
• Racism in Russia - Racism towards Central Asians
• Racism in Russia - External links
• Racism in Russia - Anti-semitism in Russia
• Racism in Russia - Racism towards Chinese and other East Asians
• Racism in Russia - Extrnal link
• Racism in Russia - Racism towards Africans
• Racism in Russia - Soviet roots
• Racism in Russia - External link

Read more here: » Racism in Russia: Encyclopedia - Racism in Russia

Zionism maintains that the Jewish people constitute a nation and are entitled to a national homeland. Its focus is on governing the Land of Israel or Zion (a synecdoche for the Land of Israel). Jewish people have historically understood themselves to be part of a nation distinct from the non-Jewish nations. Like most nations, offspring of members are likewise considered members. However, common ancestry is not required and new members are admitted based upon prescribed criteria. None of the criteria incl ...

Including:

• Zionism and racism - History
• Zionism and racism - The demographic change
• Zionism and racism - Zionism and Israel
• Zionism and racism - Discrimination
• Zionism and racism - Viewed as anti-Semitism
• Zionism and racism - Soviet influence
• Zionism and racism - UN Resolution 3379

Read more here: » Zionism and racism: Encyclopedia - Zionism and racism

African American contemporary issues have been of concern to many African Americans and other ethnic groups in the United States. Many African Americans have been discriminated and left impoverished in American society, but many African Americans have also risen to the middle and upper classes recently. African American contemporary issues - Institutional racism and discrimination. Institutional racism is top-down discrimination, usually practiced or approved of by the government. Slavery could be seen as t ...

Including:

• African American contemporary issues - Institutional racism and discrimination
• African American contemporary issues - Environmental racism
• African American contemporary issues - Education
• African American contemporary issues - Economics and employment
• African American contemporary issues - Health and healthcare access
• African American contemporary issues - The criminal justice system

Read more here: » African American contemporary issues: Encyclopedia - African American contemporary issues

Further information: Genocides In 19th century Europe and America, some scientists developed various theories about biological differences among races, and these theories were in turn used to legitimize racist beliefs and practices. As did Michel Foucault show in Society Must Be Defended (1978-79), the old notion of "race" was biologized by racist scholars and eugenicists, paving the way to 20th century "state racism" (See above). This work has since been rejected by the scientific co ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Racism by country

One view of the origins of racism emphasizes stereotypes, which psychologists generally believe are influenced by cultural factors. People generally respond to others differently based on what they know, which may include superficial characteristics often associated with race. A "white" person walking after dark in a primarily "black" neighborhood in an American city might be anxious for a combination of reasons. The same may be said for an African-American walking in a white neighborhood. A police officer who spends most of his day in that ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Origins of racism

In 19th century Europe and America, some scientists developed various theories about biological differences among races, and these theories were in turn used to legitimize racist beliefs and practices. Much of this work has since been rejected by the scientific community as flawed and even as pseudoscience. Today there are some scientists who claim that "race", in the general sense in which the term is used, is a social construct: the way in which individuals are classified into racial groups varies from person to person, and from pla ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Racism by country

Racism - The word and the concept of race. Further information: Race (historical definitions) Before considering racism, it is an important methodological point to distinguish historically when the concepts of "race" and "racism" became known as such. Historians disagree largely when "race" emerged as a concept, ranging from those who believe aspects of it have always existed among humans, to those who place it as a concept separate from general dis ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - Turkey, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - From racial theory to racism

Racism - The word and the concept of race. Further information: Race (historical definitions) Before considering racism, it is an important methodological point to distinguish historically when the concepts of "race" and "racism" became known as such. Historians disagree largely when "race" emerged as a concept, ranging from those who believe aspects of it have always existed among humans, to those who place it as a concept separate from general dis ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - From racial theory to racism

Racism may be expressed individually and consciously, through explicit thoughts, feelings, or acts, or socially and unconsciously, through institutions that promote inequalities among "races", as in institutional racism. Although some speakers attempt to express a semantic distinction by using the word racism rather than racialism (or vice versa), many treat the terms as synonymous (see below). The concept of "Hate speech" has been created in order to prosecute discriminative discourse, which may be penalized in various countries (US, ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - Turkey, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Expressions

The terms racialism and racialist is sometimes used by those who think it is a different concept in which negativity or hatred is not prescribed. People who call themselves "racialists" tend to be separatists (white nationalists or sometimes black nationalists) and sometimes see a difference between themselves and racial supremacists. Many people who study racism, such as Betty A. Dobratz and Stephanie Shanks-Meile, contend that terms such as white separatism and white nationalism are euphemisms that have b ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - Turkey, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Related terminology

Racism may be expressed individually and consciously, through explicit thoughts, feelings, or acts, or socially and unconsciously, through institutions that promote inequalities among "races", as in institutional racism. Although some speakers attempt to express a semantic distinction by using the word racism rather than racialism (or vice versa), many treat the terms as synonymous (see below). The concept of "Hate speech" has been created in order to prosecute discriminative discourse, which may be penalized in various countries (US, ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Expressions

The terms racialism and racialist is sometimes used by those who think it is a different concept in which negativity or hatred is not prescribed. People who call themselves "racialists" tend to be separatists (white nationalists or sometimes black nationalists) and sometimes see a difference between themselves and racial supremacists. Many people who study racism, such as Betty A. Dobratz and Stephanie Shanks-Meile, contend that terms such as white separatism and white nationalism are euphemisms that have b ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Related terminology

Anti-racist ideology has been hugely influential. It has been a catalyst for feminism, anti-war, and anti-imperialist movements. Henry David Thoreau's opposition to the Mexican War, for example, was based in his fear that the U.S. was using the war as an excuse to expand slavery into new territories. Thoreau's response was chronicled in his famous essay "Civil Disobedience", which in turn helped ignite Gandhi's successful campaign against the British in India. Gandhi's examp ...

See also:

Anti-racism, Anti-racism - Precursors of anti-racism, Anti-racism - Origins of modern anti-racism, Anti-racism - The revival of anti-racism in the United States, Anti-racism - Anti-racism's influence, Anti-racism - Controversies, Anti-racism - Anti-racist organisations

Read more here: » Anti-racism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-racism - Anti-racism's influence

Racism in Russia - Soviet roots. Negative attitude towards Africans traces back to the days of the Soviet Union, with (and despite of) its propaganda of internationalism and "fight for peace in the whole world" (a Russian political cliche, based on the wordplay: "mir" in Russian means both "peace" and "world"). As a part of the support of decolonisation of Africa, the Soviet Union offered free education (with political indoctrination in mind) for citizens of African states. African students (as well as other fore ...

See also:

Racism in Russia, Racism in Russia - Racism towards peoples of the Caucasus, Racism in Russia - Racism towards Central Asians, Racism in Russia - External links, Racism in Russia - Anti-semitism in Russia, Racism in Russia - Racism towards Chinese and other East Asians, Racism in Russia - Extrnal link, Racism in Russia - Racism towards Africans, Racism in Russia - Soviet roots, Racism in Russia - External link

Read more here: » Racism in Russia: Encyclopedia II - Racism in Russia - Racism towards Africans

Racism may be expressed individually and consciously, through explicit thoughts, feelings, or acts, or socially and unconsciously, through institutions that promote inequalities among "races". Although some speakers attempt to express a semantic distinction by using the word racism rather than racialism (or vice versa), many treat the terms as synonymous (see below). Racism may be divided in three major subcategories: individual racism, stru ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Expressions

Anti-racist ideology has been hugely influential. It has been a catalyst for feminism, anti-war, and anti-imperialist movements. Henry David Thoreau's opposition to the Mexican War, for example, was based in his fear that the U.S. was using the war as an excuse to expand slavery into new territories. Thoreau's response was chronicled in his famous essay "Civil Disobedience", which in turn helped ignite Gandhi's successful campaign against the British in India. Gandhi's examp ...

See also:

Anti-racism, Anti-racism - Precursors of anti-racism, Anti-racism - Origins of modern anti-racism, Anti-racism - The revival of anti-racism in the United States, Anti-racism - Anti-racism's influence, Anti-racism - Controversies, Anti-racism - Anti-racist organizations

Read more here: » Anti-racism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-racism - Anti-racism's influence