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Rabbi Akiva

A Wisdom Archive on Rabbi Akiva

Rabbi Akiva

A selection of articles related to Rabbi Akiva

We recommend this article: Rabbi Akiva - 1, and also this: Rabbi Akiva - 2.
Rabbi Akiva

ARTICLES RELATED TO Rabbi Akiva

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism

Determinism holds that each state of affairs is necessitated (determined) by the states of affairs that preceded it, an extension of cause and effect. Indeterminism holds this proposition to be incorrect, and that there are events which are not entirely determined by previous states of affairs. The idea of determinism is sometimes illustrated by the story of Laplace's demon, who knows all the facts about the past and present and all the natural laws that govern our world, and us ...

See also:

Free will, Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism, Free will - Moral responsibility, Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle, Free will - The science of free will, Free will - Neurology and psychiatry, Free will - Determinism and emergent behaviour, Free will - In theology, Free will - In Christian thought, Free will - In Jewish thought

Read more here: » Free will: Encyclopedia II - Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Aish HaTorah - Israel programs

Beyond Jewish education, Aish HaTorah is known as a staunch defender of Israel, and has launched various Israel advocacy programs. Aish HaTorah celebrates Israel Independence Day and Jerusalem Day, and proudly flies the flag of Israel above its world center at the Western Wall. Over 500 people have made aliyah directly through their involvement with Aish HaTorah. Aish HaTorah - Essentials program. The "Essentials" introductory program, for Jewish men ages 18-29, offers a strong understanding of the core co ...

See also:

Aish HaTorah, Aish HaTorah - History, Aish HaTorah - Rabbi Noah Weinberg, Aish HaTorah - Inspiration for its name, Aish HaTorah - Aish HaTorah's educational philosophy, Aish HaTorah - Organizational goals, Aish HaTorah - Global activities, Aish HaTorah - Internet presence, Aish HaTorah - Seminars, Aish HaTorah - Films, Aish HaTorah - Dating, Aish HaTorah - Audio center, Aish HaTorah - Conferences, Aish HaTorah - Learning programs, Aish HaTorah - Philanthropic fund, Aish HaTorah - Documentary films, Aish HaTorah - Israel programs, Aish HaTorah - Essentials program, Aish HaTorah - Women's programs, Aish HaTorah - Fellowships, Aish HaTorah - Hasbara fellowships, Aish HaTorah - HonestReporting.com, Aish HaTorah - Criticism

Read more here: » Aish HaTorah: Encyclopedia II - Aish HaTorah - Israel programs

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jews as a chosen people - Chosenness in the Hebrew Bible

According to the Hebrew Bible, Israel's character as the chosen people is conditioned by obedience to God's commandments. "Now therefore, if you will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then you shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all people. For all the earth is mine: and you shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation" (Exodus 19:5, 6). "The Lord did not set his love upon you, nor choose you, because you were more in number than any people; for you were the fewest of all people; but because the Lord loved you, and because he would ke ...

See also:

Jews as a chosen people, Jews as a chosen people - Chosenness in the Hebrew Bible, Jews as a chosen people - Rabbinic Jewish views of chosenness, Jews as a chosen people - Chosenness as superiority, Jews as a chosen people - Views of chosenness by the modern Jewish denominations, Jews as a chosen people - Orthodox views, Jews as a chosen people - Conservative views, Jews as a chosen people - Reform Judaism, Jews as a chosen people - Criticism of chosenness: Reconstructionist Judaism, Jews as a chosen people - Charges of racism

Read more here: » Jews as a chosen people: Encyclopedia II - Jews as a chosen people - Chosenness in the Hebrew Bible

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Biblical canon - Jewish canon

The Jews recognize the twenty-four books of the Hebrew Bible as the Tanakh. Evidence suggests that the process of canonization of the Tanakh occurred between 200 BCE and 200 CE. The first suggestion of a Jewish Canon comes in the 2nd century BCE. The book of 2 Maccabees, itself not a part of the Jewish canon, describes Nehemiah (around 400 BCE) as having "founded a library and collected books about the kings and prophets, and the writings of David, and letters of kings about votive offerings" (2 Macc 2:13). The book also suggests that Ezra b ...

See also:

Biblical canon, Biblical canon - Canonic texts in Jewish and Christian traditions, Biblical canon - Jewish canon, Biblical canon - Samaritan canon, Biblical canon - Christian canon, Biblical canon - Orthodox Catholic and Protestant, Biblical canon - Selected Evangelicals, Biblical canon - Modern interpretation of canonization, Biblical canon - Latter-day Saint Scripture, Biblical canon - Footnotes

Read more here: » Biblical canon: Encyclopedia II - Biblical canon - Jewish canon

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jews as a chosen people - Chosenness as superiority

In early medieval Europe, during a time of intense persecution of Jews, the idea developed that chosenness meant that God loves Jews more than other human beings, or that Jews were in some way inherently superior to non-Jews. This philosophy was first widely taught by Yehuda Halevi in his Kuzari. A mystical version of this idea exists in parts of the Zohar, one of the primary works of Kabbalah, esoteric Jewish mysticism. The Zohar comments on the Biblical verse which states "Let the waters teem with swarms of creatures that hav ...

See also:

Jews as a chosen people, Jews as a chosen people - Chosenness in the Hebrew Bible, Jews as a chosen people - Rabbinic Jewish views of chosenness, Jews as a chosen people - Chosenness as superiority, Jews as a chosen people - Views of chosenness by the modern Jewish denominations, Jews as a chosen people - Orthodox views, Jews as a chosen people - Conservative views, Jews as a chosen people - Reform Judaism, Jews as a chosen people - Criticism of chosenness: Reconstructionist Judaism, Jews as a chosen people - Charges of racism

Read more here: » Jews as a chosen people: Encyclopedia II - Jews as a chosen people - Chosenness as superiority

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Bar Kokhba's revolt - Background

After the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE as a result of the failed Great Jewish Revolt, the Sanhedrin at Yavne provided spiritual guidance for the Jewish nation, both in Judea and throughout the diaspora. The Roman authorities took precautions against the rebellious province. Instead of a procurator, they installed a praetor as a governor and stationed an entire legion, X Fretensis. In 130 CE, Emperor Hadrian visited the ruins of Jerusalem. At first sympathetic towards the Jews, Hadrian promised to rebuild the city, b ...

See also:

Bar Kokhba's revolt, Bar Kokhba's revolt - Background, Bar Kokhba's revolt - Revolt, Bar Kokhba's revolt - The Era of the redemption of Israel, Bar Kokhba's revolt - Roman reaction, Bar Kokhba's revolt - Outcome of the War and Beginning of another Jewish Diaspora, Bar Kokhba's revolt - Sources, Bar Kokhba's revolt - External link

Read more here: » Bar Kokhba's revolt: Encyclopedia II - Bar Kokhba's revolt - Background

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Bar Kokhba's revolt - Roman reaction

The outbreak took the Romans by surprise. Hadrian called his general Sextus Julius Severus from Britain, and troops were brought from as far as the Danube. The size of the Roman army amassed against the rebels was larger than that commanded by Titus Flavius sixty years earlier, but Roman losses were so heavy that the generals' report to the Roman Senate omitted the customary formula "I and my army are well." The struggle lasted for three years before the revolt was brutally crushed in the summer of 135. After losing Jerusalem, Bar Kok ...

See also:

Bar Kokhba's revolt, Bar Kokhba's revolt - Background, Bar Kokhba's revolt - Revolt, Bar Kokhba's revolt - The Era of the redemption of Israel, Bar Kokhba's revolt - Roman reaction, Bar Kokhba's revolt - Outcome of the War and Beginning of another Jewish Diaspora, Bar Kokhba's revolt - Sources, Bar Kokhba's revolt - External link

Read more here: » Bar Kokhba's revolt: Encyclopedia II - Bar Kokhba's revolt - Roman reaction

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle

Many claim that, in order for a choice to be free in any sense that matters, it must be true that the agent could have done otherwise. They take this principle — van Inwagen calls it the "principle of alternate possibilities" — to be a necessary condition for freedom. The literary critic Isaiah Berlin made much the same point. The claim is that, for example, if a criminal puts a machine in Bob's brain that makes him kill a stranger, his action was not free, for Bob couldn't have done otherwise. Incompatibilists often appeal to thi ...

See also:

Free will, Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism, Free will - Moral responsibility, Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle, Free will - The science of free will, Free will - Neurology and psychiatry, Free will - Determinism and emergent behaviour, Free will - In theology, Free will - In Christian thought, Free will - In Jewish thought

Read more here: » Free will: Encyclopedia II - Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Bnei Brak - History and name

The city was founded in 1924 by Rabbi Yitzchak Gerstenkorn and a group of Polish Hasidim, and gained official recognition in 1950. The famous 20th Century Rabbi, Avraham Yishayahu Karelitz (known as the Chazon Ish) settled there, and due to his presence the town greatly grew in numbers. ...

See also:

Bnei Brak, Bnei Brak - Population, Bnei Brak - History and name, Bnei Brak - Historical Bnei Brak

Read more here: » Bnei Brak: Encyclopedia II - Bnei Brak - History and name

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jewish views of astrology - Moshe Chaim Luzzatto

In Derekh Hashem Section II, chapter 7, Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto discusses the influence of stars on humanity and events on earth. There he gives two reasons for the existence of stars and planets. The first is that stars and planets maintain the existence of all physical things on earth, acting as the means by which spiritual forces are transmitted to physical entities. The second is that events on earth are also initiated through planetary and stellar activity. Luzzatto states that each earthly phenomenon is assigned to a specific ...

See also:

Jewish views of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - In the Bible, Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic rejection of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic acceptance of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - Qualified acceptance; partial skepticism, Jewish views of astrology - In the medieval era, Jewish views of astrology - Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, Jewish views of astrology - Views in the modern era

Read more here: » Jewish views of astrology: Encyclopedia II - Jewish views of astrology - Moshe Chaim Luzzatto

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jewish leadership - Secular leadership

Following the Renaissance and the Enlightenment in Europe (with its Jewish "extension" the Haskalah movement, which led to much modern-day assimilation into the cultures of their native countries), the variety of Jewish practice grew, with a widespread adoption of secular values and life-styles. Many modern Jewish communities are served by a variety of secular organizations at the local, national, and international levels. These organizations have no official role in religious life, but often play an important part in the Jewish community. M ...

See also:

Jewish leadership, Jewish leadership - Historic leadership, Jewish leadership - Biblical leadership Before 70 CE, Jewish leadership - Mishnaic Talmudic Middle Ages leadership 70 - 1600s, Jewish leadership - Early modern leadership 1700s-1800s, Jewish leadership - Modern religious leadership after 1800s, Jewish leadership - Decline of rabbinical influence, Jewish leadership - Modern Synagogue leadership, Jewish leadership - Orthodox and Haredi rabbinic leadership, Jewish leadership - Reform Conservative and Reconstructionist leadership, Jewish leadership - Secular leadership, Jewish leadership - Karaite leadership

Read more here: » Jewish leadership: Encyclopedia II - Jewish leadership - Secular leadership

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jewish leadership - Modern religious leadership after 1800s

Jewish leadership - Decline of rabbinical influence. With the growth of the Renaissance and the development of the secular modern world, and as Jews were welcomed into non-Jewish society particularly during the times of Napoleon in the 1700s and 1800s, Jews began to leave the Jewish ghettos in Europe, and simultaneously rejected the traditional roles of the rabbis as communal and religious leaders. The resulting fractures in Jewish society has translated into a situation whereby there is no single religious governing body for the entire Jewish community at the present time.< ...

See also:

Jewish leadership, Jewish leadership - Historic leadership, Jewish leadership - Biblical leadership Before 70 CE, Jewish leadership - Mishnaic Talmudic Middle Ages leadership 70 - 1600s, Jewish leadership - Early modern leadership 1700s-1800s, Jewish leadership - Modern religious leadership after 1800s, Jewish leadership - Decline of rabbinical influence, Jewish leadership - Modern Synagogue leadership, Jewish leadership - Orthodox and Haredi rabbinic leadership, Jewish leadership - Reform Conservative and Reconstructionist leadership, Jewish leadership - Secular leadership, Jewish leadership - Karaite leadership

Read more here: » Jewish leadership: Encyclopedia II - Jewish leadership - Modern religious leadership after 1800s

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jewish services - The prayers and their origins

Jewish services - Backgrounds. There are three prayer services each day on weekdays. A fourth additional prayer service (called mussaf, "additional"), is added on Shabbat (the Jewish Sabbath) and on major holidays. A fifth prayer (ne'ilah), is only recited on Yom Kippur. According to the Talmud (tractate Taanit 2a), prayer is a Biblical command: "Your shall serve God with your whole heart (Deuteronomy 11:13) - What service is performed with the heart? This is prayer". The prayers are t ...

See also:

Jewish services, Jewish services - The prayers and their origins, Jewish services - Backgrounds, Jewish services - Text and language, Jewish services - Quorum, Jewish services - Concentration, Jewish services - Weekday prayer services, Jewish services - Shacharit: morning prayers, Jewish services - Mincha: afternoon prayers, Jewish services - Ma'ariv or Arvit: evening prayers, Jewish services - Shabbat services, Jewish services - Friday night services, Jewish services - Saturday morning: Shacharit, Jewish services - Saturday morning additional service: Musaf, Jewish services - Saturday afternoon: Mincha, Jewish services - Saturday evening: Maariv, Jewish services - Services on Passover Shavuot and Sukkot, Jewish services - Related customs, Jewish services - Guide on etiquette for visitors

Read more here: » Jewish services: Encyclopedia II - Jewish services - The prayers and their origins

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jewish services - Weekday prayer services

Jewish services - Shacharit: morning prayers. Various prayers are said upon arising; tzitzit (small garment with fringes) are donned at this time. The tallit (large prayer shawl) is donned before or during the actual prayer service, as are the tefillin (phylacteries); both are accompanied by blessings. The service starts with the "morning blessings" (birkot ha-shachar), including blessings for the Torah (considered the most important ones). In Orthodox services this is followed by a series of readin ...

See also:

Jewish services, Jewish services - The prayers and their origins, Jewish services - Backgrounds, Jewish services - Text and language, Jewish services - Quorum, Jewish services - Concentration, Jewish services - Weekday prayer services, Jewish services - Shacharit: morning prayers, Jewish services - Mincha: afternoon prayers, Jewish services - Ma'ariv or Arvit: evening prayers, Jewish services - Shabbat services, Jewish services - Friday night services, Jewish services - Saturday morning: Shacharit, Jewish services - Saturday morning additional service: Musaf, Jewish services - Saturday afternoon: Mincha, Jewish services - Saturday evening: Maariv, Jewish services - Services on Passover Shavuot and Sukkot, Jewish services - Related customs, Jewish services - Guide on etiquette for visitors

Read more here: » Jewish services: Encyclopedia II - Jewish services - Weekday prayer services

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jewish services - Guide on etiquette for visitors

In most synagogues or temples, it is considered a sign of respect for all male attendees to wear a head covering, usually a dress hat or yarmulke (kipa); the latter are usually provided near the front door. The yarmulkes may be provided by the families of the celebrants of special occasions; however, this is not always the case. Orthodox and Conservative (also called Masorti) synagogues encourage all male attendees to cover their heads out of respect for God. Many Reform (or Progressive) temples do not require pe ...

See also:

Jewish services, Jewish services - The prayers and their origins, Jewish services - Backgrounds, Jewish services - Text and language, Jewish services - Quorum, Jewish services - Concentration, Jewish services - Weekday prayer services, Jewish services - Shacharit: morning prayers, Jewish services - Mincha: afternoon prayers, Jewish services - Ma'ariv or Arvit: evening prayers, Jewish services - Shabbat services, Jewish services - Friday night services, Jewish services - Saturday morning: Shacharit, Jewish services - Saturday morning additional service: Musaf, Jewish services - Saturday afternoon: Mincha, Jewish services - Saturday evening: Maariv, Jewish services - Services on Passover Shavuot and Sukkot, Jewish services - Related customs, Jewish services - Guide on etiquette for visitors

Read more here: » Jewish services: Encyclopedia II - Jewish services - Guide on etiquette for visitors

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jewish views of astrology - In the Bible

Astrology is not specifically mentioned in the Torah, the five books of Moses. There are two commandments which have been used by some authorities as a basis to forbid the practice. "You shall not practice divination or soothsaying." (Leviticus 19:26, New JPS) "When you enter the land that the LORD your God is giving you, you shall not learn to imitate the abhorrent practices of the nations. Let no one be found among you who...is an auger, a soothsayer, a diviner, a sorceror, one casts spells.....For anyone who does these things is abhor ...

See also:

Jewish views of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - In the Bible, Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic rejection of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic acceptance of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - Qualified acceptance; partial skepticism, Jewish views of astrology - In the medieval era, Jewish views of astrology - Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, Jewish views of astrology - Views in the modern era

Read more here: » Jewish views of astrology: Encyclopedia II - Jewish views of astrology - In the Bible

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Ishmael ben Elisha - Disposition

Ishmael's teachings were calculated to promote peace and goodwill among all. "Be indulgent with the hoary head;" he would say, "and be kind to the black-haired [the young]; and meet every man with a friendly mien" (Ab. iii. 12). What he taught he practised. Even toward strangers, he acted considerately. When a heathen greeted him, he answered kindly, "Thy reward has been predicted"; when another abused him, he repeated cooly, "Thy reward has been predicted." This apparent inconsistency, he explained to his puzzled disciples by ...

See also:

Ishmael ben Elisha, Ishmael ben Elisha - Life, Ishmael ben Elisha - Disposition, Ishmael ben Elisha - Views on marriage, Ishmael ben Elisha - Halakhic exegesis, Ishmael ben Elisha - Hermeneutic rules

Read more here: » Ishmael ben Elisha: Encyclopedia II - Ishmael ben Elisha - Disposition

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jewish views of astrology - In the medieval era

Many rabbis in the Geonic era (after the close of the Talmud, early medieval period) discussed the varying Talmudic and midrashic views on astrology. One responsa takes a middle view: Otzar HaGeonim 113, concludes that astrology has some reality, in that the stars give a person certain inclinations; however each person has the ability to overcome their own inclinations, and thus maintains free will. Astrology was practised by some Jews throughout the Middle Ages, both as a professional art and as a science. Coming from the East ...

See also:

Jewish views of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - In the Bible, Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic rejection of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic acceptance of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - Qualified acceptance; partial skepticism, Jewish views of astrology - In the medieval era, Jewish views of astrology - Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, Jewish views of astrology - Views in the modern era

Read more here: » Jewish views of astrology: Encyclopedia II - Jewish views of astrology - In the medieval era

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jewish services - Services on Passover Shavuot and Sukkot

The services for the three festivals of Pesach ("Passover"), Shavuot ("Feast of Weeks" or "Pentecost"), and Sukkot ("Feast of Tabenacles") are alike, except for interpolated references and readings for each individual festival. The preliminaries and conclusions of the prayers are the same as on Sabbath. The Amidah on these festivals only contains seven benedictions, with Attah Bechartanu as the main one. Hallel (communal recitation of Psalms 113-118) follows. The Musaf service includes Mi-Pene Hata'enu, with reference to the sp ...

See also:

Jewish services, Jewish services - The prayers and their origins, Jewish services - Backgrounds, Jewish services - Text and language, Jewish services - Quorum, Jewish services - Concentration, Jewish services - Weekday prayer services, Jewish services - Shacharit: morning prayers, Jewish services - Mincha: afternoon prayers, Jewish services - Ma'ariv or Arvit: evening prayers, Jewish services - Shabbat services, Jewish services - Friday night services, Jewish services - Saturday morning: Shacharit, Jewish services - Saturday morning additional service: Musaf, Jewish services - Saturday afternoon: Mincha, Jewish services - Saturday evening: Maariv, Jewish services - Services on Passover Shavuot and Sukkot, Jewish services - Related customs, Jewish services - Guide on etiquette for visitors

Read more here: » Jewish services: Encyclopedia II - Jewish services - Services on Passover Shavuot and Sukkot

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic acceptance of astrology

However, other statements in the Talmud and in the midrash literature show that many Jews had some level of admiration for astrology. Some hold that the stars generally do control the fate of people and nations, but Abraham and his descendents were elevated by their covenant with God, and thus achieve free will. (Midrash Genesis Rabbah 44:12, Yal., Jer. 285). A statement in the Tosefta (Kiddushin 5:17) holds that the blessing bestowed on Abraham is the gift of astrology. Midrash Ecclesiastes Rabbah states that the rulers of some non-Jewish were experts in ...

See also:

Jewish views of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - In the Bible, Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic rejection of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic acceptance of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - Qualified acceptance; partial skepticism, Jewish views of astrology - In the medieval era, Jewish views of astrology - Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, Jewish views of astrology - Views in the modern era

Read more here: » Jewish views of astrology: Encyclopedia II - Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic acceptance of astrology

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Free will - Moral responsibility

We generally hold people responsible for their actions, and will say that they deserve praise or blame for what they do. However, many believe moral responsibility to require free will, in other words, the ability to do otherwise. Thus, another important issue is whether we are ever morally responsible, and if so, in what sense. Incompatibilists tend to think that determinism is at odds with moral responsibility. After all, how can one hold someone responsible for an action that could be predicted from the beginning of time? Hard dete ...

See also:

Free will, Free will - Determinism versus indeterminism, Free will - Moral responsibility, Free will - Compatibilist theories and the could-have-done-otherwise principle, Free will - The science of free will, Free will - Neurology and psychiatry, Free will - Determinism and emergent behaviour, Free will - In theology, Free will - In Christian thought, Free will - In Jewish thought

Read more here: » Free will: Encyclopedia II - Free will - Moral responsibility

Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia II - Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic rejection of astrology

In early classical rabbinic works written in the land of Israel (Jerusalem Talmud and Palestinian midrash compilations) astrologers are known as astrologos and astrologiyya. In early classical rabbinic works written in Babylon, astrologers were called kaldiyyim, kalda'ei, and iztagninin. The Babylonian Talmud (BT), in Sanhedrin 65, suggests that this means that Jews may not consult an astrologer. Another tr ...

See also:

Jewish views of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - In the Bible, Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic rejection of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic acceptance of astrology, Jewish views of astrology - Qualified acceptance; partial skepticism, Jewish views of astrology - In the medieval era, Jewish views of astrology - Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, Jewish views of astrology - Views in the modern era

Read more here: » Jewish views of astrology: Encyclopedia II - Jewish views of astrology - Rabbinic rejection of astrology




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