Aberdeen (Scottish Gaelic: Obar Dheathain or The Granite City) is Scotland's third largest city, with a population of 212,125, and the greatest part of the unitary council area named the City of Aberdeen, which is surrounded by, but not within, the Aberdeenshire council area. Aberdeen is the chief commercial centre and seaport in the north-east of Scotland. It boasts the title of Oil Capital of Europe thanks to the plentiful supply of crude oil in the North Sea, and stands on a bay of the North Sea, between ...

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• Aberdeen - Coat of Arms and Motto
• Aberdeen - History
• Aberdeen - Background
• Aberdeen - Art and architecture
• Aberdeen - Churches
• Aberdeen - Education
• Aberdeen - Culture
• Aberdeen - Parks and open spaces
• Aberdeen - Statues
• Aberdeen - Bridges
• Aberdeen - Harbour
• Aberdeen - Industry
• Aberdeen - Population
• Aberdeen - Sport
• Aberdeen - Transport
• Aberdeen - Twinned cities worldwide

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Coquina is an incompletely consolidated sedimentary rock of biochemical origin, mainly composed of mineral calcite, often including some phosphate, in the form of seashells or coral. It is created in association with marine reefs. While not usually referred to as such, it is actually a subset of limestone. Coquina is quarried or mined as a source of paving material. It is usually poorly cemented and easily breaks into component shell or coral fragments, which can be substituted for gravel or crushed harder rocks. Large pieces of coquina of unusual sha ...

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The Callanish stone circle is situated in the village of Callanish (spelled Calanais in Gaelic) on the west coast of the Isle Of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides in Scotland (58.197° N 6.734° W). Dating from around 2000 BC, the 13 primary stones form a circle about 13 m in diameter, with a long approach avenue of stones to the north, and shorter stone rows to the east, south, and west (possibly incomplete avenues). The overall layout of the monument recalls a distorted Celtic cross (although of course ...

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• Callanish - The stones in folklore
• Callanish - Other nearby sites

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Little is known of the pre-Columbian history of the island, though a cave complex near the Punta del Este beach preserves 235 ancient drawings made by the native population. The island first became known to Europeans during Christopher Columbus's third voyage to the New World in 1494. Columbus named the island La Evangelista and claimed it for Spain; the island would also come to be known Isla de Cotorras ("Isle of Parrots") and Isla de Tesoros ("Trea ...

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Isla de la Juventud, Isla de la Juventud - History, Isla de la Juventud - Geography and economy, Isla de la Juventud - Transportation, Isla de la Juventud - Prisons

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As of the census2 of 2000, there are 7,790 people, 3,037 households, and 2,034 families residing in the town. The population density is 71.3/km² (184.7/mi²). There are 3,219 housing units at an average density of 29.5/km² (76.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 96.01% White, 1.87% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. 0.78% ...

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Le Roy town New York, Le Roy town New York - History, Le Roy town New York - Geography, Le Roy town New York - Demographics, Le Roy town New York - Communities and locations in the Town of Le Roy

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A defensive wall on the northern border was built and maintained by several dynasties at different times in Chinese history. There have been five major walls: 208 BC (Qin Dynasty) 1st century BC (Han Dynasty) 7th century CE (Sui Dynasty) 1138 - 1198 (Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period) 1368 - 1640 (from Hongwu Emperor until Wanli Emperor of the Ming Dynasty) The first major wall was built during the reign of the First Emperor, the main emperor of the short-lived Qin dynasty. ...

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Great Wall of China, Great Wall of China - History, Great Wall of China - Condition, Great Wall of China - Walls, Great Wall of China - Watchtowers and Barracks, Great Wall of China - Materials, Great Wall of China - Specialized defense weapons, Great Wall of China - Recognition, Great Wall of China - Notes, Great Wall of China - More Photos

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The coat of arms shows a red shield bearing three triple towered castles within the double royal tressure. It is widely accepted that these represent the fortifications which from earliest times stood on the three hills where the city sprang up, namely Castle Hill, the Port or Windmill Hill (Gallowgate) and St Catherine's Hill (Adelphi). The Arms are supported by two leopards - one either side - ...

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Aberdeen, Aberdeen - Coat of Arms and Motto, Aberdeen - History, Aberdeen - Background, Aberdeen - Art and architecture, Aberdeen - Churches, Aberdeen - Education, Aberdeen - Culture, Aberdeen - Parks and open spaces, Aberdeen - Statues, Aberdeen - Bridges, Aberdeen - Harbour, Aberdeen - Industry, Aberdeen - Population, Aberdeen - Sport, Aberdeen - Transport, Aberdeen - Twinned cities worldwide

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The wall is complemented by defensive fighting stations, to which wall defenders may retreat if overwhelmed. Each tower has unique and restricted stairways and entries to confuse attackers. Barracks and administrative centers are located at larger intervals. ...

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Great Wall of China, Great Wall of China - History, Great Wall of China - Condition, Great Wall of China - Walls, Great Wall of China - Watchtowers and Barracks, Great Wall of China - Materials, Great Wall of China - Specialized defense weapons, Great Wall of China - Recognition, Great Wall of China - Notes, Great Wall of China - More Photos

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The materials used are those available near the site of construction. Near Beijing the wall is constructed from quarried limestone blocks. In other locations it may be quarried granite or fired brick. Where such materials are used, two finished walls are erected with packed earth and rubble fill placed in between with a final paving to form a single unit. In some areas the blocks were cemented with a mixture of sticky rice and egg whites. In the extreme western desert locations, where good materials are scarce, the wall was constructed from dirt rammed ...

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Great Wall of China, Great Wall of China - History, Great Wall of China - Condition, Great Wall of China - Walls, Great Wall of China - Watchtowers and Barracks, Great Wall of China - Materials, Great Wall of China - Specialized defense weapons, Great Wall of China - Recognition, Great Wall of China - Notes, Great Wall of China - More Photos

Read more here: » Great Wall of China: Encyclopedia II - Great Wall of China - Materials

The materials used are those available near the site of construction. Near Beijing the wall is constructed from quarried limestone blocks. In other locations it may be quarried granite or fired brick. Where such materials are used, two finished walls are erected with packed earth and rubble fill placed in between with a final paving to form a single unit. In some areas the blocks were cemented with a mixture of glutinous rice and egg white. In the extreme western desert locations, where good materials are scarce, the wall was constructed from dirt rammed ...

See also:

Great Wall of China, Great Wall of China - History, Great Wall of China - Condition, Great Wall of China - Walls, Great Wall of China - Watchtowers and Barracks, Great Wall of China - Materials, Great Wall of China - Specialized defense weapons, Great Wall of China - Recognition, Great Wall of China - Notes, Great Wall of China - More Photos

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In addition to the usual military weapons of the period, specialized wall defense weapons were used. Reproductions of weapons are displayed at the wall. ...

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Great Wall of China, Great Wall of China - History, Great Wall of China - Condition, Great Wall of China - Walls, Great Wall of China - Watchtowers and Barracks, Great Wall of China - Materials, Great Wall of China - Specialized defense weapons, Great Wall of China - Recognition, Great Wall of China - Notes, Great Wall of China - More Photos

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Much of the island is covered in pine forests, which is the source of the island's large lumber industry. The northern region of the island has low ridges from which marble is quarried, while the southern region is an elevated plain. Agriculture and fishing are the island's main industries, with citrus fruit and vegetables being grown. A black sand beach was formed by volcanic activity. The island has a mild climate, but is known for frequent hurricanes. It is a popular tourist destination, with many beaches and resorts, including Bibijagua Beach. Until Castro seized all foreign-owned p ...

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Isla de la Juventud, Isla de la Juventud - History, Isla de la Juventud - Geography and economy, Isla de la Juventud - Transportation, Isla de la Juventud - Prisons

Read more here: » Isla de la Juventud: Encyclopedia II - Isla de la Juventud - Geography and economy

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 109.2 km² (42.2 mi²). None of the area is covered with water. The east town line is the border of Monroe County and Livingston County. Oatka Creek flows northward through the town and was a source of water power for early mills. The New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) passes across the north part of the town. The town rests atop the Onondaga Limestone Formation which forms an escarpment that faces north and runs east/west, just north of the v ...

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Le Roy town New York, Le Roy town New York - History, Le Roy town New York - Geography, Le Roy town New York - Demographics, Le Roy town New York - Communities and locations in the Town of Le Roy

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The town was first settled in 1793. The Town of Le Roy was established in 1812 from part of the Town of Caledonia (Livingston County) as the "Town of Bellona." The name was later changed to "Le Roy" in 1813. Le Roy is the birthplace of Jell-O gelatin dessert. ...

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Le Roy town New York, Le Roy town New York - History, Le Roy town New York - Geography, Le Roy town New York - Demographics, Le Roy town New York - Communities and locations in the Town of Le Roy

Read more here: » Le Roy town New York: Encyclopedia II - Le Roy town New York - History

The Wall is included in lists of the "Seven Medieval Wonders of the World" but was of course not one of the classical Seven Wonders of the World recognized by the ancient Greeks. The Wall was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. The Chinese have a saying, 不到长城非好汉 bú dào Chángchéng fēi hǎo hàn, roughly meaning "you're not a real man if you haven't climbed the Great Wall". There is a longstanding disagreement about how visible the wall is in space. The notion of its visibility fro ...

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Great Wall of China, Great Wall of China - History, Great Wall of China - Condition, Great Wall of China - Walls, Great Wall of China - Watchtowers and Barracks, Great Wall of China - Materials, Great Wall of China - Specialized defense weapons, Great Wall of China - Recognition, Great Wall of China - Notes, Great Wall of China - More Photos

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Owing to the variety and importance of its chief industries Aberdeen is one of the most prosperous cities in Scotland. Very durable grey granite was quarried at Rubislaw quarry for more than 300 years, and blocked and dressed paving "setts", kerb and building stones, and monumental and other ornamental work of granite have long been exported from the district to all parts of the world. Quarrying finally ceased in 1971. This, though once the predominant industry, was surpassed by the deep-sea fisheries, which derived a great impetus fr ...

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Aberdeen, Aberdeen - Coat of Arms and Motto, Aberdeen - History, Aberdeen - Background, Aberdeen - Art and architecture, Aberdeen - Churches, Aberdeen - Education, Aberdeen - Culture, Aberdeen - Parks and open spaces, Aberdeen - Statues, Aberdeen - Bridges, Aberdeen - Harbour, Aberdeen - Industry, Aberdeen - Population, Aberdeen - Sport, Aberdeen - Transport, Aberdeen - Twinned cities worldwide

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Like most Scottish burghs, Aberdeen has many churches, most of them of good design. The East and West churches of St Nicholas' Kirk, their kirkyard separated from Union Street by a 147 ft (45 m) long Ionic facade, built in 1830, form one continuous building, 220 ft (67 m) in length. It contains the Drum Aisle (the ancient burial-place of the Irvines of Drum) and the Collison Aisle, which divide them and which formed the transept of the 12th-century church of St Nicholas. The West Church was built in 1775, in the Italian style, the Eas ...

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Aberdeen, Aberdeen - Coat of Arms and Motto, Aberdeen - History, Aberdeen - Background, Aberdeen - Art and architecture, Aberdeen - Churches, Aberdeen - Education, Aberdeen - Culture, Aberdeen - Parks and open spaces, Aberdeen - Statues, Aberdeen - Bridges, Aberdeen - Harbour, Aberdeen - Industry, Aberdeen - Population, Aberdeen - Sport, Aberdeen - Transport, Aberdeen - Twinned cities worldwide

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The first of Aberdeen's two universities, the University of Aberdeen, was founded in 1495 by William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen and Chancellor of Scotland. The University of Aberdeen is Scotland's third oldest, and the UK's fifth oldest University. Robert Gordon's College (originally Robert Gordon's Hospital) was founded in 1729 by the merchant Robert Gordon, grandson of the map maker Robert Gordon of Straloch, and was further endowed in 1816 by Alexander Simpson of Collyhill. Originally devoted to the instruction and maintenance ...

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Aberdeen, Aberdeen - Coat of Arms and Motto, Aberdeen - History, Aberdeen - Background, Aberdeen - Art and architecture, Aberdeen - Churches, Aberdeen - Education, Aberdeen - Culture, Aberdeen - Parks and open spaces, Aberdeen - Statues, Aberdeen - Bridges, Aberdeen - Harbour, Aberdeen - Industry, Aberdeen - Population, Aberdeen - Sport, Aberdeen - Transport, Aberdeen - Twinned cities worldwide

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Union Street is one of the most imposing and famous thoroughfares in Britain. From Castle Street it runs for nearly a mile (1.5 km), is 70 ft (21 m) wide, and originally contained the principal shops and most of the public buildings, all of granite. Part of the street crosses the Denburn ravine (utilized for the line of the Great North of Scotland railway) by Union Bridge, a fine granite arch of 132 ft (40 m) span, with portions of the older town still fringing the gorge, 50 feet (15 m) below the level of Union Street. Union Street was built from 1801 to 1805, an ...

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Aberdeen, Aberdeen - Coat of Arms and Motto, Aberdeen - History, Aberdeen - Background, Aberdeen - Art and architecture, Aberdeen - Churches, Aberdeen - Education, Aberdeen - Culture, Aberdeen - Parks and open spaces, Aberdeen - Statues, Aberdeen - Bridges, Aberdeen - Harbour, Aberdeen - Industry, Aberdeen - Population, Aberdeen - Sport, Aberdeen - Transport, Aberdeen - Twinned cities worldwide

Read more here: » Aberdeen: Encyclopedia II - Aberdeen - Art and architecture

Though Old Aberdeen, extending from the area surrounding Aberdeen University to the southern banks of the Don, had a separate charter, privileges, and history, the distinction between it and New Aberdeen can no longer be said to exist. Aberdeen's popular name of the "Granite City", is justified by the fact that the bulk of the city is built of granite, but to appreciate its more poetical designation of the "Silver City by the Golden Sands", it should be seen after a heavy rainfall when its public buildings and countless houses gleam pure and ...

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Aberdeen, Aberdeen - Coat of Arms and Motto, Aberdeen - History, Aberdeen - Background, Aberdeen - Art and architecture, Aberdeen - Churches, Aberdeen - Education, Aberdeen - Culture, Aberdeen - Parks and open spaces, Aberdeen - Statues, Aberdeen - Bridges, Aberdeen - Harbour, Aberdeen - Industry, Aberdeen - Population, Aberdeen - Sport, Aberdeen - Transport, Aberdeen - Twinned cities worldwide

Read more here: » Aberdeen: Encyclopedia II - Aberdeen - Background