Since the Phoenician text has long been known to be a Semitic language (related to such languages as Hebrew, Canaanite, Ugaritic, Arabic and Akkadian), it's decipherment was achieved very early. There is hardly any doubt concerning the values of the above words. ...

See also:

Pyrgi Tablets, Pyrgi Tablets - The Phoenician Text, Pyrgi Tablets - Phoenician Vocabulary, Pyrgi Tablets - The Etruscan Text, Pyrgi Tablets - Etruscan Vocabulary

Read more here: » Pyrgi Tablets: Encyclopedia II - Pyrgi Tablets - The Phoenician Text

The Cippus Perusinus or Cippus of Perugia is a stone tablet discovered near Perugia, Italy, in 1822. The tablet bears 46 lines of Etruscan text exquisitely carved into it. Surprisingly well-preserved , the cippus is often assumed to be a text dedicating a legal contract between two Etruscan families; however there is severe doubt about the validity of such a translation when these translated values are carefully cross-referenced with the same words found in other Etruscan texts. Rather, an alternative and more likely view is that this is simply a tombstone for the deceased. The date of the ...

Including:

• Cippus perusinus - Discussion of its translation
• Cippus perusinus - The text

Read more here: » Cippus perusinus: Encyclopedia - Cippus perusinus

Adonis | Anat | Asherah | Astarte | Ba'al | Berith | Dagon | El | Elyon | Elohim | Hadad | Mot | Salem | Shaddai | Yaw Adonai | El | Elohim | Elyon | Shaddai | Shekinah | YHWH Adad | Amurru | An/Anu | Anshar | Asshur | Abzu/Apsu | Enki/Ea | Enlil | Ereshkigal | Inanna/Ishtar | Kingu | Kishar | Lahmu & Lahamu | Marduk | Mummu | Nabu | Nammu | Nanna/Sin | Nergal | Nin ...

Including:

• Astarte - General discussion
• Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Ugarit
• Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Egypt
• Astarte - ‘Ashtart described by Sanchuniathon
• Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Judea
• Astarte - Other associations

Read more here: » Astarte: Encyclopedia - Astarte

The Villa Giulia is a magnificent 16th century villa built by Pope Julius II in the city of Rome. Today it is publicly owned, and houses an impressive collection of Etruscan art and artifacts. Properly known as the Villa di Papa Giulio, the villa stands in an area of Rome known as the 'Vigna Vecchia' (which was once against the city walls) lying on the slopes where 'Monte Parioli' descends to the Tiber. The current villa is only a small part of a former property, comprising three vineyards. Here a party villa or 'Villa Suburbana' was built for Pope Julius III, who was an affable, deeply l ...

Including:

• Villa Giulia - The villa
• Villa Giulia - The Etruscan museum
• Villa Giulia - External link

Read more here: » Villa Giulia: Encyclopedia - Villa Giulia

Raetic or Rhaetic is an obscure language of antiquity, which used to be spoken in the province of Raetia, in the Eastern Alps, to the north and west of Venetic. It is very sparsely attested, leaving room for much speculation on its ancestry, but an affiliation with Etruscan seems most probable. See also. Aegean languages -- The language group to which Raetic belongs. Etruscan civilization Etruscan language Liber Linteus - An Etruscan inscription. < ...

Read more here: » Raetic language: Encyclopedia - Raetic language

Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. The Etruscan civilization flourished in Etruria and the Po valley in the northern part of what is now Italy, prior to the arrival of Gauls in the Po valley and the formation of the Roman Republic. Etruscan culture developed in northern and central Italy after ca 800 BC without a serious break out of the preceding Villanovan culture. The Villanovan culture, the earliest ...

Including:

• Etruscan civilization - Language
• Etruscan civilization - Collapse of Etruscan politics
• Etruscan civilization - Influence
• Etruscan civilization - Some Etruscan cities
• Etruscan civilization - Some Etruscan rulers
• Etruscan civilization - Bibliography

Read more here: » Etruscan civilization: Encyclopedia - Etruscan civilization

It is difficult to evaluate sound-changes in Phoenician dialects over time because writers continued to use archaic "book-spellings" that did not mark vowels in any way. Punic writers fitfully added a system of matres lectionis (vowel letters) at a very late period, but soon thereafter mostly shifted to Latin- or Greek-based scripts, which had their own failings (ie. the inability to mark emphatic, laryngeal and guttural consonants). Certain similarities between Phoenician and its related neighbours include the vowel-shifts kno ...

See also:

Phoenician languages, Phoenician languages - Punic and its influences, Phoenician languages - Phonology grammar and vocabulary, Phoenician languages - Sources

Read more here: » Phoenician languages: Encyclopedia II - Phoenician languages - Phonology grammar and vocabulary

In order to properly translate the stele, one must sift through a sea of hearsay and speculation that abounds about this cloudy text. Some words attract an especially inordinate amount of controversy, yielding multiple and conflicting translations for the same word. We need to obtain a more accurate picture of what this text is telling us. The only way to do this is through a balanced analysis of the smallest details while keeping sight of the larger context at the same time. Let's undo some of the myths that continue to ...

See also:

Lemnian language, Lemnian language - Relationships to Other Languages, Lemnian language - Classical sources, Lemnian language - The Lemnos stela, Lemnian language - Translation of the Lemnos Stele, Lemnian language - Classification

Read more here: » Lemnian language: Encyclopedia II - Lemnian language - Translation of the Lemnos Stele

Like all suburban villas, the Villa Giulia had an urban entrance (on the Roman Via Flaminia) and a formal but rural garden behind. The Villa itself was a threshold between two worlds, an essentially Roman conception that was adopted in every urbane culture of Western Europe. The casino was built from a design by Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola in 1551 - 1553. However, Bartolomeo Ammanati, Giorgio Vasari, and Michelangelo worked there too; the Pope spent vast amounts of money enhancing the beauty of the villa, which became one of the most de ...

See also:

Villa Giulia, Villa Giulia - The villa, Villa Giulia - The Etruscan museum, Villa Giulia - External link

Read more here: » Villa Giulia: Encyclopedia II - Villa Giulia - The villa

Etruscan civilization - Kinship. The cemetaries of the Etruscans give us considerable information about their society. They were a monogamous society that emphasized pairing. The word for married couple was tusurthir. The lids of large numbers of sarcophagi are adorned with sculpted couples, smiling, in the prime of life (even if the remains were of persons advanced in age), reclining next to each other or with arms around each other ...

See also:

Etruscan civilization, Etruscan civilization - Language, Etruscan civilization - Mysterious origins, Etruscan civilization - The first scientific ethnographic study, Etruscan civilization - Eastern Mediterranean combinations, Etruscan civilization - A possible Etruscan sea people, Etruscan civilization - Archaeological possibilities, Etruscan civilization - Etruscan Society, Etruscan civilization - Kinship, Etruscan civilization - Government, Etruscan civilization - Religion, Etruscan civilization - Etruscan heritage at Rome, Etruscan civilization - The Question of the founding population, Etruscan civilization - Foundation of Rome, Etruscan civilization - Populus Romanus, Etruscan civilization - Etruscan architecture, Etruscan civilization - Additional information, Etruscan civilization - Some Etruscan cities, Etruscan civilization - Some Etruscan rulers, Etruscan civilization - Bibliography

Read more here: » Etruscan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Etruscan civilization - Etruscan Society

Liber Linteus - Purchase of the mummy. In 1848, Mihajlo Barić (1791–1859), a Croatian minor official in the Hungarian Royal Chancellery, resigned his post and embarked upon a tour of several countries, including Egypt. While in Alexandria, he purchased a sarchophagus containing a female mummy, as a souvenir of his travels. Barić displayed the mummy at his home in Vienna, standing it upright in the corner of his sitting room. He often told his visitors that it was the body of King Stephen of Hungary's s ...

See also:

Liber Linteus, Liber Linteus - Discovery, Liber Linteus - Purchase of the mummy, Liber Linteus - Initial examinations, Liber Linteus - Production, Liber Linteus - Text, Liber Linteus - Structure, Liber Linteus - Content, Liber Linteus - Disuse and disposal

Read more here: » Liber Linteus: Encyclopedia II - Liber Linteus - Discovery

The Etruscans are thought by some to be indigenous people of Italy, living there before the Indo-European migration and the arrival of the Latins, around 1000 BC. Herodotus (Histories I.94), however, describes the Tyrrhenians as immigrants from Lydia in western Anatolia, led west, fleeing famine, by their leader Tyrrhoeus, to settle in Umbria [1]; the Tyrrhenians of Herodotus are sometimes identified with the Etruscans, although there is no material cultural evidence to back this up. Literacy was fairly common, as can be seen by the g ...

See also:

Etruscan language, Etruscan language - History, Etruscan language - Classification, Etruscan language - Other less accepted theories, Etruscan language - Geographic distribution, Etruscan language - Related Languages, Etruscan language - Sounds, Etruscan language - Vowels, Etruscan language - Consonants, Etruscan language - Texts, Etruscan language - Vocabulary, Etruscan language - Writing system

Read more here: » Etruscan language: Encyclopedia II - Etruscan language - History

As with most Etruscan inscriptions, translations have not been very trustworthy because of a lack of thorough organization on the part of the translators. One author says this [citation needed], another that [citation needed], and before long, the reader is hopelessly confused. Beyond the myths, attentive analysis and crossreferencing will help us sift through the mess to get at the heart of the Etruscan language. Currently, much work has been done [citation needed] to piece together Etruscan and these discoveries have helped to shatter previous ...

See also:

Cippus perusinus, Cippus perusinus - Discussion of its translation, Cippus perusinus - The text

Read more here: » Cippus perusinus: Encyclopedia II - Cippus perusinus - Discussion of its translation

Dreros 1 1: ---rmaw|et|isalabre|komn 2: ---d|men|inai|isaluria|lmo 3: ----tonturonmēa.oaoiewad 4: eturo---munadoa-enē-- 5: --matritaia-- Part of the inscription (lines 3 to 5) is written in Greek, probably the Doric dialect. Due to the lack of preservation of many of the words, it is difficult to ascertain what even the Greek text is saying. It has been pointed out that <ewade> ...

See also:

Eteocretan language, Eteocretan language - Known inscriptions

Read more here: » Eteocretan language: Encyclopedia II - Eteocretan language - Known inscriptions

The Etruscans are generally believed to have spoken a non-Indo-European language. Herodotus (c. 400 BC) records the legend that they came from Lydia (modern western Turkey). Contrarily, Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c. 100 BC) pronounced that the Etruscans were indigenous to Italy, calling themselves Rasenna and being part of an ancient nation "which does not resemble any other people in their language or in their way of life, or customs." Knowledge of the Etruscan language only began with the discovery of the bilingual ...

See also:

Etruscan civilization, Etruscan civilization - Language, Etruscan civilization - Collapse of Etruscan politics, Etruscan civilization - Influence, Etruscan civilization - Some Etruscan cities, Etruscan civilization - Some Etruscan rulers, Etruscan civilization - Bibliography

Read more here: » Etruscan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Etruscan civilization - Language

‘Ashtart was connected with fertility, sexuality, and war. Her symbols were the lion, the horse, the sphinx, the dove, and a star within a circle indicating the planet Venus. Pictorial representations often show her naked. ‘Ashtart was accepted by the Greeks under the name of Aphrodite. The island of Cyprus, one of ‘Ashtart's greatest cult centers, supplied the name Cypris as Aphrodite's most common byname. Other major centers of ‘Ashtart's worship were Sidon, Tyre, and Byblos. Coins from Sidon portray a chariot in whic ...

See also:

Astarte, Astarte - General discussion, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Ugarit, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Egypt, Astarte - ‘Ashtart described by Sanchuniathon, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Judea, Astarte - Other associations

Read more here: » Astarte: Encyclopedia II - Astarte - General discussion

On the one hand the Etruscans were said in legend to have come from Anatolia, either Lydia or Troy, where they must have been urbane and international. On the other, they came from an indigenous people of Italy practicing the relatively unsophisticated and rural Villanovan culture. The poet Virgil said in the Aeneid that Trojans fled to the Italian penninsula. If they called themselves Rasenna, there is no obvious connection between that name and Etrusci or Tyrrheni. These origins are mysterious, being apparently contradictory. Etruscan ci ...

See also:

Etruscan civilization, Etruscan civilization - Language, Etruscan civilization - Mysterious origins, Etruscan civilization - The first scientific ethnographic study, Etruscan civilization - Eastern Mediterranean combinations, Etruscan civilization - A possible Etruscan sea people, Etruscan civilization - Archaeological possibilities, Etruscan civilization - Etruscan Society, Etruscan civilization - Kinship, Etruscan civilization - Government, Etruscan civilization - Religion, Etruscan civilization - Etruscan heritage at Rome, Etruscan civilization - The Question of the founding population, Etruscan civilization - Foundation of Rome, Etruscan civilization - Populus Romanus, Etruscan civilization - Etruscan architecture, Etruscan civilization - Additional information, Etruscan civilization - Some Etruscan cities, Etruscan civilization - Some Etruscan rulers, Etruscan civilization - Bibliography

Read more here: » Etruscan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Etruscan civilization - Mysterious origins

The Masoretic (from "Masorah", which is a body of scribal notes that form a textual guide to the Hebrew Old Testament, compiled from the 7th to 10th centuries CE) pointing in the Hebrew Tanach (bible) indicate the pronunciation as ‘Aštōret instead of the expected ‘Ašteret, probably because the two last syllables have here been pointed with the vowels belonging to bōshet "abomination" to indicate that word should be substituted when reading. The plural form, referring to multi ...

See also:

Astarte, Astarte - General discussion, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Ugarit, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Egypt, Astarte - ‘Ashtart described by Sanchuniathon, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Judea, Astarte - Other associations

Read more here: » Astarte: Encyclopedia II - Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Judea

In the description of the Phoenician pantheon ascribed to Sanchuniathon ‘Ashtart appears as a daughter of Sky and Earth and sister of the god El. After El overthrows and banishes his father Sky, Sky sends to El as some kind of trick his "virgin daughter" ‘Ashtart along with her sisters Asherah and the goddess who will later be called Ba‘alat Gebul "the Lady of Byblos". It seems that this trick does not work as all three become wives of their brother El. ‘Ashtart bears to El children who appear under Greek names as seven daughters called the Titanides or Artemides and ...

See also:

Astarte, Astarte - General discussion, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Ugarit, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Egypt, Astarte - ‘Ashtart described by Sanchuniathon, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Judea, Astarte - Other associations

Read more here: » Astarte: Encyclopedia II - Astarte - ‘Ashtart described by Sanchuniathon

The Etruscans are generally believed to have spoken a non-Indo-European language. Herodotus (c. 400 BC) records the legend that they came from Lydia (modern western Turkey). Contrarily, Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c. 100 BC) pronounced that the Etruscans were indigenous to Italy, calling themselves Rasenna and being part of an ancient nation "which does not resemble any other people in their language or in their way of life, or customs." Knowledge of the Etruscan language only began with the discovery of the bilingual ...

See also:

Etruscan civilization, Etruscan civilization - Language, Etruscan civilization - Mysterious origins, Etruscan civilization - The first scientific ethnographic study, Etruscan civilization - Eastern Mediterranean combinations, Etruscan civilization - A possible Etruscan sea people, Etruscan civilization - Archaeological possibilities, Etruscan civilization - Etruscan Society, Etruscan civilization - Kinship, Etruscan civilization - Government, Etruscan civilization - Religion, Etruscan civilization - Etruscan heritage at Rome, Etruscan civilization - The Question of the founding population, Etruscan civilization - Foundation of Rome, Etruscan civilization - Populus Romanus, Etruscan civilization - Etruscan architecture, Etruscan civilization - Additional information, Etruscan civilization - Some Etruscan cities, Etruscan civilization - Some Etruscan rulers, Etruscan civilization - Bibliography

Read more here: » Etruscan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Etruscan civilization - Language