puppet state

The Home Army's initial plans for a national uprising, Operation Tempest, which would link up with British forces, changed in 1943 when it became apparent that the Red Army would force the Germans from Poland. The discovery of the Katyn massacre occasioned the breaking-off of Polish-Soviet relations in April, and they never properly recovered. Although doubts existed about the military wisdom of a major uprising, the planning continued. The situation came to a head as Operation Bagration, the Soviet attack on Germany, reached the old ...

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Warsaw Uprising, Warsaw Uprising - Eve of the battle, Warsaw Uprising - Opposing forces, Warsaw Uprising - The battle, Warsaw Uprising - Life behind the front lines, Warsaw Uprising - Lack of outside support, Warsaw Uprising - The capitulation, Warsaw Uprising - Destruction of the city, Warsaw Uprising - Liberation of the ruins, Warsaw Uprising - The legacy, Warsaw Uprising - After the war, Warsaw Uprising - Note

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The composition of the Vichy cabinet, and its policies, were mixed. Many Vichy officials such as Pétain, though not all, were reactionaries who considered that France's unfortunate fate was a kind of divine punishment for its Republican character and the actions of its left-wing governments of the 1930s (see Popular Front). Reactionary writer Charles Maurras judged that Pétain's accession to power was, in that respect, a "divine surprise"; and many people of the same political persuasion judged that it was preferable to have an authoritari ...

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Vichy France, Vichy France - The fall of France and the establishment of the Vichy regime, Vichy France - Decision to seek armistice, Vichy France - Conditions of armistice, Vichy France - Formal end of the Third Republic, Vichy France - Vichy composition and policies, Vichy France - Fascist paramilitaries, Vichy France - Implementation of Nazi racial anti-Semitic laws, Vichy France - Contribution of French fascists, Vichy France - Relationships with the Allied powers, Vichy France - Creation of Free France, Vichy France - Tensions with Britain in Syria Madagascar, Vichy France - German invasion November 1942, Vichy France - Independence of the S.O.L, Vichy France - Liberation of France and aftermath, Vichy France - Bibliography

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Croatian kuna - German Croatian kuna 1941-1945. The Kuna was made the Croatian currency after the fascist puppet state of Croatia was set up. It was divided into 100 banica and replaced the Yugoslav dinar at par. It was replaced by the reconstituted Yugoslavian dinar at a rate of 1 dinar = 40 kuna. Croatian kuna - Croatian kuna 1994-. The kuna was introduced in June 1994 after the transitional period following Croatian independence in the early 1990s during which the Yug ...

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Croatian kuna, Croatian kuna - History, Croatian kuna - German Croatian kuna 1941-1945, Croatian kuna - Croatian kuna 1994-, Croatian kuna - Currency in circulation, Croatian kuna - Coins, Croatian kuna - Banknotes, Croatian kuna - Current kuna exchange rates, Croatian kuna - External link

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The first king of the Netherlands, from 1806 until 1810, was French. Napoleon I installed his brother Louis Bonaparte as king over what was then called the Kingdom of Holland, a puppet state. The present monarchy was established in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna as part of the re-arrangement of Europe after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte. The House of Orange-Nassau were given the modern day Netherlands and Belgium to rule as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In addition, the king of the Netherlands b ...

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Dutch monarchy, Dutch monarchy - History, Dutch monarchy - Monarchs, Dutch monarchy - Wilhelmina 1890-1948, Dutch monarchy - Juliana 1948-1980, Dutch monarchy - Beatrix 1980-present, Dutch monarchy - Willem-Alexander

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The first king of the Netherland, from 1806 until 1810, was French. Napoleon I installed his brother Louis Bonaparte as king over what was then called the Kingdom of Holland, a puppet state. The present monarchy was established in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna as part of the re-arrangement of Europe after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte. The House of Orange-Nassau were given the modern day Netherlands and Belgium to rule as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In addition, the king of the Netherlands b ...

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Dutch monarchy, Dutch monarchy - History, Dutch monarchy - Monarchs, Dutch monarchy - Wilhelmina 1890-1948, Dutch monarchy - Juliana 1948-1980, Dutch monarchy - Beatrix 1980-present, Dutch monarchy - Willem-Alexander

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The roots of the war began in the late 19th century with China in political chaos and Japan rapidly modernizing. Over the course of the late 19th century and early 20th century, Japan intervened and finally annexed Korea and expanded its political and economic influence into China, particularly Manchuria. This expansion of power was aided by the fact that by the 1920s, China had fragmented into warlordism with only a weak and ineffective central government. However, the situation of a weak China unable to resist Japanese demands appea ...

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Pacific War, Pacific War - Conflict between Japan and China, Pacific War - The Sino-Japanese War, Pacific War - War spreads in the east, Pacific War - The United States enters the war, Pacific War - The Allies re-group, Pacific War - The tide turns, Pacific War - The final stages of the war, Pacific War - Timeline

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Originally, as with the ancient (Hellenic) Greek apoikia, the term colonization referred to the foundation of a new city or settlement, more often than not with nonviolent means (but see for instance the Athenian re-colonisation of Melos after wiping out the earlier settlement). The term colony is derived from the Latin colonia, which indicated a place meant for agricultural activities; these Roman colonies and others like them were in fact usually either conquered so as to be inhabited by these work ...

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Colony, Colony - Definitions, Colony - History, Colony - Colonies in ancient civilizations examples, Colony - Recent colonies examples, Colony - Current colonies examples, Colony - List of Colonial Territories by country

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Czecho-Slovakia or Czechoslovakia (1918 - 1939; 1945 - 1992) Austria-Hungary (until 1918) (Bohemia, Moravia, a part of Silesia, northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia) Czecho-Slovak/Czechoslovak Republic (ČSR) (1918-1938) County Sudetenland + other German territories (1938-1945) "Highland territories" of Hungary (1938-1945)See also:

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia - From creation to dissolution – Overview, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia - References

Read more here: » Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia: Encyclopedia II - Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia - From creation to dissolution – Overview

Changchun was a minor Manchurian trading town from the 18th century. It expanded rapidly as the junction between of the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railway and the Russian-owned Chinese Eastern Railway from 1905-1935. Changchun had railway repair shops and branch lines originating in Changchun extended into Korea and Inner Mongolia. In 1932, Changchun became the capital of Manchukuo, a nominally independent puppet state set up by the Japanese in Manchuria, and which existed from 1931 to 1945. Then known as 新京 (Pinyin: Xīnj ...

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Changchun, Changchun - History, Changchun - Economy, Changchun - Colleges and universities, Changchun - Miscellaneous

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Puyi - Emperor of China 1908-1924. Chosen by Cixi on her deathbed, Puyi ascended to the throne at age 2 years 10 months in December 1908 following his uncle's death on November 14. His father, the 2nd Prince Chun, served as a regent until December 6, 1911 when Empress Dowager Longyu took over in the face of the Xinhai Revolution. Empress Dowager Longyu signed the "Act of Abdication of the Emperor of the Great Qing" (《清帝退位詔書》) on February 12, 1912, following the Xinhai Revolution, under a de ...

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Puyi, Puyi - Name, Puyi - Ancestry, Puyi - Paternal side, Puyi - Maternal side, Puyi - Biography, Puyi - Emperor of China 1908-1924, Puyi - Brief restoration 1917, Puyi - Private citizen 1924-1932, Puyi - Ruler of Manchukuo 1932-1945, Puyi - Later life 1945-1967, Puyi - Marriages, Puyi - Burial, Puyi - Portrayal, Puyi - Notes

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The provinces of China were first set up during the Yuan Dynasty. There were initially 10 provinces. By the time of the Qing Dynasty there were 18, all of which were in China proper. These were: Anhui Fujian Gansu Guangdong Guangxi Guizhou Henan Hubei Hunan Jiangsu Jiangxi Shaanxi Shandong Shanxi Sichuan Y ...

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Province of China, Province of China - Alternative meanings, Province of China - List and map, Province of China - History, Province of China - Various facts about the provinces

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On June 22, 1941, Germany launched an invasion against the Soviet Union, code-named Operation Barbarossa. The leader of the USSR, Josef Stalin, had been warned repeatedly by outside sources and his own intelligence network of the impending invasion, but he ignored the warnings. Moreover, on the very night of the invasion Soviet troops received a directive undersigned by Marshal Timoshenko and General of the Army Georgi Zhukov that commanded: "do not answer to any provocations" and "do not undertake any actions without specific orders". The e ...

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European Theatre of World War II, European Theatre of World War II - Preceding events, European Theatre of World War II - Outbreak of war in Europe, European Theatre of World War II - Nightfall in Northern Europe, European Theatre of World War II - War comes to the West, European Theatre of World War II - The war in the air, European Theatre of World War II - The Balkans, European Theatre of World War II - The eastern front, European Theatre of World War II - The Allies' invasion of Italy, European Theatre of World War II - The Allies' liberation of France, European Theatre of World War II - The end of the war in Europe

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2dLt (Infantry), April 1905; was graduated from War College, December 1915; official duty, Switzerland, August 1919; Major, August 1920; official duty, Germany, July 1921; LtCol, August 1924; Colonel, August 1918; Regimental Commander, 1st Infantry, August 1929; MajGen, March 1933; Commandant,"Rikugun Shikan Gakko" (Military Academy), March 1934; Hideki Tojo - Rise to office of Prime Minister. In those days, the Japanese army was strongly pushing to begin the war because Germany was winning. Tojo was one o ...

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Hideki Tojo, Hideki Tojo - Military and political life, Hideki Tojo - Military Service, Hideki Tojo - Rise to office of Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo - General Tojo diplomatic actions and politics, Hideki Tojo - The growth of Japanese military dominance of East Asia, Hideki Tojo - Prime Minister Tojo and the Navy plan to invade Australia, Hideki Tojo - Postwar legacy, Hideki Tojo - External link

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Manchuria - Earlier history. Manchuria was the home of several nomadic tribes, including the Manchu, Ulchs, Hezhen (also known as the Goldi and Nanai). Various ethnic groups and their respective kingdoms, including the, Xianbei, Khitan, Mohe, and Jurchens, have risen to power in Manchuria. Several kingdoms were established in Manchuria, including Goguryeo, one of the Three ...

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Manchuria, Manchuria - Extent of Manchuria, Manchuria - Naming, Manchuria - Geography and Climate, Manchuria - History, Manchuria - Earlier history, Manchuria - Russian and Japanese influence, Manchuria - After World War Two, Manchuria - Demographics and Economy, Manchuria - Culture

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There are eight Elemental Spirits throughout the series: Undine, Gnome, Sylphid (or Jinn), Salamando (or Salamander), Lumina (or Wisp), Shade, Luna (or Aura), and Dryad. Only four Elementals have made it through the series so far without any large modification to their names or the types of their powers. All Elementals debuted in Secret of Mana; the most significant change, Luna to Aura, occurred in Legend of Mana. One could argue that the Faerie that befriends the main character and follows them throughout Seiken Den ...

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Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - The Elemental Spirits, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - Undine Water and Ice, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - Gnome Earth, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - Sylphid/Jinn Air and Thunder, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - Salamando/Salamander Fire, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - Lumina/Wisp Light and Holy, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - Shade Darkness, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - Luna/Aura Celestial/Gold, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - Dryad Life and Mana/Wood, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - Role in the Series, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - Mana Mythology, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - Mechanics, Elemental spirits Seiken Densetsu - Mythological roots

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The Partisans and the People's Liberation Army staged a guerrilla campaign which enjoyed gradually increased levels of support among population. There were people's committees organized to act as civilian governments in liberated areas of the country, and even limited arms industries were set-up. At the very beginning, Partisan forces were relatively small, poorly armed and without any infrastructure. But they had two major advantages over other militar ...

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Partisans Yugoslavia, Partisans Yugoslavia - Origins, Partisans Yugoslavia - Formation, Partisans Yugoslavia - Formation, Partisans Yugoslavia - Operations, Partisans Yugoslavia - Partisan Atrocities

Read more here: » Partisans Yugoslavia: Encyclopedia II - Partisans Yugoslavia - Operations

The composition of the Vichy cabinet, and its policies, were mixed. Many Vichy officials such as Pétain, though not all, were reactionaries who considered that France's unfortunate fate was a kind of divine punishment for its Republican character and the actions of its left-wing governments of the 1930s (see Popular Front). Reactionary writer Charles Maurras judged that Pétain's accession to power was, in that respect, a "divine surprise"; and many people of the same political persuasion judged that it was preferable to have an authoritari ...

See also:

Vichy France, Vichy France - The fall of France and the establishment of the Vichy regime, Vichy France - France's Armistice with Hitler, Vichy France - Conditions of armistice, Vichy France - Formal end of the Third Republic, Vichy France - Vichy composition and policies, Vichy France - Fascist paramilitaries, Vichy France - Implementation of Nazi racial anti-Semitic laws, Vichy France - Contribution of French fascists, Vichy France - Relationships with the Allied powers, Vichy France - Creation of Free France, Vichy France - Tensions with Britain in Syria Madagascar, Vichy France - German invasion November 1942, Vichy France - Independence of the S.O.L, Vichy France - Liberation of France and aftermath, Vichy France - Bibliography

Read more here: » Vichy France: Encyclopedia II - Vichy France - Vichy composition and policies

At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Stalin was able to present his western allies, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, with a fait accompli in Poland. His armed forces were in occupation of the country, and his agents, the Polish Communists, were in control of its administration. The USSR was in the process of incorporating the lands in eastern Poland which it had occupied between 1939 and 1941. In compensation, the USSR awarded Poland all the German territories in Pomerania, Silesia and Brandenburg east of the Oder-Neisse ...

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People's Republic of Poland, People's Republic of Poland - History, People's Republic of Poland - Government and politics, People's Republic of Poland - Economy, People's Republic of Poland - Culture, People's Republic of Poland - Demographics, People's Republic of Poland - Geography

Read more here: » People's Republic of Poland: Encyclopedia II - People's Republic of Poland - History

China - Zhongguo. China is called Zhongguo in Mandarin Chinese (Simplified: 中国, Traditional: 中國; also romanized as Jhongguo or Chung-kuo), which is usually translated as "Middle Kingdom", but could also be translated as "Central State" or "Central Country". Zhong (中) means "middle" or "center" while guo (国 or 國) means "country," "kingdom," "state," or "land", referring to the claim that China stood at the centre of that society's "known world", s ...

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China, China - Terminology, China - Zhongguo, China - China, China - History, China - Chinese Pre-history, China - Political history, China - Territory, China - Historical overview, China - Historical political divisions, China - Geography and climate, China - Society, China - Demographics, China - Culture, China - Religion, China - Arts scholarship and literature, China - Science and technology, China - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » China: Encyclopedia II - China - Terminology

Main article: Army of the Republic of Vietnam Total Armed Forces were over 1,000,000 in 1971, and U.S. Forces were 525,000 in 1968. South Vietnam - ARVN. On October 26, 1956, the military was reorganized by the administration of President Ngo Dinh Diem who then established the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). Early on, the focus of the army was the guerrilla fighters of the Vietnam National Liberation Front (NLF, also known as the Viet Cong), a shadow government formed to oppose the Diem admi ...

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South Vietnam, South Vietnam - Location, South Vietnam - Founding, South Vietnam - Relationship with the United States, South Vietnam - Controversial history, South Vietnam - Paris Peace Accords and U.S. Military Withdrawal from Vietnam, South Vietnam - Politics, South Vietnam - Leaders of the Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnam - Army, South Vietnam - ARVN, South Vietnam - Provinces, South Vietnam - Geography, South Vietnam - Economy, South Vietnam - Demographics, South Vietnam - Culture, South Vietnam - Vietnamese culture

Read more here: » South Vietnam: Encyclopedia II - South Vietnam - Army

Polish September Campaign - Plans. The German plan Fall Weiss, for what became known as the September campaign, was created by General Franz Halder, chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief of the upcoming campaign. The plan called for the start of hostilities before the declaration of war and to pursue a traditional doctrine of mass encirclement and destruction of enemy forces, assisted by the Germans' material advantages, including the use of mo ...

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Polish September Campaign, Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces, Polish September Campaign - Germany, Polish September Campaign - Soviet Union, Polish September Campaign - Poland, Polish September Campaign - Order of battle, Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Plans, Polish September Campaign - Phase 1: German aggression, Polish September Campaign - Phase 2: Soviet aggression, Polish September Campaign - Civilian losses, Polish September Campaign - Aftermath, Polish September Campaign - Notes

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Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, as he was known before becoming emperor, was the son of Hortense de Beauharnais, who was the daughter of Napoléon I's wife Josephine de Beauharnais by her first marriage. The identity of his biological father remains a subject of speculation, given his unhappily married mother's record of extramarital liaisons. His father for the record, however, was Hortense's husband, Louis Bonaparte, a younger brother of Napoléon I, and his whole career was built upon the (supposed) fact that he was the nephew of Napoléon I. ...

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Napoleon III of France, Napoleon III of France - Early life, Napoleon III of France - President of the French Republic, Napoleon III of France - Emperor of the French, Napoleon III of France - Authoritarian Empire, Napoleon III of France - Liberal Empire, Napoleon III of France - Foreign policy, Napoleon III of France - Demise, Napoleon III of France - Legacy, Napoleon III of France - Opinions, Napoleon III of France - Publications

Read more here: » Napoleon III of France: Encyclopedia II - Napoleon III of France - Early life