A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them. Buffer states when authentically independent typically pursue a neutralist foreign policy, which distinguishes them from satellite states. The conception of buffer states is part of the theory of balance of power that entered European strategic and diplomatic thinking in the 17th century. In the 19th century, the manipulation of buffer states like Afghanistan and th ...

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1931 (MCMXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday. 1931 - Events. January 4 - Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa January 6 - Thomas Edison submits his last patent application. January 22 - Sir Isaac Isaacs sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia January 25 - Mohandas Gandhi released again January 27 - Pierre Laval forms a government in France February 3 - Napier earthquake - mu ...

Including:

• 1931 - Events
• 1931 - April-August
• 1931 - September-December
• 1931 - Undated
• 1931 - Births
• 1931 - January
• 1931 - February-April
• 1931 - May-August
• 1931 - September-December
• 1931 - Month/day unknown
• 1931 - Deaths
• 1931 - Undated
• 1931 - Nobel Prizes

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The Chinese phrase Four Great Ancient Capitals of China (Traditional Chinese: 中國四大古都; Simplified Chinese: 中国四大古都; pinyin Zhōngguó Sì Dà Gǔdū) traditionally refers to Nanjing, Beijing, Luoyang, and Xi'an. After the 1920s as more discoveries were made, other historical capitals were added to the list. The phrase Seven Ancient Capitals of China introduced later on, also include Kaifeng (added in the 1920s as the fifth ancient capital), Hangzhou (became the sixth ancient capital in the 1930s), a ...

Including:

• Historical capital of China - List of historical capitals of China
• Historical capital of China - Chronology

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China listen ▶ (help·info) (Traditional: 中國; Simplified: 中国; Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōngguó; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo) refers to a number of states and cultures that have existed and are viewed as having succeeded one another in continental East Asia, dating back nearly 5,000 years. Modern China has been described as both a single civilization and multiple civilizations, as a single state or multiple states, ...

Including:

• China - Terminology
• China - Zhongguo
• China - China
• China - History
• China - Chinese Pre-history
• China - Political history
• China - Territory
• China - Historical overview
• China - Historical political divisions
• China - Geography and climate
• China - Society
• China - Demographics
• China - Culture
• China - Religion
• China - Arts scholarship and literature
• China - Science and technology
• China - Miscellaneous topics

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For the Chinese ethnic group, see Buyei. Puyi (Chinese:溥儀;) (February 7, 1906 - October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the Xuantong Emperor (宣統皇帝) of China between 1908 and 1924 (ruling emperor between 1908 and 1912, and non-ruling emperor between 1912 and 1924), the tenth and last emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty to rule over China. He was married to the Empress Gobulo Wan Rong under the suggestion of the Imperial Dowager Concubine Duan-Kang （端康太妃）. Later be ...

Including:

• Puyi - Name
• Puyi - Ancestry
• Puyi - Paternal side
• Puyi - Maternal side
• Puyi - Biography
• Puyi - Emperor of China 1908-1924
• Puyi - Brief restoration 1917
• Puyi - Private citizen 1924-1932
• Puyi - Ruler of Manchukuo 1932-1945
• Puyi - Later life 1945-1967
• Puyi - Marriages
• Puyi - Burial
• Puyi - Portrayal
• Puyi - Notes

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Vichy France, or the Vichy regime was the de facto French government of 1940-1944 during the Nazi Germany occupation of World War II. Now known in French as the Régime de Vichy or Vichy, during its existence it referred to itself as L'État Français (The French State). Vichy France was established after France surrendered to Germany in 1940, and took its name from the government's capital in Vichy, southeast of Paris near Clermont-Ferrand. While officially neutral in the war, it was essentia ...

Including:

• Vichy France - The fall of France and the establishment of the Vichy regime
• Vichy France - Decision to seek armistice
• Vichy France - Conditions of armistice
• Vichy France - Formal end of the Third Republic
• Vichy France - Vichy composition and policies
• Vichy France - Fascist paramilitaries
• Vichy France - Implementation of Nazi racial anti-Semitic laws
• Vichy France - Contribution of French fascists
• Vichy France - Relationships with the Allied powers
• Vichy France - Creation of Free France
• Vichy France - Tensions with Britain in Syria Madagascar
• Vichy France - German invasion November 1942
• Vichy France - Independence of the S.O.L
• Vichy France - Liberation of France and aftermath
• Vichy France - Bibliography

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Beijing ▶ (help·info) (Chinese: 北京; Hanyu Pinyin: Běijīng; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking) is the capital of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Beijing is one of the four municipalities of the PRC, equivalent to a province in China's administrative structure. Beijing Municipality ...

Including:

• Beijing - Names
• Beijing - History
• Beijing - Geography and climate
• Beijing - City layout
• Beijing - Neighbourhoods
• Beijing - Towns
• Beijing - Administrative divisions
• Beijing - Economy
• Beijing - Architecture
• Beijing - Demographics
• Beijing - Culture
• Beijing - Stereotypes
• Beijing - Transportation
• Beijing - Rail
• Beijing - Roads and expressways
• Beijing - Air
• Beijing - Public transit
• Beijing - Tourism
• Beijing - Buildings Monuments and Landmarks
• Beijing - Temples Cathedrals and Mosques
• Beijing - Parks and Gardens
• Beijing - Shopping and Commercial Districts
• Beijing - Hotels and Lodging
• Beijing - Nightlife
• Beijing - Education
• Beijing - Media
• Beijing - Television and Radio
• Beijing - Press
• Beijing - Sports
• Beijing - City and regional partnerships

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In politics and in history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a geographically-distant state (or city, in ancient times). Some colonies were historically separate countries, while others were territories without definite statehood at the moment of colonization. The metropolitan state is the state that owns the colony. In Ancient Greece, the city that owned a colony was called the metropolis within its political organization. Mother country is the term used to refer to the metropolita ...

Including:

• Colony - Definitions
• Colony - History
• Colony - Colonies in ancient civilizations examples
• Colony - Recent colonies examples
• Colony - Current colonies examples

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A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng (省 shěng), which is an administrative division of China. Together with municipalities and autonomous regions, provinces make up the first level (known as the province level) of administrative division in Mainland China. The Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are officially considered to be province-level as well, though in reality they have much more autonomy than regular provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities. Theoretically, provinces are also the first level division of the Republic of China ...

Including:

• Province of China - Alternative meanings
• Province of China - List and map
• Province of China - History
• Province of China - Various facts about the provinces

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Build up The Battle Lack of outside support Capitulation Aftereffects Cultural representations Military participants Notable People Facts and figures The Warsaw Uprising (Powstanie Warszawskie) was an armed struggle during the Second World War by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule. It started on August 1, 1944, as a part of a nationwide uprising, Operation Tem ...

Including:

• Warsaw Uprising - Eve of the battle
• Warsaw Uprising - Opposing forces
• Warsaw Uprising - The battle
• Warsaw Uprising - Life behind the front lines
• Warsaw Uprising - Lack of outside support
• Warsaw Uprising - The capitulation
• Warsaw Uprising - Destruction of the city
• Warsaw Uprising - Liberation of the ruins
• Warsaw Uprising - The legacy
• Warsaw Uprising - After the war
• Warsaw Uprising - Note

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Tiso became one of the leaders of the Slovak People's Party. Father Andrej Hlinka had founded the Slovak People's Party as a Roman Catholic grouping in 1913, while Austria-Hungary still ruled Slovakia. The party sought the autonomy of Slovakia within Czechoslovakia and after 1923 became the largest party in Slovakia . It comprised one of the two purely Slovak parties in Slovakia; the remaining parties either represented national minorities, or functioned (at least nominally) throughout Czechoslovakia. When Hlinka died in 1938, Tiso became See also:

Jozef Tiso, Jozef Tiso - Political Ascent, Jozef Tiso - Policies and Demise, Jozef Tiso - Sources and References

Read more here: » Jozef Tiso: Encyclopedia II - Jozef Tiso - Political Ascent

History of Vilnius - Polish-Lithuanian conflict. During the World War I Wilna was occupied by Germany from 1915 until 1918. Still under German occupation, the German-supported Council of Lithuania proclaimed the act of Restoration of Independence of Lithuania in Vilnius on February 16, 1918. Germans however denied the Council the right to elect a State Council. Instead, the Council attempted to elect a German prince, Wilhelm von Urach of Württemberg for a Lithuanian king under the name of Mindaugas II. In ...

See also:

History of Vilnius, History of Vilnius - Middle ages, History of Vilnius - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Vilnius - Russian occupation, History of Vilnius - Interwar period, History of Vilnius - Polish-Lithuanian conflict, History of Vilnius - Poland, History of Vilnius - Second World War, History of Vilnius - Soviet occupation, History of Vilnius - Independent Lithuania

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In ancient times Jilin was inhabited by various peoples, including the Mohe and the Wuji. The kingdom of Bohai was established in the area from 698 to 926 AD. The region then fell successively under the domination of the Khitan Liao Dynasty, the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, and the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty much of the area was under the control of the General of Jilin, whose area of control extended to the Sea of Japan to encompass much of what is Russia's Primorsky Krai today. Immigration of Han ...

See also:

Jilin, Jilin - History, Jilin - Geography, Jilin - Administrative divisions, Jilin - Economy, Jilin - Demographics, Jilin - Culture, Jilin - Tourism, Jilin - Miscellaneous topics, Jilin - Professional Sports Teams, Jilin - Education

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Japanese nationalism - Tradition. The bushido (warrior way) — the samurai code —. When the daimyo system was abolished the code was adopted for ideological purposes and ultranationalist doctrine. The samurai ideals were analysed in depth by Imperial Japanese Army Ideologist Sadao Araki for adaptation in contemporary military training as a doctrine of "seishin kyoiku" (spiritual training) for ideological rapport between armed forces. As Minister of Education, he supported the integration ...

See also:

Japanese nationalism, Japanese nationalism - The ideology of Japanese nationalism 1905-1945, Japanese nationalism - Tradition, Japanese nationalism - Education, Japanese nationalism - Nationalist politics, Japanese nationalism - Geostrategy, Japanese nationalism - Other ideological lines, Japanese nationalism - Control of communications media, Japanese nationalism - Ideological influences in foreign areas, Japanese nationalism - Summary, Japanese nationalism - After 1945, Japanese nationalism - Bibliography, Japanese nationalism - Other historical references, Japanese nationalism - Asian and Pacific geopolitics, Japanese nationalism - Official publications of the Japanese and Manchukuo governments, Japanese nationalism - Foreign general literature on the Empire of Japan and Japanese-supported regimes in Northeast Asia

Read more here: » Japanese nationalism: Encyclopedia II - Japanese nationalism - The ideology of Japanese nationalism 1905-1945

See also: Xianbei, Manchuria Liaoning is the southernmost part of the region historically known as Manchuria. The Qin and Han dynasties were able to establish rule over much of what is Liaoning; later on governments headed by various peoples such as the Xianbei, Goguryeo, Khitan and Jurchen ruled Liaoning. In the 17th century the Manchus had their capital in modern Shenyang, Liaoning, before they conquered the rest of China, setting up the Qing Dynasty in 1644. In the last half of the seventeenth century the imperial government recrui ...

See also:

Liaoning, Liaoning - History, Liaoning - Geography, Liaoning - Administrative divisions, Liaoning - Economy, Liaoning - Demographics, Liaoning - Culture, Liaoning - Tourism, Liaoning - Miscellaneous topics, Liaoning - Colleges and universities

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Korean claims over Gando stem from what is perceived as an ambiguity in the original Sino-Korean boundary agreement. After several attempts by the Kangxi Emperor to negotiate the issue, in 1712, the Joseon of Korea and Qing of China agreed to dilineate the boundaries of the two countries at the Yalu and Tumen Rivers. The Qing delegation was led by Mukedeng, and the Joseon delegation was led by Pak Kwon, and the two held a joint commission to survey and demarcate the boundaries between the two states. Efforts were taken to locate the s ...

See also:

Gando, Gando - History, Gando - Boundary claims, Gando - Images

Read more here: » Gando: Encyclopedia II - Gando - Boundary claims

Inner Manchuria came under strong Russian influence in the 1890s with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok. Japanese influence replaced Russian in Inner Manchuria as a result of the Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905), and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur (Japanese: Ryojun). Between World War I and World War II Manchuria became a political and military battleground. Japanese influence extended into Outer Manchuria in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917, but Outer M ...

See also:

Manchukuo, Manchukuo - Political history of Manchukuo, Manchukuo - Administrative divisions, Manchukuo - Population, Manchukuo - The Japanese population, Manchukuo - Education, Manchukuo - Stamps and postal history of Manchukuo

Read more here: » Manchukuo: Encyclopedia II - Manchukuo - Political history of Manchukuo

Further information: Shell corporation, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Front organization, Front organization - Principal users of front entities, Front organization - Primary spheres of influence of front entities, Front organization - Fronts in organized crime, Front organization - Fronts for intelligence agencies, Front organization - Fronts for religious organizations, Front organization - Fronts for banned paramilitary organizations, Front organization - Fronts for extremist political organizations, Front organization - Corporate front groups, Front organization - Astroturfing

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The Manchus were descendants of the Jurchen ethnic group, who had conquered northeastern China in the twelfth century. The name Manchu was formally adopted by Nurhaci of the Jianzhou Jurchens in 1635, though it may have been in use as early as 1605. Nurhaci originated in present-day North Korea near the Paektu/Changbai Mountains (Koryo dynasty period). Nurhaci and his family resided within the Koryo(Korean) kingdom and wished to be reunited with his brother in Korea, according to the Cambridge History of the Qing Dynasty by Giles. Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji decided the Jurchens would call themselves Manchus and prohibited t ...

See also:

Manchu, Manchu - Origins, Manchu - Founding of the Qing Dynasty, Manchu - Manchukuo

Read more here: » Manchu: Encyclopedia II - Manchu - Origins

Initially the resistance movement was composed of independent troops, spontaneously formed by members of political parties previously outlawed by the Fascist regime or by former officers of the disbanded Royal Army loyal to the monarchy. Later the Committee of National Liberation created by the Italian Communist Party, the Italian Socialist Party, the Partito d'Azione (a republican liberal party), Democrazia Cristiana and other minor parties took control of th ...

See also:

Italian resistance movement, Italian resistance movement - Origins of the movement, Italian resistance movement - List of partisan governments

Read more here: » Italian resistance movement: Encyclopedia II - Italian resistance movement - Origins of the movement