public services

The Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement, more commonly known as DR-CAFTA, is a free trade agreement (legally a treaty under international law, but not legally a treaty under US law). As CAFTA, the agreement originally encompassed the United States and the Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. In 2004, the Dominican Republic joined the negotiations, and agreement became known as DR-CAFTA. Bordering Central American nations not in the agreement incl ...

Including:

• Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Ratification
• Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Aims
• Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Support and backing
• Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Opposition and resistance
• Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Provisions
• Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Articles and papers

Read more here: » Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement: Encyclopedia - Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement

The poverty line is the level of income below which one cannot afford to purchase all the resources one requires to live. People who have an income below the poverty line have no discretionary disposable income, by definition. It is widely discussed how and where to set the poverty line. In practice, different countries often use different poverty lines. Globally, however, it is more common to use only one poverty line in order to compare economic welfare levels. When comparing poverty across countries, the purchasing power par ...

Including:

• Poverty line - Problems with using a poverty line
• Poverty line - Defining poverty lines
• Poverty line - Absolute poverty
• Poverty line - Relative poverty

Read more here: » Poverty line: Encyclopedia - Poverty line

See also: arguments for and against public ownership and the welfare state Privatization - For. Advocates of privatization argue that governments run businesses inefficiently for the following reasons: Performance. The government may only be interested in improving a company in cases when the performance of the company becomes politically sensitive. Improvements. Conversely, the government may put off improvements due to political sensitivity — even in cases of ...

See also:

Privatization, Privatization - Overview, Privatization - Types of privatization, Privatization - Arguments for and against, Privatization - For, Privatization - Against, Privatization - Outcomes, Privatization - Alternatives to privatization, Privatization - Corporatization, Privatization - Notable privatizations, Privatization - Anti-privatization campaigns

Read more here: » Privatization: Encyclopedia II - Privatization - Arguments for and against

The Iraqi insurgency is composed of at least a dozen major guerilla organizations and perhaps as many as 40 distinct groups. These groups are subdivided into countless smaller cells. Due to its clandestine nature, the exact composition of the Iraqi insurgency is difficult to determine. It is often divided by analysts into several main ideological strands, some of which are believed to overlap: Ba'athists, the armed supporters of Saddam Hussein; Sunni Islamists, the indigenous armed followers of the Salafi movement; ...

See also:

Iraqi insurgency, Iraqi insurgency - Composition, Iraqi insurgency - Ba'athists, Iraqi insurgency - Sunni Muslims, Iraqi insurgency - Moqtada al-Sadr, Iraqi insurgency - Sunni Islamists, Iraqi insurgency - Foreign insurgents, Iraqi insurgency - Non-violent groups, Iraqi insurgency - Insurgency tactics, Iraqi insurgency - Improvised Explosive Devices IEDs, Iraqi insurgency - Ambushes, Iraqi insurgency - Sniper Tactics, Iraqi insurgency - Mortar and rocket strikes, Iraqi insurgency - Attacks on helicopters, Iraqi insurgency - Sabotage, Iraqi insurgency - Suicide bombers, Iraqi insurgency - Non-military and civilian targets, Iraqi insurgency - Assassinations and kidnappings, Iraqi insurgency - Attacks on security forces, Iraqi insurgency - Analysis and polls, Iraqi insurgency - Scope and size of the insurgency, Iraqi insurgency - Rate of attacks and casualties, Iraqi insurgency - Iraqi insurgency organizations, Iraqi insurgency - Iraqi coalition counter-insurgency operations, Iraqi insurgency - History of the Insurgency, Iraqi insurgency - November 2005, Iraqi insurgency - See Also, Iraqi insurgency - External articles, Iraqi insurgency - General, Iraqi insurgency - Books, Iraqi insurgency - Middle East, Iraqi insurgency - Supportive of the Insurgency, Iraqi insurgency - Editorials, Iraqi insurgency - Terrorism Sources

Read more here: » Iraqi insurgency: Encyclopedia II - Iraqi insurgency - Composition

Libertarians and their allies are not a homogeneous group, but have collaborated to form think tanks, political parties, and other projects. For example, Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard co-founded the John Randolph Club, the Center for Libertarian Studies, and the Cato Institute[13] to support an independent libertarian movement, and joined David Nolan in founding the United States Libertarian Party in 1971. (Rothbard ceased activity with the Li ...

See also:

Libertarianism, Libertarianism - Terminology, Libertarianism - A typographical convention, Libertarianism - Libertarianism in the political spectrum, Libertarianism - Classical liberalism, Libertarianism - Libertarian politics and philosophy, Libertarianism - Rights and the law, Libertarianism - Private property, Libertarianism - Libertarian economic views, Libertarianism - Libertarian philosophy in the academy, Libertarianism - The libertarian movement, Libertarianism - Disputes among libertarians, Libertarianism - Criticism of libertarianism, Libertarianism - Notes and references

Read more here: » Libertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarianism - The libertarian movement

Although economic liberalization is often associated with privatization, the two can be quite separate processes. For example, the European Union has liberalized gas and electricity markets, instituting a system of competition; but some of the leading European energy companies (such as EDF and Vattenfall) remain partially or completely in government ownership. Liberalized and privatized public services may be dominated by just a few big companies, particularly in sectors with high capital costs, or high sunk cost, such as water, gas and electricity. In some cases they may remain legal monop ...

See also:

Liberalization, Liberalization - Liberalization and privatization, Liberalization - Liberalization vs Democratization

Read more here: » Liberalization: Encyclopedia II - Liberalization - Liberalization and privatization

The format of the number is a unique alphanumeric in the general form 1234567A and is issued on a "Social Services Card" often when a child reaches the legal age of employment, currently 16, otherwise a "Letter of Entitlement" is issued. The same format was used by the Department of Education and Science as the "Pupil Number" since 1994 and this caused some concern and confussion as it was in the same format and used the same check character formula, but more often different to the PPS No. In August 2000 the department instigated a program to remove the Pupil Nu ...

See also:

Personal Public Service Number, Personal Public Service Number - Format, Personal Public Service Number - Usage

Read more here: » Personal Public Service Number: Encyclopedia II - Personal Public Service Number - Format

The Iraqi insurgency is composed of at least a dozen major guerilla organizations and perhaps as many as 40 distinct groups. These groups are subdivided into countless smaller cells. Due to its clandestine nature, the exact composition of the Iraqi insurgency is difficult to determine. It is often divided by analysts into several main ideological strands, some of which are believed to overlap: Ba'athists, the armed supporters of Saddam Hussein; Sunni Islamists, the indigenous armed followers of the Salafi movement; ...

See also:

Iraqi insurgency, Iraqi insurgency - Composition, Iraqi insurgency - Ba'athists, Iraqi insurgency - Sunni Muslims, Iraqi insurgency - Moqtada al-Sadr, Iraqi insurgency - Sunni Islamists, Iraqi insurgency - Foreign insurgents, Iraqi insurgency - Non-violent groups, Iraqi insurgency - Insurgency tactics, Iraqi insurgency - Improvised Explosive Devices IEDs, Iraqi insurgency - Ambushes, Iraqi insurgency - Sniper Tactics, Iraqi insurgency - Mortar and rocket strikes, Iraqi insurgency - Attacks on helicopters, Iraqi insurgency - Attacks on Aircraft, Iraqi insurgency - Sabotage, Iraqi insurgency - Suicide bombers, Iraqi insurgency - Non-military and civilian targets, Iraqi insurgency - Assassinations and kidnappings, Iraqi insurgency - Attacks on security forces, Iraqi insurgency - Analysis and polls, Iraqi insurgency - Scope and size of the insurgency, Iraqi insurgency - Rate of attacks and casualties, Iraqi insurgency - Iraqi insurgency organizations, Iraqi insurgency - Iraqi coalition counter-insurgency operations, Iraqi insurgency - History of the Insurgency, Iraqi insurgency - November 2005, Iraqi insurgency - External articles, Iraqi insurgency - General, Iraqi insurgency - Books, Iraqi insurgency - Middle East, Iraqi insurgency - Supportive of the Insurgency, Iraqi insurgency - Editorials, Iraqi insurgency - Terrorism Sources

Read more here: » Iraqi insurgency: Encyclopedia II - Iraqi insurgency - Composition

Politics of Belgium - Latest result. Main article: Belgian general election, 2003 See also: 2004 Belgian regional elections Politics of Belgium - Electoral system. Several months before an election, each party forms a list of candidates for each district. Parties are allowed to place as many candidates on their "ticket" as there are seats available. The formation of the list is an internal process that varies with each party. The p ...

See also:

Politics of Belgium, Politics of Belgium - Constitution, Politics of Belgium - Executive branch, Politics of Belgium - Head of state, Politics of Belgium - Federal government, Politics of Belgium - Regional and community governments, Politics of Belgium - Regional executives, Politics of Belgium - Provincial and local government, Politics of Belgium - Legislative branch, Politics of Belgium - Political parties and elections, Politics of Belgium - Latest result, Politics of Belgium - Electoral system, Politics of Belgium - Political parties, Politics of Belgium - Judicial branch, Politics of Belgium - Trade unions, Politics of Belgium - Linguistic challenge, Politics of Belgium - Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde district, Politics of Belgium - International organization participation

Read more here: » Politics of Belgium: Encyclopedia II - Politics of Belgium - Political parties and elections

The debate around euroscepticism has been a major political issue in the United Kingdom since the inception of the European Union (then the European Economic Community or EEC), and has not reduced significantly following UK membership of the Union. Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic views in the UK today. Many people in Britain feel poorly informed about the European Union. Partly ...

See also:

Euroscepticism, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic influences on European politics, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic issues, Euroscepticism - Centralisation, Euroscepticism - Compromising sovereignty, Euroscepticism - Harmonising of justice and home affairs, Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in France, Euroscepticism - 1970s, Euroscepticism - Recent events, Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic views in the UK today, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptics in UK political parties, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic British press, Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in Denmark, Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in Central and Eastern Europe, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptics in the European Parliament, Euroscepticism - Terminology, Euroscepticism - Criticism of the European Union by non-Europeans

Read more here: » Euroscepticism: Encyclopedia II - Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom

The coalition sought to challenge Tony Blair from the left at the London Assembly and European Parliament elections in 2004 and gained a quarter of a million votes. This is the best result, in aggregate, ever achieved by the socialist left outside of the Labour Party. The party claims that these votes have been achieved primarily by capitalising on the 2003 anti-war protests and by attracting the votes of "Old Labour" supporters who feel Blair has moved the party too far to the right of their socialist beliefs. The correlation between the pe ...

See also:

RESPECT The Unity Coalition, RESPECT The Unity Coalition - Policies, RESPECT The Unity Coalition - Composition, RESPECT The Unity Coalition - History and electoral performance, RESPECT The Unity Coalition - 2005 election, RESPECT The Unity Coalition - International affiliation, RESPECT The Unity Coalition - Criticisms of Respect

Read more here: » RESPECT The Unity Coalition: Encyclopedia II - RESPECT The Unity Coalition - History and electoral performance

The establishment was founded in 1962 as a Church of England teacher training college, acquiring university college status and becoming Canterbury Christ Church University College in 1995. It is now regarded as the largest centre of higher education in Kent for the public services – notably teacher training, policing, health and social care. It was formally granted full university status in July 2005, and adopted its present name 1 August 2005. "As an outward looking University and a Church of England foundation, our mission is to p ...

See also:

Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury Christ Church University - History, Canterbury Christ Church University - Students, Canterbury Christ Church University - Faculties, Canterbury Christ Church University - Trivia, Canterbury Christ Church University - Campuses, Canterbury Christ Church University - External link

Read more here: » Canterbury Christ Church University: Encyclopedia II - Canterbury Christ Church University - History

See also: arguments for and against public ownership and the welfare state Privatization - For. Advocates of privatization argue that governments run businesses inefficiently for the following reasons: Performance. The government may only be interested in improving a company in cases when the performance of the company becomes politically sensitive. Improvements. Conversely, the government may put off improvements due to political sensitivity — even in cases of ...

See also:

Privatization, Privatization - Overview, Privatization - Types of privatization, Privatization - Arguments for and against, Privatization - For, Privatization - Against, Privatization - Outcomes, Privatization - Alternatives to privatization, Privatization - Sub-contracting, Privatization - Part ownership, Privatization - Notable privatizations, Privatization - Anti-privatization campaigns

Read more here: » Privatization: Encyclopedia II - Privatization - Arguments for and against

Tax - Income tax. Income tax is commonly a progressive tax because the tax rate increases with increasing income. For this reason, it is generally advocated by those who think that taxation should be borne more by the rich than by the poor, even to the point of serving as a form of social redistribution. Some critics characterize this tax as a form of punishment for economic productivity. Other critics charge that income taxation is inherently socially intrusive because enforcement requires the government to collect large amounts of information about business and personal affairs, much of which is co ...

See also:

Tax, Tax - A history of taxation, Tax - Purposes and effects of taxation, Tax - Tax rates, Tax - “Flat” “Progressive” and “Regressive” taxation, Tax - Direct and indirect taxation, Tax - Economics of Taxing a Good, Tax - Types of taxes, Tax - Income tax, Tax - Emergency tax, Tax - Retirement tax, Tax - Capital gains tax, Tax - Corporation tax, Tax - Poll tax, Tax - Excises, Tax - Sales tax, Tax - Tariffs, Tax - Value added tax, Tax - Property taxes, Tax - Transfer taxes, Tax - Inheritance tax, Tax - Wealth net worth tax, Tax - Personal property tax, Tax - Who pays, Tax - Historical taxation levels, Tax - Historical forms of taxation, Tax - Morality of taxation

Read more here: » Tax: Encyclopedia II - Tax - Types of taxes

Commodities (goods and services) are created by utilisation of resources. The resources shown below are sometimes called factors of production. Different types of resource In types of commodity a free good is available without the use of resources. There is zero opportunity cost, for example air. An economic good is a commodity in limited supply. However the difference between a free good and an economic good alters with the opinion of the economist. For example within the Amazon Rainforest rainwater is not considered as scarce because it is in mass abundance, but fresh water ...

See also:

Economic Problem, Economic Problem - Limited Resources, Economic Problem - The Economic Problem

Read more here: » Economic Problem: Encyclopedia II - Economic Problem - Limited Resources

The term is often used very abstractly. For instance, software engineering tools are sometimes described as part of the infrastructure of a development shop, and the term infrastructural capital in economics may be overly broad, as it includes a range from clothing to a continent-spanning canal system. This term can overlap with the notion of internal improvements and public works (see American System (economics)). In national security, the term "critical infrastructure" is also extremely broad (although it should be less inclusive as ...

See also:

Infrastructure, Infrastructure - Definition disputes, Infrastructure - Urban planning usage

Read more here: » Infrastructure: Encyclopedia II - Infrastructure - Definition disputes

There have been two main waves of municipalization in developed countries. The first took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, when municipalities in many developed countries acquired local private providers of a range of public services. The driving reason in most cases was the failure of private providers to sufficiently expand service provision outside wealthy parts of urban areas. The second wave took place in the early 1990s, when after the end of the communist states in eastern Europe state-owned companies i ...

See also:

Municipalization, Municipalization - Services, Municipalization - Governments

Read more here: » Municipalization: Encyclopedia II - Municipalization - Services

Tax - Income tax. Income tax is commonly a progressive tax because the tax rate increases with increasing income. For this reason, it is generally advocated by those who think that taxation should be borne more by the rich than by the poor, even to the point of serving as a form of social redistribution. Some critics characterize this tax as a form of punishment for economic productivity. Other critics charge that income taxation is inherently socially intrusive because enforcement requires the government to collect large amounts of information about business and personal affairs, much of which is co ...

See also:

Tax, Tax - A history of taxation, Tax - Purposes and effects of taxation, Tax - Tax rates, Tax - Flat Progressive and Regressive taxation, Tax - Direct and indirect taxation, Tax - Economics of Taxing a Good, Tax - Types of taxes, Tax - Income tax, Tax - Retirement tax, Tax - Capital gains tax, Tax - Corporation tax, Tax - Poll tax, Tax - Excises, Tax - Sales tax, Tax - Tariffs, Tax - Value added tax, Tax - Property taxes, Tax - Transfer taxes, Tax - Inheritance tax, Tax - Wealth net worth tax, Tax - Personal property tax, Tax - Who pays, Tax - Historical taxation levels, Tax - Historical forms of taxation, Tax - Morality of taxation

Read more here: » Tax: Encyclopedia II - Tax - Types of taxes

The debate around euroscepticism has been a major political issue in the United Kingdom since the inception of the European Union (then the European Economic Community or EEC), and has not reduced significantly following UK membership of the Union. Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic views in the UK today. Many people in Britain feel poorly informed about the European Union. Partly because of this widespread unfamiliarity with the fundamentals of the organisation, there is a wariness of its institutions, processe ...

See also:

Euroscepticism, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic influences on European politics, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic issues, Euroscepticism - Centralisation, Euroscepticism - Compromising sovereignty, Euroscepticism - Harmonising of justice and home affairs, Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in France, Euroscepticism - 1970s, Euroscepticism - Recent events, Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic views in the UK today, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptics in UK political parties, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic British press, Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in Denmark, Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in Central and Eastern Europe, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptics in the European Parliament, Euroscepticism - Terminology, Euroscepticism - Criticism of the European Union by non-Europeans

Read more here: » Euroscepticism: Encyclopedia II - Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom

Public Citizen, the US advocacy group founded by Ralph Nader, says DR-CAFTA is based on the same "failed neoliberal model" as NAFTA and serves to "push ahead the corporate globalization model that has caused the 'race to the bottom' in labor and environmental standards and promotes privatization and deregulation of key public services." Public Citizen claims that independent farmers in the U.S., Canada and Mexico have been hit particularly hard by NAFTA, with thousands wiped out and farmland shifting into the hands of huge agrobusiness conce ...

See also:

Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement, Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Ratification, Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Aims, Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Support and backing, Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Opposition and resistance, Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Provisions, Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Articles and papers

Read more here: » Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement: Encyclopedia II - Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement - Opposition and resistance