Public key infrastructure

The public disclosure of both secure key exchange and asymmetric key algorithms in 1976 by Diffie, Hellman, and Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman changed secure communications entirely. With the further development of high speed digital electronic communications (the Internet and its predecessors), a need became evident for ways in which users could securely communicate with each other, and as a further consequence of that, for ways in which users could be sure with whom they were actually interacting. The idea of cryptographically protected certificates binding ...

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Public key infrastructure, Public key infrastructure - Purpose and functions, Public key infrastructure - Typical use, Public key infrastructure - Alternatives, Public key infrastructure - Web Of Trust, Public key infrastructure - Simple Public Key Infrastructure, Public key infrastructure - Robot Certificate Authorities, Public key infrastructure - History, Public key infrastructure - Usage examples, Public key infrastructure - A few PKI implementations

Read more here: » Public key infrastructure: Encyclopedia II - Public key infrastructure - History

The term is often used very abstractly. For instance, software engineering tools are sometimes described as part of the infrastructure of a development shop, and the term infrastructural capital in economics may be overly broad, as it includes a range from clothing to a continent-spanning canal system. This term can overlap with the notion of internal improvements and public works (see American System (economics)). In national security, the term "critical infrastructure" is also extremely broad (although it should be less inclusive as ...

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Infrastructure, Infrastructure - Definition disputes, Infrastructure - Urban planning usage

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Public key cryptography is a form of cryptography which generally allows users to communicate securely without having prior access to a shared secret key. This is done by using a pair of cryptographic keys, designated as public key and private key, which are related mathematically. The term asymmetric key cryptography is a synonym for public key cryptography. In public key cryptography, the private key is generally kept secret, while the public key may be widely distributed. In a sense, one key "locks" a lock; while the other is required to unlock it. It should not be poss ...

Including:

• Public-key cryptography - History
• Public-key cryptography - Security
• Public-key cryptography - Applications
• Public-key cryptography - Practical considerations
• Public-key cryptography - A postal analogy
• Public-key cryptography - Actual algorithms -- two linked keys
• Public-key cryptography - Weaknesses
• Public-key cryptography - Computational cost
• Public-key cryptography - Associating public keys with identities
• Public-key cryptography - Relation to real time
• Public-key cryptography - Examples
• Public-key cryptography - Notes

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The fantastic term is used most often in an urban planning context to denote the facilities that support specific land uses and built environment. This article focuses on these urban infrastructure concerns to avoid the more political issues above. See also public infrastructure, municipal infrastructure and rural infrastructure. Typically, infrastructure in the urban context denotes two general groups of support systems: transportation modalities (roads, rail, etc.) and utilities. These typically compose both public an ...

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Infrastructure, Infrastructure - Definition disputes, Infrastructure - Urban planning usage

Read more here: » Infrastructure: Encyclopedia II - Infrastructure - Urban planning usage

Topics in cryptography - Standards organizations. the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication program (run by NIST to produce standards in many areas to guide operations of the US Federal government; many FIPS Pubs are cryptography related, ongoing) the ANSI standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing) ISO standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing) I ...

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Topics in cryptography, Topics in cryptography - Classical ciphers, Topics in cryptography - Famous ciphertexts, Topics in cryptography - Attacks on classical ciphers, Topics in cryptography - Modern algorithms methods evaluation and selection projects, Topics in cryptography - Standards organizations, Topics in cryptography - Cryptographic organizations, Topics in cryptography - Open efforts, Topics in cryptography - Cryptographic hash functions message digest algorithms, Topics in cryptography - Public key / private key encryption algorithms aka asymmetric key algorithms, Topics in cryptography - Public key / private key signature algorithms, Topics in cryptography - Key authentication, Topics in cryptography - Anonymous identification scheme, Topics in cryptography - Secret key algorithms aka symmetric key algorithms, Topics in cryptography - Classified cryptography U.S., Topics in cryptography - Breaking ciphers, Topics in cryptography - Weak keys and password-based cryptography, Topics in cryptography - Key transport/exchange, Topics in cryptography - Pseudo- and true random number generators, Topics in cryptography - Anonymous communication, Topics in cryptography - Legal issues, Topics in cryptography - Terminology, Topics in cryptography - Books and publications, Topics in cryptography - Cryptographers, Topics in cryptography - Uses of cryptographic techniques, Topics in cryptography - Miscellaneous, Topics in cryptography - Free / open-source cryptosystems ie algorithms + protocols + system design

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Novell NetWare - Early years. Netware was based on the consulting work by SuperSet Software, a group founded by the friends Drew Major, Dale Neibauer, Kyle Powell and later Mark Hurst. This work was based on their classwork at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, starting in October 1981. In 1983 Raymond Noorda engaged the work by the SuperSet team. The team was originally assigned to create a CP/M disk sharing system to help network the CP/M hardware that Novell was selling at the time. The team was p ...

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Novell NetWare, Novell NetWare - History, Novell NetWare - Early years, Novell NetWare - NetWare 3.x, Novell NetWare - NetWare 4.x, Novell NetWare - NetWare 5.x, Novell NetWare - NetWare 6.x, Novell NetWare - Novell Open Enterprise Server, Novell NetWare - Performance, Novell NetWare - File service instead of disk service, Novell NetWare - Efficiency of NetWare Core Protocol NCP, Novell NetWare - Non-preemptive OS designed for network services

Read more here: » Novell NetWare: Encyclopedia II - Novell NetWare - History

Public-key cryptography - A postal analogy. An analogy which can be used to understand the advantages of an asymmetric system is to imagine two people, Alice and Bob, sending a secret message through the public mail. In this example, Alice has the secret message and wants to send it to Bob, after which Bob sends a secret reply. With a symmetric key system, Alice first puts the secret message in a box, and then locks the box using a padlock to which she has a key. She then sends the box to Bob through regul ...

See also:

Public-key cryptography, Public-key cryptography - History, Public-key cryptography - Security, Public-key cryptography - Applications, Public-key cryptography - Practical considerations, Public-key cryptography - A postal analogy, Public-key cryptography - Actual algorithms -- two linked keys, Public-key cryptography - Weaknesses, Public-key cryptography - Computational cost, Public-key cryptography - Associating public keys with identities, Public-key cryptography - Relation to real time, Public-key cryptography - Examples, Public-key cryptography - Notes

Read more here: » Public-key cryptography: Encyclopedia II - Public-key cryptography - Practical considerations

For most of the history of cryptography, a key had to be kept absolutely secret and would be agreed upon beforehand using a secure, but non-cryptographic, method; for example, a face-to-face meeting or a trusted courier. There are a number of significant practical difficulties in this approach to distributing keys. Public key cryptography was invented to address these drawbacks — with public key cryptography, users can communicate securely over an insecure channel wi ...

See also:

Public-key cryptography, Public-key cryptography - History, Public-key cryptography - Security, Public-key cryptography - Applications, Public-key cryptography - Practical considerations, Public-key cryptography - A postal analogy, Public-key cryptography - Actual algorithms -- two linked keys, Public-key cryptography - Weaknesses, Public-key cryptography - Computational cost, Public-key cryptography - Associating public keys with identities, Public-key cryptography - Relation to real time, Public-key cryptography - Examples, Public-key cryptography - Notes

Read more here: » Public-key cryptography: Encyclopedia II - Public-key cryptography - History

Examples of well-regarded public key techniques include: Diffie-Hellman DSS (Digital Signature Standard), which incorporates the Digital Signature Algorithm ElGamal FIPS 201 PIV (Personal Identity Verification of Federal Employees and Contractors) Microsoft CAPI Various Elliptic Curve techniques Various Password-authenticated key agreement techniques Paillier cryptosystem RSA encryption algorithm (PKCS) Examples of not well regarded asymmetric key algorithms include: ...

See also:

Public-key cryptography, Public-key cryptography - History, Public-key cryptography - Security, Public-key cryptography - Applications, Public-key cryptography - Practical considerations, Public-key cryptography - A postal analogy, Public-key cryptography - Actual algorithms -- two linked keys, Public-key cryptography - Weaknesses, Public-key cryptography - Computational cost, Public-key cryptography - Associating public keys with identities, Public-key cryptography - Relation to real time, Public-key cryptography - Examples, Public-key cryptography - Notes

Read more here: » Public-key cryptography: Encyclopedia II - Public-key cryptography - Examples

NetWare dominated the network operating system (NOS) market from the mid-80s through the mid- to late-90s due to its extremely high performance relative to other NOS technologies. Most benchmarks during this period demonstrated a 5:1 to 10:1 performance advantage over products from Microsoft, Banyan, and others. One benchmark that was especially interesting compared NetWare 3.x running NFS services over TCP/IP (not NetWare's native IPX protocol) to an expensive, dedicated Auspex NFS server and a SCO Unix server running NFS service. NetWare NFS outperformed both 'native' NFS systems and clocked in with a 2:1 performance adv ...

See also:

Novell NetWare, Novell NetWare - History, Novell NetWare - Early years, Novell NetWare - NetWare 3.x, Novell NetWare - NetWare 4.x, Novell NetWare - NetWare 5.x, Novell NetWare - NetWare 6.x, Novell NetWare - Novell Open Enterprise Server, Novell NetWare - Performance, Novell NetWare - File service instead of disk service, Novell NetWare - Efficiency of NetWare Core Protocol NCP, Novell NetWare - Non-preemptive OS designed for network services

Read more here: » Novell NetWare: Encyclopedia II - Novell NetWare - Performance

The most obvious application of a public key encryption system is confidentiality; a message which a sender encrypts using the recipient's public key can only be decrypted by the recipient's paired private key. Public-key digital signature algorithms can be used for sender authentication. For instance, a user can encrypt a message with his own private key and send it. If another user can successfully decrypt it using the corresponding public key, this provid ...

See also:

Public-key cryptography, Public-key cryptography - History, Public-key cryptography - Security, Public-key cryptography - Applications, Public-key cryptography - Practical considerations, Public-key cryptography - A postal analogy, Public-key cryptography - Actual algorithms -- two linked keys, Public-key cryptography - Weaknesses, Public-key cryptography - Computational cost, Public-key cryptography - Associating public keys with identities, Public-key cryptography - Relation to real time, Public-key cryptography - Examples, Public-key cryptography - Notes

Read more here: » Public-key cryptography: Encyclopedia II - Public-key cryptography - Applications

Most enterprise-scale PKI systems rely on certificate chains to establish a party's identity, as a certificate may have been issued by a certificate authority computer whose 'legitimacy' is established for such purposes by a certificate issued by a higher-level certificate authority, and so on. This produces a certificate hierarchy composed of, at a minimum, several computers, often more than one organization, and often assorted interoperating software packages from several sources. Standards are critical to PKI operation, and public standards are critical to PKIs intended for extensive operation. Much of the standar ...

See also:

Public key infrastructure, Public key infrastructure - Purpose and functions, Public key infrastructure - Typical use, Public key infrastructure - Alternatives, Public key infrastructure - Web Of Trust, Public key infrastructure - Simple Public Key Infrastructure, Public key infrastructure - Robot Certificate Authorities, Public key infrastructure - History, Public key infrastructure - Usage examples, Public key infrastructure - A few PKI implementations

Read more here: » Public key infrastructure: Encyclopedia II - Public key infrastructure - Typical use

Public key infrastructure - Web Of Trust. An alternative approach to the problem of authentication of public key information across time and space is the web of trust scheme, which uses self-signed certificates and third party attestations of those certificates. Examples of implementations of this approach are GPG (The GNU Privacy Guard), and PGP (Pretty Good Privacy). Because of PGP's (and clones') extensive use in email, the Web of Trust originally implemented by PGP is the most widely deployed bidirectional PKI existing at this writing (2004). Public key ...

See also:

Public key infrastructure, Public key infrastructure - Purpose and functions, Public key infrastructure - Typical use, Public key infrastructure - Alternatives, Public key infrastructure - Web Of Trust, Public key infrastructure - Simple Public Key Infrastructure, Public key infrastructure - Robot Certificate Authorities, Public key infrastructure - History, Public key infrastructure - Usage examples, Public key infrastructure - A few PKI implementations

Read more here: » Public key infrastructure: Encyclopedia II - Public key infrastructure - Alternatives