Most psychotherapies are either direct descendants of psychoanalysis, or their founders started out in areas of psychoanalysis before developing their own theories. Therefore, when describing the history of psychotherapy, most traditionally start with Freud. Psychotherapy - Psychoanalysis. Although there are some bodies of thought in psychology without Sigmund Freud in their legacy, most can be traced back to his work starting in the 1880s in Vienna. Trained as a neurologist, Freud began noticing neurologi ...

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Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy - General description, Psychotherapy - History, Psychotherapy - Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy - Cognitive, Psychotherapy - Humanistic, Psychotherapy - Behavioral, Psychotherapy - Brief counseling, Psychotherapy - Schools and approaches, Psychotherapy - Therapeutic Relationship, Psychotherapy - Criticism, Psychotherapy - Related lists

Read more here: » Psychotherapy: Encyclopedia II - Psychotherapy - History

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Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy - General description, Psychotherapy - History, Psychotherapy - Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy - Cognitive, Psychotherapy - Humanistic, Psychotherapy - Behavioral, Psychotherapy - Brief counseling, Psychotherapy - Schools and approaches, Psychotherapy - Therapeutic Relationship, Psychotherapy - Criticism, Psychotherapy - Related lists

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Psychoanalysis was the earliest form of psychotherapy, but many other theories and techniques are also now used by psychotherapists, psychologists, psychiatrists, personal growth facilitators and social workers. Techniques for group therapy have been developed. While behaviour is often a target of the work, many approaches value working with feelings and thoughts. This is especially true of the psychodynamic schools of psychotherapy, which today include Jungian therapy and Psychodrama as well as the psychoanalytic schools. Other appro ...

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Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy - General description, Psychotherapy - History, Psychotherapy - Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy - Cognitive, Psychotherapy - Humanistic, Psychotherapy - Behavioral, Psychotherapy - Brief counseling, Psychotherapy - Schools and approaches, Psychotherapy - Therapeutic Relationship, Psychotherapy - Criticism, Psychotherapy - Related lists

Read more here: » Psychotherapy: Encyclopedia II - Psychotherapy - Schools and approaches

Psychotherapy is a set of techniques intended to improve mental health, emotional or behavioral issues in individuals, who are often called "clients". These issues often make it hard for people to manage their lives and achieve their goals. Psychotherapy is aimed at these problems, and attempts to solve them via a number of different approaches and techniques; commonly psychotherapy involves a therapist and client(s), who discuss their issues in an effort to discover what they are and how they can manage them. Because sensitive topics ...

Including:

Psychotherapy - General description Psychotherapy - History
Psychotherapy - Psychoanalysis Psychotherapy - Cognitive Psychotherapy - Humanistic Psychotherapy - Behavioral Psychotherapy - Brief counseling
Psychotherapy - Schools and approaches Psychotherapy - Therapeutic Relationship Psychotherapy - Criticism Psychotherapy - Related lists

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Existentialism is a philosophical movement that views human existence as having a set of underlying themes and characteristics, such as anxiety, dread, freedom, awareness of death, and consciousness of existing, that are primary. That is, they cannot be reduced to or be explained by a natural-scientific approach or any approach that attempts to detach itself from or rise above these themes. Human beings are exposed to or, to use the philosopher Martin Heidegger's phrase, "thrown" into, existence. Existentialists consider being ...

Including:

Existentialism - Overview Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970 Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970 Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement
Existentialism - Film directors Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights Existentialism - Philosophers Existentialism - Psychologists Existentialism - Theologians
Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture
Existentialism - Film Existentialism - Humour

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Psychoanalysis is a family of psychological theories and methods within the field of psychotherapy that seeks to elucidate connections among unconscious components of patients' mental processes, and to do so in a systematic way through a process of tracing out associations. In classical psychoanalysis, the fundamental subject matter of psychoanalysis is the unconscious patterns of life as they become revealed through the analysand's (the patient's) free associations. The analyst's goal is to help liberate the analysand from unexamined ...

Including:

Psychoanalysis - History Psychoanalysis - Theories
Psychoanalysis - The topographical model Psychoanalysis - The structural model Psychoanalysis - The economic model Psychoanalysis - The conflict model Psychoanalysis - The object-relational model Psychoanalysis - The intersubjective model
Psychoanalysis - Techniques
Psychoanalysis - Cost and length
Psychoanalysis - Training Psychoanalysis - Other definitions Psychoanalysis - Psychoanalyses in groups Psychoanalysis - Cultural Adaptations Psychoanalysis - Adaptations for age and managed care
Psychoanalysis - Play Therapy for different ages Psychoanalysis - Other play therapy techniques
Psychoanalysis - Criticisms Psychoanalysis - Online papers about psychoanalytic theory Psychoanalysis - Online papers and links about psychoanalytic research
Psychoanalysis - Critiques of psychoanalysis

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A Course In Miracles (ACIM) is a self-study book of "spiritual psychotherapy" that was "scribed" by Dr. Helen Schucman. The book, often referred to by its students and followers as simply The Course, is written in first person in the voice of Jesus Christ. It was first published in 1976 as a three volume set and has sold over 1.5 million copies worldwide in 14 different languages. The Course is written in Christian terminology and its subject aims to teach how to attain the direct personal experience of God ...

Including:

A Course In Miracles - Authorship and prepublication editing A Course In Miracles - Publication A Course In Miracles - ACIM based publications of note A Course In Miracles - Decentralized leadership amongst most ACIM students A Course In Miracles - Contents of ACIM A Course In Miracles - Main tenets
A Course In Miracles - Introductory paragraph of A Course In Miracles A Course In Miracles - Definitions of cause and effect in the material world A Course In Miracles - Cosmology of the separation and the Atonement A Course In Miracles - Reunifying psychology of forgiveness and the Atonement
A Course In Miracles - Comparisons of ACIM to other spiritual belief systems
A Course In Miracles - Comparison of ACIM to Christianity A Course In Miracles - Comparison to philosophical idealism responsibility assumption and the New Thought Movement A Course In Miracles - Similarities between ACIM and other miscellaneous spiritual belief systems A Course In Miracles - Unique aspects of ACIM's spiritual belief system
A Course In Miracles - Critical reviews
A Course In Miracles - Some negative critical reviews A Course In Miracles - Some positive critical reviews A Course In Miracles - Two common critical misunderstandings
A Course In Miracles - Related movements
A Course In Miracles - Some concerns expressed regarding Charles Anderson's study group A Course In Miracles - ACIM church movement A Course In Miracles - Other ACIM related movements of note and support organizations
A Course In Miracles - Footnote references

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With complete freedom to decide and being responsible for the outcome of said decisions comes anxiety--or angst--about the choices made. Anxiety's importance in existentialism makes it a popular topic in psychotherapy. Therapists often use existential philosophy to explain the patient's anxiety. Psychotherapists using an existential approach believe that the patient can harness his or her anxiety and use it constructively. Instead of suppressing anxiety, patients are advised to use it as grounds for change. By embracing anxiety as inevitable, ...

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Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy

Existentialism was inspired by the works of Søren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and the German philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger. It became popular in the mid-20th century through the works of the French writer-philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir whose versions of existentialism are set out in a popular form in Sartre's 1946 L'Existentialisme est un humanisme, transla ...

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Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Overview

Existentialism - Film directors. Ingmar Bergman Michel Gondry Eric Rohmer Alain Robbe-Grillet Richard Linklater David O. Russell Michelangelo Antonioni Jean-Luc Godard François Truffaut Mamoru Oshii Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights. Existentialist novelists were generally seen as a mid-1950s phenomenon that continued until the mid- to late 1970s. Most of the major writers we ...

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Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement

Psychiatry is practised by psychiatrists, who are medical doctors specializing in mental illness and who are therefore trained to prescribe drugs. They also have extensive training in psychotherapy and psychological testing. Psychiatrists ideally evaluate patients from a biopsychosocial perspective before prescribing treatment. In contrast, psychology is the study of human behaviour and thought processes, does not include the focused study of psychopharmacology and on behavior generally. Clinical psychologists specialize in mental health and have extensi ...

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Psychiatry, Psychiatry - Practice of psychiatry, Psychiatry - The DSM system, Psychiatry - Contrast with psychology, Psychiatry - Professional requirements, Psychiatry - History, Psychiatry - Opposition to and criticism of psychiatry, Psychiatry - Anti-psychiatry, Psychiatry - Other criticisms, Psychiatry - Related terms, Psychiatry - Lists

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Although the term "Existentialism" is often -albeit wrongly- used by many fundamentalist groups to refer to what we now define as Postmodern, Existentialism was really inspired by the works of Arthur Schopenhauer, Søren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and the German philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger. It became popular in the mid-20th century through the works of the French writer-philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir whose version of existentialism are set out in a popular form in Sartre's 1946 L'Existentialisme est un humanisme, transla ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Overview

Existentialism differentiates itself from the modern Western rationalist tradition extending from Descartes to Husserl by rejecting the idea that the most certain and primary reality is rational consciousness. Descartes argued that we could think away everything that exists and doubt its reality but that we could not think away or doubt the thinking consciousness, whose reality is therefore more certain than any other reality. Existentialism decisively rejects this argument, asserting instead that as conscious beings we always find ourselves ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism

A forerunner of existentialism was Blaise Pascal. In 1670, he published the Pensées, in which he described many fundamental themes of existentialism. Pascal argued that without a God, life would be meaningless and miserable. People would only be able to create obstacles and overcome them in an attempt to escape boredom. These token-victories would ultimately become meaningless, since we would eventually die. This was good enough reason not to choose to become an atheist according to Pascal. Sartre takes this idea of avoiding the inevitable death as bad faith. Camus embraces the idea that without a God ultimately ev ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970

Although postmodernist thought became the focus of intellectuals in the 1970s and thereafter (whether the movement is strong today, and what, if anything, has replaced it, still is debated), much postmodern writing is existential--unsurprising, since postmodernism evolved from the thought of Nietzsche and Heidegger (two of the greatest existential philosophers), despite Heidegger's rejecting the existentialist label. One should, however, not confuse postmodernism with existentialism. Thematically postmodern films such as The Matrix ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970

Existentialism - Film directors. Ingmar Bergman Eric Rohmer Alain Robbe-Grillet Richard Linklater David O. Russell Michelangelo Antonioni Jean-Luc Godard François Truffaut Mamoru Oshii Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights. Existentialist novelists were generally seen as a mid-1950s phenomenon that continued until the mid- to late 1970s. Most of the major writers were either French or fro ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement

Existentialism differentiates itself from the modern Western rationalist tradition extending from Descartes to Husserl by rejecting the idea that the most certain and primary reality is rational consciousness. Descartes argued that humans could think away everything that exists and doubt its reality but that humans could not think away or doubt the thinking consciousness, whose reality is therefore more certain than any other reality. Existentialism decisively rejects this argument, asserting instead that as conscious beings humans always fi ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism

An early forerunner of existentialism was Blaise Pascal. In 1670, he published the Pensées, in which he described many fundamental themes of existentialism. Pascal argued that without a God, life would be meaningless and miserable. People would only be able to create obstacles and overcome them in an attempt to escape boredom. These token-victories would ultimately become meaningless, since people would eventually die. This was good enough reason not to choose to become an atheist according to Pascal. Sartre takes this idea of avoiding the ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970

Although postmodernist thought became the focus of intellectuals in the 1970s and thereafter (whether the movement is strong today, and what, if anything, has replaced it, still is debated), much postmodern writing is existential--unsurprising, since postmodernism evolved from the thought of Nietzsche and Heidegger (two of the greatest proto-existential philosophers), despite Heidegger's rejecting the existentialist label. One should, however, not confuse postmodernism with existentialism. Thematically postmodern films such as The ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970

Herbert Marcuse criticized existentialism, especially in Sartre's Being and Nothingness, for projecting certain features, such as anxiety and meaninglessness, of the modern experience of living in an oppressive society, onto the nature of existence itself: "In so far as Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine, it remains an idealistic doctrine: it hypothesizes specific historical conditions of human existence into ontological and metaphysical characteristics. Existentialism thus becomes part of the very ideology which it attacks, and its radicalism is ...

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Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Atheistic Existentialism, Existentialism - Christian Existentialism, Existentialism - Common Threads, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism