Criticisms of transpersonal psychology has come from several commentators. One of the earliest criticisms of the field was issued by the Humanistic psychologist Rollo May, who disputed the conceptual foundations of transpersonal psychology (Aanstos, Serling & Greening, 2000). May was particularly concerned about the low level of reflection on the dark side of human nature, and on human suffering, among the early transpersonal theorists. A similar critique was also put forward by Alexander (1980) who thought that Transpersonal Psychology, ...

See also:

Transpersonal psychology, Transpersonal psychology - The development of the field, Transpersonal psychology - Research Interests, Transpersonal psychology - Contributions to the academic field, Transpersonal psychology - Criticisms of Transpersonal psychology

Read more here: » Transpersonal psychology: Encyclopedia II - Transpersonal psychology - Criticisms of Transpersonal psychology

Darwin was too sensitive to the sight of blood and the brutality of surgery at the time as a student of medicine at Edinburgh University, so he turned his attention to natural history, an extra-mural interest he developed further when studying to qualify as a clergyman at the University of Cambridge. He then joined the Voyage of the Beagle. During this survey expedition he suffered badly from sea-sickness during the eighteen months he was at sea, but he spent much of the 3 years 3 months he was on land in strenuous exploration. In Argentina ...

See also:

Charles Darwin's illness, Charles Darwin's illness - Development of illness and symptoms, Charles Darwin's illness - Possible causes, Charles Darwin's illness - Psychic causation, Charles Darwin's illness - The Chagas hypothesis, Charles Darwin's illness - Ménière's disease, Charles Darwin's illness - Other possible causes, Charles Darwin's illness - Combined causes, Charles Darwin's illness - Hereditary disease, Charles Darwin's illness - Contribution to Darwin's work, Charles Darwin's illness - Conclusions, Charles Darwin's illness - Notes and source

Read more here: » Charles Darwin's illness: Encyclopedia II - Charles Darwin's illness - Development of illness and symptoms

The prisoners, still subject to the petty personal rivalries and battles for prestige that characterized the party politics of the Nazi regime, divided themselves up into a few groups: Albert Speer and Rudolf Hess were the loners, generally un-liked by the others -- the former for his admission of guilt and repudiation of Hitler at the Nuremberg trials, and the latter for his anti-social personality and perceived mental instability. The two former Grand Admirals, Erich Raeder and Karl Dönitz, stayed together as a matter of seniority, despit ...

See also:

Spandau Prison, Spandau Prison - The prison, Spandau Prison - Garden, Spandau Prison - Controversy, Spandau Prison - Life in the prison, Spandau Prison - Prison regulation, Spandau Prison - Daily life, Spandau Prison - The Spandau Seven, Spandau Prison - Trivia, Spandau Prison - Resources, Spandau Prison - Notes, Spandau Prison - References

Read more here: » Spandau Prison: Encyclopedia II - Spandau Prison - The Spandau Seven

The primary symptom of fibromyalgia is widespread, diffuse pain, often including heightened sensitivity of the skin (that may make the touch of clothing painful), achiness around joints, and nerve pain. Other symptoms often attributed to fibromyalgia (possibly due to another comorbid disorder) are physical fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, genitourinary symptoms such as those associated with the chronic bladder condition interstitial cystitis, dermatological disorders, headaches, and symptomatic hypoglycemia. Although it is common in people ...

See also:

Fibromyalgia, Fibromyalgia - History, Fibromyalgia - Symptoms, Fibromyalgia - Diagnosis, Fibromyalgia - Differentials, Fibromyalgia - Treatment, Fibromyalgia - Living with fibromyalgia, Fibromyalgia - Theories on the cause of fibromyalgia, Fibromyalgia - Sleep disturbance, Fibromyalgia - Deposition disease, Fibromyalgia - Other theories, Fibromyalgia - Comorbid diseases

Read more here: » Fibromyalgia: Encyclopedia II - Fibromyalgia - Symptoms

Allergy is characterised by a local or systemic inflammatory response to allergens. Local symptoms are: Nose: swelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) The distinctive behavior known as nasal salute, also known as allergy salute, is the habit of wiping of the nose in an upward direction due to itching. Eyes: redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis) Airways: bronchoconstriction, wheezing and dyspnoea, sometimes outright attacks of asthma Skin: various rashes, such as eczema, hi ...

See also:

Allergy, Allergy - History, Allergy - Signs and symptoms, Allergy - Diagnosis, Allergy - Skin test, Allergy - Problems with skin test, Allergy - Total IgE count, Allergy - Treatment, Allergy - Immunotherapy, Allergy - Chemotherapy, Allergy - Alternative therapies, Allergy - Pathophysiology, Allergy - Acute response, Allergy - Late-phase response, Allergy - Basis of the allergic response, Allergy - Genetic Basis, Allergy - Relationship with parasites, Allergy - Basis of increasing prevalence, Allergy - The hygiene hypothesis, Allergy - Increasing use of chemicals, Allergy - Common allergens

Read more here: » Allergy: Encyclopedia II - Allergy - Signs and symptoms

Individuals can respond very differently to the same stressor; any given situation can cause eustress in one person and distress in another. This happens because of differences in physiology and life circumstances, as well as different methods of stress management. Methods of coping that work well in childhood situations often become ingrained and habitual, and often follow the child into adulthood. In the adult world, these skills can be quite inappropriate, and stress heightens as the person clings to obsolete behaviors. However, new skill ...

See also:

Stress medicine, Stress medicine - Stress and its effects, Stress medicine - Stressors, Stress medicine - Coping with stress, Stress medicine - Neurochemistry and physiology, Stress medicine - Folklore of stress

Read more here: » Stress medicine: Encyclopedia II - Stress medicine - Coping with stress

Medical science has tried repeatedly to pinpoint the etiology, and many hypotheses were made, such as: Psychosomatic disease [1] Panic disorder [2] Chagas' disease [3] Ménière's disease Lactose intolerance [4] Lupus erythematosus [5] Arsenic poisoning Multiple allergy Hypochondria See also:

Charles Darwin's illness, Charles Darwin's illness - Development of illness and symptoms, Charles Darwin's illness - Possible causes, Charles Darwin's illness - Psychic causation, Charles Darwin's illness - The Chagas hypothesis, Charles Darwin's illness - Ménière's disease, Charles Darwin's illness - Other possible causes, Charles Darwin's illness - Combined causes, Charles Darwin's illness - Hereditary disease, Charles Darwin's illness - Contribution to Darwin's work, Charles Darwin's illness - Conclusions, Charles Darwin's illness - Notes and source

Read more here: » Charles Darwin's illness: Encyclopedia II - Charles Darwin's illness - Possible causes

Selye was able to separate the physical effects of stress from other physical symptoms suffered by patients through his research. He observed that patients suffered physical effects not caused directly by their disease or by their medical condition. Selye described the general adaptation syndrome as having three stages: alarm reaction, where the body detects the external stimuli adaptation, where the body engages defensive countermeasures against the stressor exhaustio ...

See also:

Stress medicine, Stress medicine - Stress and its effects, Stress medicine - Stressors, Stress medicine - Coping with stress, Stress medicine - Neurochemistry and physiology, Stress medicine - Folklore of stress

Read more here: » Stress medicine: Encyclopedia II - Stress medicine - Stress and its effects

Selye was able to separate the physical effects of stress from other physical symptoms suffered by patients through his research. He observed that patients suffered physical effects not caused directly by their disease or by their medical condition. Selye described the general adaptation syndrome as having three stages: alarm reaction, where the body detects the external stimulus adaptation, where the body engages defensive countermeasures against the stressor exhaustio ...

See also:

Stress medicine, Stress medicine - Stress and its effects, Stress medicine - Stressors, Stress medicine - Coping with stress, Stress medicine - Neurochemistry and physiology, Stress medicine - Folklore of stress

Read more here: » Stress medicine: Encyclopedia II - Stress medicine - Stress and its effects

Allergy - Genetic Basis. There is much evidence to support the genetic basis of allergy, as allergic parents are more likely to have allergic children, and their allergies are likely to be stronger than those from non-allergic parents. However some allergies are not consistent along genealogies with parents being allergic to peanuts, but having children allergic to ragweed, or siblings not sharing the same allergens. Ethnicity has also been shown to play a role in some allergies. Interestingly, in r ...

See also:

Allergy, Allergy - History, Allergy - Signs and symptoms, Allergy - Diagnosis, Allergy - Skin test, Allergy - Problems with skin test, Allergy - Total IgE count, Allergy - Treatment, Allergy - Immunotherapy, Allergy - Chemotherapy, Allergy - Alternative therapies, Allergy - Pathophysiology, Allergy - Acute response, Allergy - Late-phase response, Allergy - Basis of the allergic response, Allergy - Genetic Basis, Allergy - Relationship with parasites, Allergy - Basis of increasing prevalence, Allergy - The hygiene hypothesis, Allergy - Increasing use of chemicals, Allergy - Common allergens

Read more here: » Allergy: Encyclopedia II - Allergy - Basis of the allergic response

Emanuel Swedenborg - Scientific contributions. As early as 1721, Swedenborg was seeking to lay the foundation of a scientific explanation of the universe. That year saw the publication of his Prodromus Principiorum Rerum Naturalium, and he had already written his Principia in its first form. In 1734, his Opera Philosophica et Mineralia appeared in three volumes, the first volume of which (the Principia) comprised his view of the first principles of the universe, a mechanical and geomet ...

See also:

Emanuel Swedenborg, Emanuel Swedenborg - Claims of veracity, Emanuel Swedenborg - Biography, Emanuel Swedenborg - Early life, Emanuel Swedenborg - Scientific period, Emanuel Swedenborg - The crisis, Emanuel Swedenborg - Visions and spiritual insights, Emanuel Swedenborg - Scriptural commentary and writings, Emanuel Swedenborg - Accomplishments, Emanuel Swedenborg - Scientific contributions, Emanuel Swedenborg - Psychic abilities, Emanuel Swedenborg - Theology, Emanuel Swedenborg - Philosophical and religious influence

Read more here: » Emanuel Swedenborg: Encyclopedia II - Emanuel Swedenborg - Accomplishments

Freud was born Sigismund Schlomo Freud, into a Jewish family in Freiberg (Příbor), Moravia, the Austrian Empire (now the Czech Republic) on May 6, 1856. In 1877, at the age of 21, he abbreviated his given name to "Sigmund." Although he was the first-born of three brothers and five sisters among his mother's children, Sigmund had older half-brothers from his father's previous marriage. His family had limited finances and lived in a crowded apartment, but his parents made every effort to foster his intellect (often favoring Sigmund ov ...

See also:

Sigmund Freud, Sigmund Freud - Life, Sigmund Freud - Innovations, Sigmund Freud - Early work, Sigmund Freud - The unconscious, Sigmund Freud - Psychosexual development, Sigmund Freud - The id ego and superego, Sigmund Freud - Defense mechanisms, Sigmund Freud - The life and death instincts, Sigmund Freud - Psychology of religion, Sigmund Freud - Freud's legacy, Sigmund Freud - Psychotherapy, Sigmund Freud - Philosophy, Sigmund Freud - Critical reactions, Sigmund Freud - Patients, Sigmund Freud - Major works, Sigmund Freud - Books about Freud and psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalysis: theory and practice, Sigmund Freud - Conceptual critiques, Sigmund Freud - Biographies, Sigmund Freud - Biographical critiques

Read more here: » Sigmund Freud: Encyclopedia II - Sigmund Freud - Life

Anselm of Canterbury - Early life. Anselm was born in the city of Aosta in the Kingdom of Burgundy. Aosta is located in the Italian Alps region of Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley), near the borders with twentieth century France and Switzerland. His family was accounted noble, and owned considerable property. Gundulph, his father, was by birth a Lombard, and seems to have been a man of harsh and violent temper. His mother, Ermenberga, was a prudent and virtuous woman, who gave the young Anselm careful religious traini ...

See also:

Anselm of Canterbury, Anselm of Canterbury - Biography, Anselm of Canterbury - Early life, Anselm of Canterbury - His years at Bec, Anselm of Canterbury - Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm of Canterbury - Conflicts with King Henry I, Anselm of Canterbury - Dilecto dilectori, Anselm of Canterbury - Writings, Anselm of Canterbury - Foundation, Anselm of Canterbury - Proofs, Anselm of Canterbury - Further works, Anselm of Canterbury - Recognition, Anselm of Canterbury - Notes

Read more here: » Anselm of Canterbury: Encyclopedia II - Anselm of Canterbury - Biography

The experiment very quickly got out of hand. Prisoners suffered — and accepted — sadistic and humiliating treatment at the hands of the guards, and by the end many showed severe emotional disturbance. After a relatively uneventful first day, a riot broke out on day two. Guards volunteered extra hours and worked together to break up the revolt, without supervision from the research staff. After this point, the guards tried to divide the prisoners and pit them against each other by setting up a "good" cell block and a "bad" cell blo ...

See also:

Stanford prison experiment, Stanford prison experiment - Goals and methods, Stanford prison experiment - Results, Stanford prison experiment - Conclusions, Stanford prison experiment - Criticism of the experiment, Stanford prison experiment - Comparisons to Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, Stanford prison experiment - Popular culture

Read more here: » Stanford prison experiment: Encyclopedia II - Stanford prison experiment - Results

On the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Baden-Powell put himself at the disposal of the War Office. No command, however, was given him, for, as Lord Kitchener said: "he could lay his hand on several competent divisional generals but could find no one who could carry on the invaluable work of the Boy Scouts." It was widely rumored that Baden-Powell was engaged in spying, and intelligence officers took great care to foster and inculcate the myth. Baden-Powell and his wife moved to Pax Hill near Bentley, Hampshire, a ...

See also:

Robert Baden-Powell 1st Baron Baden-Powell, Robert Baden-Powell 1st Baron Baden-Powell - Early life, Robert Baden-Powell 1st Baron Baden-Powell - Military Career, Robert Baden-Powell 1st Baron Baden-Powell - Return to England, Robert Baden-Powell 1st Baron Baden-Powell - World War I and later events, Robert Baden-Powell 1st Baron Baden-Powell - On his interest in boys, Robert Baden-Powell 1st Baron Baden-Powell - Messages, Robert Baden-Powell 1st Baron Baden-Powell - Succession

Read more here: » Robert Baden-Powell 1st Baron Baden-Powell: Encyclopedia II - Robert Baden-Powell 1st Baron Baden-Powell - World War I and later events

In Japanese mythology, the gods display human emotions, such as love and anger. In these stories, behavior that results in positive relations with others is rewarded, and empathy, identifying oneself with another, is highly valued. By contrast, those actions that are individualistic or antisocial, (those that harm others), are condemned. Hurtful behavior is punished in the myths by ostracizing the offender. No society can exist that does not manage and integrate antisocial behavior, but Japan is among the few societies that most stron ...

See also:

Japanese values, Japanese values - Empathy and Human Relations, Japanese values - The Public Sphere: Order and Status, Japanese values - The Private Sphere: Goals and Self, Japanese values - Clash of values with the West

Read more here: » Japanese values: Encyclopedia II - Japanese values - Empathy and Human Relations

There are several methods for the diagnosis and assessment of allergies. Allergy - Skin test. The typical and most simple method of diagnosis and monitoring of Type I Hypersensitivity is by skin testing, also known as prick testing, due to the series of pricks made into the patient's skin. Small amounts of suspected allergens and/or their extracts (pollen, grass, mite proteins, peanut extract, etc.) are introduced to sites on the skin marked with pen or dye (the ink/dye should be carefully selected, lest i ...

See also:

Allergy, Allergy - History, Allergy - Signs and symptoms, Allergy - Diagnosis, Allergy - Skin test, Allergy - Problems with skin test, Allergy - Total IgE count, Allergy - Treatment, Allergy - Immunotherapy, Allergy - Chemotherapy, Allergy - Alternative therapies, Allergy - Pathophysiology, Allergy - Acute response, Allergy - Late-phase response, Allergy - Basis of the allergic response, Allergy - Genetic Basis, Allergy - Relationship with parasites, Allergy - Basis of increasing prevalence, Allergy - The hygiene hypothesis, Allergy - Increasing use of chemicals, Allergy - Common allergens

Read more here: » Allergy: Encyclopedia II - Allergy - Diagnosis

All hypersensitivities result from an aberration somewhere in the normal immune process. The exact cause of such malfunctions is not always apparent, however, and several arguments from genetic-basis, environmental-basis and intermediate proponents exist with varying validity and acceptance. Allergy - Acute response. The difference between a type I hypersensitivity reaction against an allergen to the normal humoral response against a foreign body is that plasma cells secrete IgE as opposed to either IgM (a ...

See also:

Allergy, Allergy - History, Allergy - Signs and symptoms, Allergy - Diagnosis, Allergy - Skin test, Allergy - Problems with skin test, Allergy - Total IgE count, Allergy - Treatment, Allergy - Immunotherapy, Allergy - Chemotherapy, Allergy - Alternative therapies, Allergy - Pathophysiology, Allergy - Acute response, Allergy - Late-phase response, Allergy - Basis of the allergic response, Allergy - Genetic Basis, Allergy - Relationship with parasites, Allergy - Basis of increasing prevalence, Allergy - The hygiene hypothesis, Allergy - Increasing use of chemicals, Allergy - Common allergens

Read more here: » Allergy: Encyclopedia II - Allergy - Pathophysiology

Although any model of human development can only be understood as an intellectual abstraction of reality, transpersonal psychology has made significant contributions to the understanding of human development and consciousness. While authors like Wilber and Battista tend to emphasize the understanding of development in the form of levels, where each superior level includes and integrates its junior dimensions, theorists like Washburn and Grof tend to emphasize the regressive nature of consciousness. Regressive in the sense that the individual ...

See also:

Transpersonal psychology, Transpersonal psychology - The development of the field, Transpersonal psychology - Research Interests, Transpersonal psychology - Contributions to the academic field, Transpersonal psychology - Criticisms of Transpersonal psychology

Read more here: » Transpersonal psychology: Encyclopedia II - Transpersonal psychology - Contributions to the academic field

Criticality accidents have occurred both in the context of nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. In 1945, Los Alamos scientist Harry K. Daghlian, Jr. suffered fatal radiation poisoning after dropping a tungsten carbide brick onto a mass of plutonium. The brick acted as a neutron reflector, bringing the mass to criticality. Nine months later, another scientist, Louis Slotin accidentally irradiated himself while performing a critical mass experiment with two half-spheres of plutonium, subsequently succumbing to ...

See also:

Criticality accident, Criticality accident - Cause, Criticality accident - Description, Criticality accident - Confusion with Cherenkov radiation and other effects, Criticality accident - Records

Read more here: » Criticality accident: Encyclopedia II - Criticality accident - Records

There has been a notable increase in the commonness of allergies in the past decades, and there are multiple hypotheses explaining this phenomenon. This is in part because we know what they are, in contrast to earlier humans who would think that it is a non-important illness. Allergy - The hygiene hypothesis. One theory that has been gaining strength is the "hygiene hypothesis". This theory maintains that since children in more affluent countries are leading a cleaner and cleaner life (less exposure to dir ...

See also:

Allergy, Allergy - History, Allergy - Signs and symptoms, Allergy - Diagnosis, Allergy - Skin test, Allergy - Problems with skin test, Allergy - Total IgE count, Allergy - Treatment, Allergy - Immunotherapy, Allergy - Chemotherapy, Allergy - Alternative therapies, Allergy - Pathophysiology, Allergy - Acute response, Allergy - Late-phase response, Allergy - Basis of the allergic response, Allergy - Genetic Basis, Allergy - Relationship with parasites, Allergy - Basis of increasing prevalence, Allergy - The hygiene hypothesis, Allergy - Increasing use of chemicals, Allergy - Common allergens

Read more here: » Allergy: Encyclopedia II - Allergy - Basis of increasing prevalence

This is a partial list of patients whose case studies were published by Freud, with pseudonyms substituted for their names: Anna O. = Bertha Pappenheim (1859 - 1936) Cäcilie M. = Anna von Lieben Dora = Ida Bauer (1882-1945) Frau Emmy von N. = Fanny Moser Fräulein Elizabeth von R. Fräulein Katharina = Aurelia Kronich Fräulein Lucy R. Little Hans = Herbert Graf (1903-1973) Rat Man = Ernst Lanzer (1878-1914) Wolf ...

See also:

Sigmund Freud, Sigmund Freud - Life, Sigmund Freud - Innovations, Sigmund Freud - Early work, Sigmund Freud - The unconscious, Sigmund Freud - Psychosexual development, Sigmund Freud - The id ego and superego, Sigmund Freud - Defense mechanisms, Sigmund Freud - The life and death instincts, Sigmund Freud - Psychology of religion, Sigmund Freud - Freud's legacy, Sigmund Freud - Psychotherapy, Sigmund Freud - Philosophy, Sigmund Freud - Critical reactions, Sigmund Freud - Patients, Sigmund Freud - Major works, Sigmund Freud - Books about Freud and psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalysis: theory and practice, Sigmund Freud - Conceptual critiques, Sigmund Freud - Biographies, Sigmund Freud - Biographical critiques

Read more here: » Sigmund Freud: Encyclopedia II - Sigmund Freud - Patients