In 1879 Wilhelm Wundt founded a laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany, specifically to focus on general and basic questions concerning behaviour and mental states. Then in 1890, William James published the book Principles of Psychology which laid many of the foundations for the sorts of questions that psychologists would focus on for years to come. James was the first professor of Psychology at Harvard University. Crucially, the approach of Wundt and James did not involve metaphysical or religious explanations of human thought and behaviour, freeing it from the realms of phil ...

See also:

History of psychology, History of psychology - Overview, History of psychology - Prescientific psychology, History of psychology - Scientific psychology

Read more here: » History of psychology: Encyclopedia II - History of psychology - Scientific psychology

See also:

History of psychology, History of psychology - Overview, History of psychology - Prescientific psychology, History of psychology - Scientific psychology

Read more here: » History of psychology: Encyclopedia II - History of psychology - Prescientific psychology

Main article: History of psychology Rudolf Goclenius, a German scholastic philosopher, is credited with inventing the term 'psychology' (1590). The root of the word psychology (psyche) means "soul" or "spirit" in Greek, and psychology was sometimes considered a study of the soul (in a religious sense of this term). Psychology as a medical discipline can be seen in Thomas Willis' reference to psychology (the "Doctrine of the Soul") in terms of brain function, as part of his 1672 anatomical treatise "De Anima Brutorum" ("Two Discourses on the Souls of Brutes"). Until about the end of the 19th century, psychology w ...

See also:

Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - History

Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = "soul" or "mind", logos/-ology = "study of") is an academic and applied field involving the study of mind and behavior. "Psychology" also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. Psychology differs from sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science in part because it involves studying the mental processes and behavior of individuals (alone or i ...

Including:

• Psychology - History
• Psychology - Principles of psychology
• Psychology - Mind and brain
• Psychology - Schools of thought
• Psychology - Scope of psychology
• Psychology - Biological basis: the brain
• Psychology - Information processing: the mind
• Psychology - Change over time: development
• Psychology - Interaction with others
• Psychology - Study of animals in psychology
• Psychology - Mental health
• Psychology - Applied psychology
• Psychology - Research methods
• Psychology - Controlled experiments
• Psychology - Correlational studies
• Psychology - Longitudinal studies
• Psychology - Neuropsychological methods
• Psychology - Computational modeling
• Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia - Psychology

Main article: History of psychology The late 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study, because in that year German scientist Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzig, Germany. Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in studies on memory), the Russian Ivan Pavlov (who discovered the learning process of cl ...

See also:

Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - History

Comparative psychology, taken in its most usual, broad sense, refers to the study of the behaviour and mental life of animals other than human beings. It is synonymous with animal psychology, but although the latter would be a more accurate term, it is less often used. Veterinarians sometimes use the phrase "animal psychology" to refer specifically to the study of disordered behaviour in animals, discussed below. Comparative psychology - History. Comparative psychology may be said to have come into b ...

Including:

• Comparative psychology - History
• Comparative psychology - Comparative Psychology and the Comparative Method
• Comparative psychology - Species studied
• Comparative psychology - Animal cognition
• Comparative psychology - Disorders of animal behaviour
• Comparative psychology - Noted comparative psychologists
• Comparative psychology - Related fields

Read more here: » Comparative psychology: Encyclopedia - Comparative psychology

The American Psychological Society (APS) is a society for scientific psychology, whose mission is to "promote, protect, and advance the interests of scientifically oriented psychology in research, application, teaching, and the improvement of human welfare." To this end, it holds annual meetings and publishes several journals, and works with government agencies to promote scientific psychology. American Psychological Society - Membership. The society has approximately 14,000 members. Members must hold docto ...

Including:

• American Psychological Society - Membership
• American Psychological Society - History
• American Psychological Society - Conferences
• American Psychological Society - Publications and Journals
• American Psychological Society - External link
• American Psychological Society - Source

Read more here: » American Psychological Society: Encyclopedia - American Psychological Society

Process Oriented Psychology refers to a body of theory and practice that encompasses a broad range of psychotherapeutic, personal growth, and group process applications. It is more commonly called Process Work in the United States, the longer name being used in Europe and Asia. Process Oriented Psychology - History. Process Work was founded by Arnold Mindell, then a Jungian analyst, in the late 1970’s. It has its origin in Mindell’s observation that nighttime dreams both mirrored and were mirrored in hi ...

Including:

• Process Oriented Psychology - History
• Process Oriented Psychology - Core Ideas of Process Work
• Process Oriented Psychology - Levels of Experience
• Process Oriented Psychology - Applications
• Process Oriented Psychology - Process Work Links

Read more here: » Process Oriented Psychology: Encyclopedia - Process Oriented Psychology

Biological factors / Choice / Environment Demographics / History Gender role / Gender identity Human sexual behavior / Animal sexuality Critiques of sexual behavior Gay rights / Laws / Same-sex marriage Homophobia / Biphobia / Psychology Medical science / Gay community Two-Spirit / Violence against LGBT people History of the Gay Community Christianit ...

Including:

• Heterosexuality - Etymology
• Heterosexuality - History and demographics
• Heterosexuality - Psychological factors relating to sexuality
• Heterosexuality - Slang
• Heterosexuality - Books

Read more here: » Heterosexuality: Encyclopedia - Heterosexuality

The notion of an unconscious or subconscious has been defined in a variety of ways over time, but in psychology it is considered to be the deepest level of consciousness, a part of which we are not directly aware, but still contains elements that affect conscious behavior. As defined by Sigmund Freud, the psyche is composed of different levels of consciousness, often defined in three parts as the waking consciousness, preconsciousness (which can be recalled with effort), and beneath both of these, the unconscious (which is beyo ...

Including:

• Unconscious mind - Pre-Freudian history of the idea
• Unconscious mind - Freud's definition
• Unconscious mind - Controversy
• Unconscious mind - Terminology
• Unconscious mind - Unconscious mental processes
• Unconscious mind - Questions about Unconscious mind
• Unconscious mind - Application of unconscious

Read more here: » Unconscious mind: Encyclopedia - Unconscious mind

Art therapy is a type of psychotherapy that uses art-making and creativity to increase emotional well-being. Art therapy combines traditional psychotherapeutic theories and techniques with specialized knowledge about the psychological aspects of the creative process, especially the affective properties of different art materials. As a mental health profession, art therapy is employed in many different clinical settings with many different types of patients. Art therapy is present in non-clinical settings as well, such as in art studios a ...

Including:

• Art therapy - History
• Art therapy - Theories and Techniques
• Art therapy - Art Therapy Assessments and Research
• Art therapy - Clinical Settings and Patient Populations
• Art therapy - Non-Clinical Settings
• Art therapy - Professional Organizations

Read more here: » Art therapy: Encyclopedia - Art therapy

As discussed in more detail below, the Tarot is usually a deck of 78 cards composed of: the major arcana, consisting of 21 trump cards and the Fool card; the minor arcana consisting of 56 cards: ten cards numbered from Ace to 10 in four different suits; traditionally batons (wands), cups, swords and coins (pentacles) (40 cards in total); and four court cards, page, knight, queen and king in the same four suits (4 per suit, thus ...

Including:

• Tarot - The Tarot Deck
• Tarot - Origin and History
• Tarot - The tarot deck
• Tarot - Use of tarot cards in divination
• Tarot - Differences among decks
• Tarot - Symbolism
• Tarot - Psychology
• Tarot - Storytelling and Art
• Tarot - Divination
• Tarot - Layouts or spreads
• Tarot - Further Information

Read more here: » Tarot: Encyclopedia - Tarot

William James (January 11, 1842, New York – August 26, 1910, Chocorua, New Hampshire) was a pioneering psychologist and philosopher. He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. William James was born in New York, son of Henry James, Sr., an independently wealthy and notoriously eccentric Swedenborgian theologian well acquainted with the literary and intellectual elites of his day. The intellectual brilliance of the James fam ...

Including:

• William James - Early years
• William James - Professional career
• William James - Writings
• William James - Epistemology
• William James - Cash Value
• William James - Philosophy of religion
• William James - Cash Value of Religion
• William James - Theory of emotion
• William James - William James' bear
• William James - Philosophy of history
• William James - List of major works

Read more here: » William James: Encyclopedia - William James

Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the ending of a marriage before the death of either spouse, which can be contrasted with an annulment which is a declaration that a marriage is void, though the effects of marriage may be recognized in such unions, such as spousal support, child custody and distribution of property. In many developed countries, divorce rates have increased markedly during the twentieth century. Among the states in which divorce has become commonplace are the United States, Korea and members of ...

Including:

• Divorce - History of divorce
• Divorce - Great Britain
• Divorce - Causes of divorce
• Divorce - Religious/cultural attitudes to divorce
• Divorce - Divorce's financial implications
• Divorce - Divorce's medical and psychological implications
• Divorce - Legal aspects of divorce
• Divorce - Muslim societies
• Divorce - United States
• Divorce - Canada
• Divorce - France
• Divorce - Japan
• Divorce - Scotland
• Divorce - England and Wales
• Divorce - Global issues
• Divorce - Statistics

Read more here: » Divorce: Encyclopedia - Divorce

A weapon is a tool which can be used during combat to kill or incapacitate, to destroy property, or to otherwise render resources non-functional or unavailable. It may be used to attack and defend, and consequently also to threaten. The use of weapons has been recorded since the advent of cave painting, and the process has been formulated resulting in both martial arts and strategic doctrines. Metaphorically, anything used to damage (even psychologically) can be referred to as a weapon. A weapon can be as simple as a club or as ...

Including:

• Weapon - History
• Weapon - Ancient Weapons
• Weapon - Combustion-powered weapons
• Weapon - Nuclear Weapons
• Weapon - Information Warfare
• Weapon - Types of weapons
• Weapon - Weapons by era

Read more here: » Weapon: Encyclopedia - Weapon

Masturbation is the manual excitation of the sexual organs, most often to the point of orgasm. It can refer to excitation either by oneself or by another (see mutual masturbation), but commonly refers to such activities performed alone. It is part of a larger set of activities known as autoeroticism, which also includes the use of sex toys and non-genital stimulation. There are also masturbation machines used to simulate intercourse. Masturbation and sexual intercourse are the two most common sexual practices, but they are not mutuall ...

Including:

• Masturbation - Etymology
• Masturbation - Masturbation techniques
• Masturbation - Female
• Masturbation - Male
• Masturbation - Masturbation frequency age and sex
• Masturbation - Health and psychological effects
• Masturbation - Masturbation in history and society
• Masturbation - Antiquity
• Masturbation - Religion
• Masturbation - Philosophical arguments regarding masturbation
• Masturbation - Medical attitudes
• Masturbation - Law
• Masturbation - Euphemisms
• Masturbation - Humour and masturbation

Read more here: » Masturbation: Encyclopedia - Masturbation

Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). Practically every introduction to cognitive science also stresses that it is highly interdisciplinary; components of cognitive science include psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science, robotics, anthropology and biology. Cognitive science - History. psychology, neuroscience, Neural Darwinism, Society of Mind theory, cognitive science of ...

Including:

• Cognitive science - History
• Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science
• Cognitive science - Approaches
• Cognitive science - Levels of analysis
• Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature
• Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term
• Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science
• Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence
• Cognitive science - Attention
• Cognitive science - Language processing
• Cognitive science - Learning and development
• Cognitive science - Memory
• Cognitive science - Perception and action
• Cognitive science - Research methods
• Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments
• Cognitive science - Brain imaging
• Cognitive science - Computational modeling
• Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods
• Cognitive science - Key findings
• Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

Read more here: » Cognitive science: Encyclopedia - Cognitive science

War is a state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of lethal violence between combatants or upon civilians. Other terms for war, which often serve as euphemisms, include armed conflict, hostilities, and police action (note). War is contrasted with peace, which is usually defined as the absence of war. A common perception of war is a series of military campaigns between at least two opposing sides involving a dispute ov ...

Including:

• War - History of war
• War - Morality of war
• War - Limitations on war
• War - Redefining war for legal reasons
• War - Causes of war
• War - Historical theories
• War - Psychological theories
• War - Anthropological theories
• War - Sociological theories
• War - Malthusian theories
• War - Information theories
• War - Economic theories
• War - Marxist theories
• War - Types of war and warfare
• War - Geographic warfare

Read more here: » War: Encyclopedia - War

The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study, because in that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in studies on memory), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered the learning process of classical conditioning), and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, t ...

See also:

History of psychology, History of psychology - Overview, History of psychology - Prescientific psychology, History of psychology - Scientific psychology

Read more here: » History of psychology: Encyclopedia II - History of psychology - Overview

The history of psychology and homosexuality begins with the advent of psychology itself. The diagnosis of homosexuality as a psychological disorder or perversion, and thus as a predisposition, ironically contributed to its final classification as a separate sexual orientation. From then on, until its declassification as a psychological disorder in the 1970s, the psychology of homosexuality was frequently used to criminalize homosexuality itself. The emphasis shifted: instead of punishing the homosexual act ...

See also:

Homosexuality and psychology, Homosexuality and psychology - History, Homosexuality and psychology - Early to mid 1900s, Homosexuality and psychology - The Post-War Years, Homosexuality and psychology - Declassification, Homosexuality and psychology - Issues, Homosexuality and psychology - Homosexuality as curable psychological disorder, Homosexuality and psychology - Psychology of homophobia

Read more here: » Homosexuality and psychology: Encyclopedia II - Homosexuality and psychology - History