Main article: History of psychology Rudolf Goclenius, a German scholastic philosopher, is credited with inventing the term 'psychology' (1590). The root of the word psychology (psyche) means "soul" or "spirit" in Greek, and psychology was sometimes considered a study of the soul (in a religious sense of this term). Psychology as a medical discipline can be seen in Thomas Willis' reference to psychology (the "Doctrine of the Soul") in terms of brain function, as part of his 1672 anatomical treatise "De Anima Brutorum" ("Two Discourses on the Souls of Brutes"). Until about the end of the 19th century, psychology w ...

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - History

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - Scope of psychology

Psychology is an extremely broad field, encompassing many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Below are the major areas of inquiry that comprise psychology. A comprehensive list of the sub-fields and areas within psychology can be found at the list of psychological topics and list of psychology disciplines. Psychology - Biological basis: the brain. Main articles: Behavioral neuroscience, Cognitive neurosci ...

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

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Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = "soul" or "mind", logos/-ology = "study of") is an academic and applied field involving the study of mind and behavior. "Psychology" also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. Psychology differs from sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science in part because it involves studying the mental processes and behavior of individuals (alone or i ...

Including:

Psychology - History Psychology - Principles of psychology
Psychology - Mind and brain Psychology - Schools of thought
Psychology - Scope of psychology
Psychology - Biological basis: the brain Psychology - Information processing: the mind Psychology - Change over time: development Psychology - Interaction with others Psychology - Study of animals in psychology Psychology - Mental health Psychology - Applied psychology
Psychology - Research methods
Psychology - Controlled experiments Psychology - Correlational studies Psychology - Longitudinal studies Psychology - Neuropsychological methods Psychology - Computational modeling
Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

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Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). Practically every introduction to cognitive science also stresses that it is highly interdisciplinary; components of cognitive science include psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science, robotics, anthropology and biology. Cognitive science - History. psychology, neuroscience, Neural Darwinism, Society of Mind theory, cognitive science of ...

Including:

Cognitive science - History Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science
Cognitive science - Approaches Cognitive science - Levels of analysis Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term
Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science
Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence Cognitive science - Attention Cognitive science - Language processing Cognitive science - Learning and development Cognitive science - Memory Cognitive science - Perception and action
Cognitive science - Research methods
Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments Cognitive science - Brain imaging Cognitive science - Computational modeling Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods
Cognitive science - Key findings Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

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In psychology, the Big Five personality traits denotes a certain approach to the theory of personality. Big five personality traits - Overview. The big five personality traits can be summarized as follows: Neuroticism - A tendency to easily experience unpleasant emotions such as anxiety, anger, or depression. Extroversion - Energy, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others. Agreeableness - A tendency to be compassionate and coopperativ ...

Including:

Big five personality traits - Overview Big five personality traits - Origins Big five personality traits - Hiatus in research
Big five personality traits - Personal computers Big five personality traits - Statistical aggregation Big five personality traits - The Big Five
Big five personality traits - Emergence of the current model Big five personality traits - The Factors
Big five personality traits - Extraversion or Surgency Big five personality traits - Agreeableness Big five personality traits - Conscientiousness Big five personality traits - Neuroticism or inversely Emotional Stability Big five personality traits - Openness to Experience
Big five personality traits - Significance Big five personality traits - Scientific findings Big five personality traits - Weaknesses Big five personality traits - Further research

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Many different methodologies are used to study cognitive science. As the field is highly interdisciplinary, research often cuts across multiple areas of study, and draws on research methods from psychology, neuroscience, and computer science. Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments. In order to have a description of what constitutes intelligent behavior, one must study behavior itself. This type of research is closely tied to that in cognitive psychology and psychophysics. By measuring behavioral ...

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Cognitive science, Cognitive science - History, Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science, Cognitive science - Approaches, Cognitive science - Levels of analysis, Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature, Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term, Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science, Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science - Attention, Cognitive science - Language processing, Cognitive science - Learning and development, Cognitive science - Memory, Cognitive science - Perception and action, Cognitive science - Research methods, Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments, Cognitive science - Brain imaging, Cognitive science - Computational modeling, Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods, Cognitive science - Key findings, Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

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Advanced systems are often borrowing from many different fields like pattern recognition, statistical learning, projective geometry, image processing, graph theory and other. Cognitive computer vision is strongly related to cognitive psychology and biological computation. Computer vision - A University Video Communication on Model-Based Computer Vision. Joseph Mundy in a University Video Communication on Model-Based Computer Vision (1987): "What do students need to l ...

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Computer vision, Computer vision - State of the art, Computer vision - Examples of applications for computer vision, Computer vision - Typical tasks of computer vision, Computer vision - Object Recognition, Computer vision - Optical Character Recognition, Computer vision - Tracking, Computer vision - Scene interpretation, Computer vision - Egomotion, Computer vision - Computer Vision Systems, Computer vision - Image acquisition, Computer vision - Preprocessing, Computer vision - Feature extraction, Computer vision - Registration, Computer vision - Related Fields, Computer vision - A University Video Communication on Model-Based Computer Vision, Computer vision - Applications

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The study of dialog systems is commonly considered a branch of human-computer interaction, although its origins are generally rooted in the automatic speech recognition community. Current trends are putting more research emphasis on aspects of psychology and linguistics. Dialog system - Topics. human-computer interaction linguistics computational linguistics discourse analysis pragmatics semantics parsing grounding language model ...

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Dialog system, Dialog system - Components, Dialog system - Types of Systems, Dialog system - Implementations, Dialog system - Toolkits and Architectures, Dialog system - Notable Systems, Dialog system - Academics, Dialog system - Topics, Dialog system - Conferences, Dialog system - Related Conferences, Dialog system - Related Journals, Dialog system - Books

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Cognitive science - Approaches. There are several approaches of study in the field of cognitive science including symbolic, connectionist, and dynamic systems. Symbolic - That intelligence can be explained by means of systematic, discrete instructions not unlike the way in which a computer works. Connectionist - The means of explanation is by using artificial neural networks. Dynamic Systems - Cognition can be explained by means of a continuous system in which everything is interrelated, not unlike the Watt Governor. < ...

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Cognitive science, Cognitive science - History, Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science, Cognitive science - Approaches, Cognitive science - Levels of analysis, Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature, Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term, Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science, Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science - Attention, Cognitive science - Language processing, Cognitive science - Learning and development, Cognitive science - Memory, Cognitive science - Perception and action, Cognitive science - Research methods, Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments, Cognitive science - Brain imaging, Cognitive science - Computational modeling, Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods, Cognitive science - Key findings, Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

Read more here: » Cognitive science: Encyclopedia II - Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science

Cognitive science is a large field, and covers a wide array of topics on cognition. However, it should be recognized that cognitive science is not equally concerned with every topic that might bear on the nature and operation of the mind or intelligence. Social and cultural factors, emotion, consciousness, animal cognition, comparative and evolutionary approaches are frequently de-emphasized or excluded outright, often based on key philosophical conflicts. Some within the cognitive science community, however, consider these to be ...

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Cognitive science, Cognitive science - History, Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science, Cognitive science - Approaches, Cognitive science - Levels of analysis, Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature, Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term, Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science, Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science - Attention, Cognitive science - Language processing, Cognitive science - Learning and development, Cognitive science - Memory, Cognitive science - Perception and action, Cognitive science - Research methods, Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments, Cognitive science - Brain imaging, Cognitive science - Computational modeling, Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods, Cognitive science - Key findings, Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

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Cognitive science has much to its credit. Among other accomplishments, it has given rise to models of human cognitive bias and risk perception, and has been influential in the development of behavioral finance, part of economics. It has also given rise to a new theory of the philosophy of mathematics, and many theories of artificial intelligence, persuasion and coercion. It has made its presence firmly known in philosophy of language and epistemology - a modern revival of rationalism - as well as cons ...

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Cognitive science, Cognitive science - History, Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science, Cognitive science - Approaches, Cognitive science - Levels of analysis, Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature, Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term, Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science, Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science - Attention, Cognitive science - Language processing, Cognitive science - Learning and development, Cognitive science - Memory, Cognitive science - Perception and action, Cognitive science - Research methods, Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments, Cognitive science - Brain imaging, Cognitive science - Computational modeling, Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods, Cognitive science - Key findings, Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

Read more here: » Cognitive science: Encyclopedia II - Cognitive science - Key findings

Methods of quantitative history are those of statistics, reinforced by computer algorithms for data analysis and visualization. A landmark in the study of secular trends was the publication of Makridakis and Wheelwright's (1978) Interactive forecasting: univariate and multivariate methods. In the 1970's, 1980's and 1990's William B. Michael edited a section on innovative computer programs in the Educational and Psychological Measurement. Most of these programs, supplementing the standard statistical packages as SAS or SPSS, wer ...

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Quantitative history, Quantitative history - Cyclical theories of history, Quantitative history - The spiral model of history, Quantitative history - Chiliastic linear theory of history, Quantitative history - Chaotic theory of history, Quantitative history - Methodology, Quantitative history - Simulation of the chaotic theory of history, Quantitative history - Simulation of the linear model of historical change, Quantitative history - Simulation of the cyclical trends of historical change, Quantitative history - Assumptions of quantitative history, Quantitative history - Methods of quantitative history, Quantitative history - Retrospect and prospectus

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Chomskyan models have been used as a theoretical basis in several other fields. The Chomsky hierarchy is often taught in fundamental computer science courses as it confers insight into the various types of formal languages. This hierarchy can also be discussed in mathematical terms [4], and has generated interest among mathematicians, particularly combinatorialists. A number of arguments in evolutionary psychology are derived from his research results. The 1984 Nobel Prize laureate in Medicine and Physiology, Niels K. Jerne, us ...

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Noam Chomsky, Noam Chomsky - Biography, Noam Chomsky - Chomsky's name, Noam Chomsky - Contributions to linguistics, Noam Chomsky - Generative grammar, Noam Chomsky - Chomsky hierarchy, Noam Chomsky - Contributions to psychology, Noam Chomsky - Opinion on criticism of science culture, Noam Chomsky - Chomsky's influence in other fields, Noam Chomsky - Political views, Noam Chomsky - Chomsky on terrorism, Noam Chomsky - Criticism of United States government, Noam Chomsky - Views on globalization, Noam Chomsky - Views on socialism, Noam Chomsky - Mass media analysis, Noam Chomsky - Chomsky and the Middle East, Noam Chomsky - Criticism of intellectual communities, Noam Chomsky - Chomsky's influence as a political activist, Noam Chomsky - Opposition to the Vietnam War, Noam Chomsky - Alleged marginalization in the mainstream media, Noam Chomsky - Worldwide audience, Noam Chomsky - Criticisms, Noam Chomsky - Academic Achievements Awards and Honors, Noam Chomsky - Bibliography, Noam Chomsky - Linguistics, Noam Chomsky - Political works, Noam Chomsky - About Chomsky, Noam Chomsky - Filmography, Noam Chomsky - Political contemporaries

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Gnosticism - Scholars of gnosticism and those influenced by it. There follows a list of those figures who are known to have undertaken a study of gnosticism, and who have occasionally incorporated elements of gnostic systems into their own work, or whose own work subsequently contains recognizably gnostic traits. Carl Jung and his associate G. R. S. Mead worked on trying to understand and explain the Gnostic faith from a psychological standpoint. Jung's "analytical psychology" in many ways schematica ...

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Gnosticism, Gnosticism - Overview, Gnosticism - Etymology and philosophical context, Gnosticism - The meaning of 'gnosis', Gnosticism - The Platonist and Aristotelian traditions, Gnosticism - Neoplatonism and Plotinus' 'Address to the Gnostics', Gnosticism - Sources, Gnosticism - Heresiologists and gnostic detractors, Gnosticism - Gnostic texts preserved before 1945, Gnosticism - The Nag Hammadi library, Gnosticism - History, Gnosticism - The development of the Syrian-Egyptian school, Gnosticism - The development of the Persian school, Gnosticism - Nature and Structure of Gnosticism, Gnosticism - A typological model: the main features of gnosticism, Gnosticism - Dualism and monism, Gnosticism - Moral and ritual practise, Gnosticism - Major gnostic schools and their texts, Gnosticism - 'Gnosticism' as a potentially flawed category, Gnosticism - Gnosticism in modern times, Gnosticism - Scholars of gnosticism and those influenced by it, Gnosticism - Modern gnostic 'revivals', Gnosticism - Gnosticism in pop culture, Gnosticism - Literature, Gnosticism - Film and television, Gnosticism - Music, Gnosticism - Art, Gnosticism - Computer console and 'tabletop' games

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For the next seventeen years, the changing Zeitgeist made the publication of personality research difficult. Social psychologists argued that behavior is not stable, but varies with context, so that predicting behavior by personality test was impossible. They further argued that character, or personality, is something humans impose on people in order to maintain an illusion of consistency in the world. Furthermore, Walter Mischel in his 1968 book Psychological Assessment asserted that personality tes ...

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Big five personality traits, Big five personality traits - Overview, Big five personality traits - Origins, Big five personality traits - Hiatus in research, Big five personality traits - Personal computers, Big five personality traits - Statistical aggregation, Big five personality traits - The Big Five, Big five personality traits - Emergence of the current model, Big five personality traits - The Factors, Big five personality traits - Extraversion or Surgency, Big five personality traits - Agreeableness, Big five personality traits - Conscientiousness, Big five personality traits - Neuroticism or inversely Emotional Stability, Big five personality traits - Openness to Experience, Big five personality traits - Significance, Big five personality traits - Scientific findings, Big five personality traits - Weaknesses, Big five personality traits - Further research

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Main article: History of psychology The late 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study, because in that year German scientist Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzig, Germany. Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in studies on memory), the Russian Ivan Pavlov (who discovered the learning process of cl ...

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - History

Psychology is conducted both scientifically and non-scientifically, but is to a large extent wholly rigorous. Mainstream psychology is based largely on positivism, using quantitative studies and the scientific method to test and disprove hypotheses, often in an experimental context. Psychology tends to be eclectic, drawing on scientific knowledge from other fields to help explain and understand behavior. However, not all psychological research methods strictly follow the empirical positivism philosophy. Qualitative research utilizes interpre ...

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - Research methods

Although modern mainstream psychology largely endeavors to be a scientific endeavor, the field has a history of controversy. Some criticisms of psychology have been made on ethical and philosophical grounds. Some have argued that by subjecting the human mind to experimentation and statistical study, psychologists objectify persons; because it treats human beings as things, as objects that can be examined by experiment, psychology is sometimes portrayed as dehumanizing, ignoring o ...

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Although modern mainstream psychology largely attempts to be a scientific endeavor, the field has a history of controversy. Some criticisms of psychology have been made on ethical and philosophical grounds. Some have argued that by subjecting the human mind to experimentation and statistical study, psychologists objectify persons; because it treats human beings as things, as objects that can be examined by experiment, psychology is sometimes portrayed as dehumanizing, ignoring o ...

See also:

Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - Criticisms of psychology