Personality psychology is a branch of psychology which studies personality and individual difference processes - that which makes us into a person. One emphasis in personality psychology is on trying to create a coherent picture of a person and all his or her major psychological processes. Another emphasis views personality psychology as the study of individual differences. These two views work together in practice. Personality psychologists are interested in a broad view of the individual's psychological processes. This often leads t ...

Including:

• Personality psychology - What is personality?
• Personality psychology - A typology of personality models
• Personality psychology - Personality theories
• Personality psychology - Trait theories
• Personality psychology - Psychodynamic theories
• Personality psychology - Behaviorist theories
• Personality psychology - Cognitive and social-cognitive theories
• Personality psychology - Humanistic theories
• Personality psychology - Other theories
• Personality psychology - Personality tests
• Personality psychology - Brain Research

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In psychology, cognitivism is a theoretical approach to understanding the mind, which argues that mental function can be understood by quantitative, positivist and scientific methods, and that such functions can be described as information processing models. Cognitivism psychology - Theoretical approach. Cognitivism has two major components, one methodological, the other theoretical. Methodologically, cognitivism adopts a positivist approach and the belief that psychology can be (in principle) fully explain ...

Including:

• Cognitivism psychology - Theoretical approach
• Cognitivism psychology - Criticisms of psychological cognitivism

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In psychology and marketing, two concepts or stimuli are associated when the experience of one leads to the effects of another, due to repeated pairing. This is sometimes called Pavlovian association for Ivan Pavlov's pioneering of classical conditioning. Association is a widely used memory trick. Associating a new item (an object, a picture, a smell or anything else a person may wish to recall) to another, m ...

Including:

• Association psychology - External link

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Clinical psychology is the application of psychology within a clinical (health) setting. However, it is often taken to refer primarily to the easing of psychological distress, mental illness or mental health problems. The term was introduced in a 1907 paper by the American psychologist Lightner Witmer (1867-1956). Clinical psychologists are involved in the diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of patients with psychiatric disorders, as well as research about all of these areas of clinical practice. Their clinical work may includ ...

Including:

• Clinical psychology - Related lists

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Process Oriented Psychology refers to a body of theory and practice that encompasses a broad range of psychotherapeutic, personal growth, and group process applications. It is more commonly called Process Work in the United States, the longer name being used in Europe and Asia. Process Oriented Psychology - History. Process Work was founded by Arnold Mindell, then a Jungian analyst, in the late 1970’s. It has its origin in Mindell’s observation that nighttime dreams both mirrored and were mirrored in hi ...

Including:

• Process Oriented Psychology - History
• Process Oriented Psychology - Core Ideas of Process Work
• Process Oriented Psychology - Levels of Experience
• Process Oriented Psychology - Applications
• Process Oriented Psychology - Process Work Links

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Although modern mainstream psychology largely endeavors to be a scientific endeavor, the field has a history of controversy. Some criticisms of psychology have been made on ethical and philosophical grounds. Some have argued that by subjecting the human mind to experimentation and statistical study, psychologists objectify persons; because it treats human beings as things, as objects that can be examined by experiment, psychology is sometimes portrayed as dehumanizing, ignoring o ...

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Although modern mainstream psychology largely attempts to be a scientific endeavor, the field has a history of controversy. Some criticisms of psychology have been made on ethical and philosophical grounds. Some have argued that by subjecting the human mind to experimentation and statistical study, psychologists objectify persons; because it treats human beings as things, as objects that can be examined by experiment, psychology is sometimes portrayed as dehumanizing, ignoring o ...

See also:

Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Philippine Cultural Psychology concerns itself with the various cultural peculiarities, superstitious beliefs and aspects of the Filipinos (as as totality), such as certain rituals and beliefs, for example, the importance of fiestas and certain Philippine Mythology in the country. The idea of cultural psychology can traced to Wilhelm Wundt, who said that the psychology of a people can find i ...

See also:

Philippine Psychology, Philippine Psychology - Cultural Psychology, Philippine Psychology - Abnormal Psychology aspects

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In 1879 Wilhelm Wundt founded a laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany, specifically to focus on general and basic questions concerning behaviour and mental states. Then in 1890, William James published the book Principles of Psychology which laid many of the foundations for the sorts of questions that psychologists would focus on for years to come. James was the first professor of Psychology at Harvard University. Crucially, the approach of Wundt and James did not involve metaphysical or religious explanations of human thought and behaviour, freeing it from the realms of phil ...

See also:

History of psychology, History of psychology - Overview, History of psychology - Prescientific psychology, History of psychology - Scientific psychology

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A person may be considered an educational psychologist if he or she has completed a graduate degree in educational psychology or a closely related field. Universities establish educational psychology graduate programs in either psychology departments or, more commonly, faculties of education. Psychologists that work in a k-12 school setting are usually trained at either the masters or doctoral (PhD or EdD) level. In addition to conducting assessments, school psychologists provide services such as academic and behavio ...

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Educational psychology, Educational psychology - Social Moral and Cognitive Development, Educational psychology - Individual Differences and Disabilities, Educational psychology - Learning and Cognition, Educational psychology - Social Cognitive Theory, Educational psychology - Constructivist Models of Learning, Educational psychology - Motivation, Educational psychology - Research Methods, Educational psychology - Educational Psychology for Teaching, Educational psychology - Educational Psychology for Instructional Design and Technology, Educational psychology - History of Educational Psychology, Educational psychology - Careers in Educational Psychology, Educational psychology - Influential Educational Psychologists and Theorists, Educational psychology - Sources

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Some of the theories and topics within social psychology address issues which apply to individuals within an interaction, and some discuss the internal makeup and behavior of groups. Social psychology - Social elements of the individual. To many theorists, the locus of interest lies in actors, actions, and interactions between persons. But before any research can be done on those issues, the basic points of discussion that are involved in the above topics need to be laid out ...

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Social psychology, Social psychology - Subfields, Social psychology - Angles of research, Social psychology - The concerns of social psychology, Social psychology - Empirical methods and Social philosophy, Social psychology - Methodology, Social psychology - The Methodology Wars and social philosophy, Social psychology - Relation to other fields, Social psychology - Major perspectives in social psychology, Social psychology - Social psychological theories, Social psychology - Social elements of the individual, Social psychology - The social psychology of interaction, Social psychology - The psychological elements of collectives, Social psychology - Well-known cases studies and related works

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The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study, because in that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in studies on memory), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered the learning process of classical conditioning), and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, t ...

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History of psychology, History of psychology - Overview, History of psychology - Prescientific psychology, History of psychology - Scientific psychology

Read more here: » History of psychology: Encyclopedia II - History of psychology - Overview

Psychology - Mind and brain. Psychology does not necessarily refer to the brain or nervous system and can be framed purely in terms of phenomenological or information processing theories of the mind. Increasingly, though, an understanding of brain function is being included in psychological theory and practice, particularly in areas such as artificial intelligence, neuropsychology, and cognitive neuroscience.

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

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The Ebers papyrus (ca 1550 BC) contains a short description of clinical depression. Though full of incantations and foul applications meant to turn away disease-causing demons and other superstition, it also evidences a long tradition of empirical practice and observation. The Dead Sea Scrolls Manual of Discipline (ca. 100 BC) notes the division of human nature into two temperaments. From its inception, a great deal of work in philosophy, especially in the field of epistemology, dealt with the nature of the mind, its processes, and its ...

See also:

History of psychology, History of psychology - Overview, History of psychology - Prescientific psychology, History of psychology - Scientific psychology

Read more here: » History of psychology: Encyclopedia II - History of psychology - Prescientific psychology

Some of the theories and topics within social psychology address issues which apply to individuals within an interaction, and some discuss the internal makeup and behavior of groups. Social psychology - Social elements of the individual. To many theorists, the locus of interest lies in actors, actions, and interactions between persons. But before any research can be done on those issues, the basic points of discussion that are involved in the above topics need to be laid out ...

See also:

Social psychology, Social psychology - Subfields, Social psychology - SP's three angles of research, Social psychology - The concerns of social psychology, Social psychology - Empirical methods and Social philosophy, Social psychology - Methodology, Social psychology - The Methodology Wars and social philosophy, Social psychology - Relation to other fields, Social psychology - Relevant issues in social philosophy, Social psychology - Relevant issues in psychology, Social psychology - Relevant issues in sociology, Social psychology - Major perspectives in social psychology, Social psychology - Social psychological theories, Social psychology - Social elements of the individual, Social psychology - The social psychology of interaction, Social psychology - The psychological elements of collectives, Social psychology - Well-known cases studies and related works, Social psychology - Related topics

Read more here: » Social psychology: Encyclopedia II - Social psychology - Social psychological theories

Analytical Psychology distinguishes several psychological types or temperaments. Extrovert Introvert The attitude type could be thought of as the flow of libido (that is psychic energy, or qi). The Introvert's flow is inward to the subject and away from the object, ie. external relations. The Extrovert's is outward toward the object, ie. towards external relations and away from the inner, subjective w ...

See also:

Analytical psychology, Analytical psychology - Assumptions, Analytical psychology - Psychological types, Analytical psychology - Post-Jung, Analytical psychology - Classical school, Analytical psychology - Developmental school, Analytical psychology - Archetypal school

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Main article: History of psychology Rudolf Goclenius, a German scholastic philosopher, is credited with inventing the term 'psychology' (1590). The root of the word psychology (psyche) means "soul" or "spirit" in Greek, and psychology was sometimes considered a study of the soul (in a religious sense of this term). Psychology as a medical discipline can be seen in Thomas Willis' reference to psychology (the "Doctrine of the Soul") in terms of brain function, as part of his 1672 anatomical treatise "De Anima Brutorum" ("Two Discourses on the Souls of Brutes"). Until about the end of the 19th century, psychology w ...

See also:

Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - History

As normal developing human beings, people internalize certain concepts needed to support their ability to face life. For example, they come to understand there are people and authorities who will support them, they psychologically become independent and individual from their peer group (individuation), they believe they have validity purpose and "a place" simply by virtue of being a human being, that they are not simply an "object", they have many life-experiences which give them pride and self-confidence, and so on. These are a very profoun ...

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Psychology of torture, Psychology of torture - Background, Psychology of torture - The torture process, Psychology of torture - What is psychological stress and pain, Psychology of torture - Psychology of torture, Psychology of torture - Psychology of pain, Psychology of torture - Extending torture to family and friends, Psychology of torture - The perversion of intimacy, Psychology of torture - Forced absorption of the torturer's perspective, Psychology of torture - Psychology of torturers, Psychology of torture - Psychological results of torture, Psychology of torture - Torture trauma and survival

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It was long thought that "good" people would not torture and only "bad" ones would, under normal circumstances. Research over the past 50 years suggests a disquieting alternative view, that under the right circumstances and with the appropriate encouragement and setting, most people can be encouraged to actively torture others. For more details of the psychology of torturers, rather than their subjects, and the process by which torture becomes acceptable to its practitioners ...

See also:

Psychology of torture, Psychology of torture - Background, Psychology of torture - The torture process, Psychology of torture - What is psychological stress and pain, Psychology of torture - Psychology of torture, Psychology of torture - Psychology of pain, Psychology of torture - Extending torture to family and friends, Psychology of torture - The perversion of intimacy, Psychology of torture - Forced absorption of the torturer's perspective, Psychology of torture - Psychology of torturers, Psychology of torture - Psychological results of torture, Psychology of torture - Torture trauma and survival

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Subjects typically oscillate between emotional numbing and highly sensitive arousal: insomnia, irritability, restlessness, and attention deficits. Recollections of the traumatic events intrude in the form of dreams, night terrors, flashbacks, and distressing associations. Long term coping mechanisms include the development of compulsive rituals to fend off obsessive thoughts. Other psychological consequences include cognitive impairment, reduced capacity to learn, memory disorders, sexual dysfunction, social withdrawal, inability to m ...

See also:

Psychology of torture, Psychology of torture - Background, Psychology of torture - The torture process, Psychology of torture - What is psychological stress and pain, Psychology of torture - Psychology of torture, Psychology of torture - Psychology of pain, Psychology of torture - Extending torture to family and friends, Psychology of torture - The perversion of intimacy, Psychology of torture - Forced absorption of the torturer's perspective, Psychology of torture - Psychology of torturers, Psychology of torture - Psychological results of torture, Psychology of torture - Torture trauma and survival

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Although not always accredited as the first practitioner of psychological warfare, Alexander the Great of Macedon undoubtedly showed to be effective in swaying the mindsets of the populaces that were expropriated in his campaigns. In order to keep the new Macedonian states from revolting against their leader, Alexander would leave a number of his men behind in each city to introduce Greek culture and interbreed. Since this method of persuasion did indeed influence loyalist and separatist opinions alike, and directly altered the psyches of the Asiatic ...

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Psychological warfare, Psychological warfare - History of psychological warfare, Psychological warfare - The Mongols, Psychological warfare - Propaganda warfare, Psychological warfare - Postwar military and political methods, Psychological warfare - Information age, Psychological warfare - Recent military psychological warfare methods, Psychological warfare - See Also

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