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Pskov | A Wisdom Archive on Pskov | | Pskov A selection of articles related to Pskov | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Pskov | | | | |  Pskov: Encyclopedia II - Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yokeThis time the invaders came to stay, and they built for themselves a capital, called Sarai, on the lower Volga. Here the commander of the Golden Horde, as the western section of the Mongol empire was called, fixed his golden headquarters and represented the majesty of his sovereign the grand khan who lived with the Great Horde in the Orkhon Valley of the Amur. Here they had their headquarters and held Russia in subjection for nearly three centuries.
The term by which this subjection is commonly designated, the Mongol or Tatar yoke, su ...
See also:Mongol invasion of Rus, Mongol invasion of Rus - Background, Mongol invasion of Rus - Invasion of Batu Khan, Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke, Mongol invasion of Rus - Mongol punitive expeditions to Russia, Mongol invasion of Rus - Influence, Mongol invasion of Rus - Successors of the Golden Horde Read more here: » Mongol invasion of Rus: Encyclopedia II - Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke |
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| | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - List of twin towns and sister cities - Europe
List of twin towns and sister cities - Albania.
Tirana - Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996)
List of twin towns and sister cities - Austria.
Graz - Coventry, UK (1948); Darmstadt, Germany (1968); Dubrovnik, Croatia; Groningen, Netherlands (1964); Maribor, Slovenia (1987); Montclair, New Jersey, USA (1950); Pécs, Hungary (1989); Pula, Croatia (1972); Trieste, Italy 1973; Trondheim, Norway (1968
Innsbruck - Kraków, Poland; Sarajevo, Bosnia and He ...
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities, List of twin towns and sister cities - Africa, List of twin towns and sister cities - Algeria, List of twin towns and sister cities - Cameroon, List of twin towns and sister cities - Egypt, List of twin towns and sister cities - Ethiopia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Ghana, List of twin towns and sister cities - Kenya, List of twin towns and sister cities - Libya, List of twin towns and sister cities - Morocco, List of twin towns and sister cities - Mozambique, List of twin towns and sister cities - Namibia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Republic of the Congo, List of twin towns and sister cities - Sierra Leone, List of twin towns and sister cities - South Africa, List of twin towns and sister cities - Swaziland, List of twin towns and sister cities - Tanzania, List of twin towns and sister cities - Tunisia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Western Sahara, List of twin towns and sister cities - Zimbabwe, List of twin towns and sister cities - Asia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Armenia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Azerbaijan, List of twin towns and sister cities - Cambodia, List of twin towns and sister cities - China PRC, List of twin towns and sister cities - Georgia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Indonesia, List of twin towns and sister cities - India, List of twin towns and sister cities - Iran, List of twin towns and sister cities - Israel, List of twin towns and sister cities - Japan, List of twin towns and sister cities - Kazakhstan, List of twin towns and sister cities - Kyrgyzstan, List of twin towns and sister cities - Kuwait, List of twin towns and sister cities - Malaysia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Palestine, List of twin towns and sister cities - Philippines, List of twin towns and sister cities - Russia, List of twin towns and sister cities - South Korea, List of twin towns and sister cities - Taiwan ROC, List of twin towns and sister cities - Tajikistan, List of twin towns and sister cities - Thailand, List of twin towns and sister cities - Turkey, List of twin towns and sister cities - Uzbekistan, List of twin towns and sister cities - Vietnam, List of twin towns and sister cities - Europe, List of twin towns and sister cities - Albania, List of twin towns and sister cities - Austria, List of twin towns and sister cities - Belgium, List of twin towns and sister cities - Bosnia and Herzegovina, List of twin towns and sister cities - Bulgaria, List of twin towns and sister cities - Croatia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Czech Republic, List of twin towns and sister cities - Denmark, List of twin towns and sister cities - Estonia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Faroe Islands, List of twin towns and sister cities - Finland, List of twin towns and sister cities - France, List of twin towns and sister cities - Germany, List of twin towns and sister cities - Greece, List of twin towns and sister cities - Greenland, List of twin towns and sister cities - Hungary, List of twin towns and sister cities - Iceland, List of twin towns and sister cities - Ireland Republic of, List of twin towns and sister cities - Italy, List of twin towns and sister cities - Latvia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Lithuania, List of twin towns and sister cities - Luxembourg, List of twin towns and sister cities - Macedonia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Moldova, List of twin towns and sister cities - Netherlands, List of twin towns and sister cities - Norway, List of twin towns and sister cities - Poland, List of twin towns and sister cities - Portugal, List of twin towns and sister cities - Romania, List of twin towns and sister cities - Russia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Serbia and Montenegro, List of twin towns and sister cities - Slovakia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Slovenia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Spain, List of twin towns and sister cities - Sweden, List of twin towns and sister cities - Switzerland, List of twin towns and sister cities - Turkey, List of twin towns and sister cities - United Kingdom, List of twin towns and sister cities - Ukraine, List of twin towns and sister cities - North America, List of twin towns and sister cities - Bahamas, List of twin towns and sister cities - Barbados, List of twin towns and sister cities - Canada, List of twin towns and sister cities - Cuba, List of twin towns and sister cities - Costa Rica, List of twin towns and sister cities - Dominican Republic, List of twin towns and sister cities - Greenland, List of twin towns and sister cities - Guatemala, List of twin towns and sister cities - Jamaica, List of twin towns and sister cities - Mexico, List of twin towns and sister cities - Nicaragua, List of twin towns and sister cities - Trinidad and Tobago, List of twin towns and sister cities - United States, List of twin towns and sister cities - Oceania, List of twin towns and sister cities - Australia, List of twin towns and sister cities - New Zealand, List of twin towns and sister cities - South America, List of twin towns and sister cities - Argentina, List of twin towns and sister cities - Brazil, List of twin towns and sister cities - Chile, List of twin towns and sister cities - Colombia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Ecuador, List of twin towns and sister cities - Venezuela, List of twin towns and sister cities - Suriname Read more here: » List of twin towns and sister cities: Encyclopedia II - List of twin towns and sister cities - Europe |
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| | | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Independence The first period of independence lasted 22 years, beginning in 1918. Estonia underwent a number of economic, social, and political reforms necessary to come to terms with its new status as a sovereign state. Economically and socially, land reform in 1919 was the most important step. Large estate holdings belonging to the Baltic nobility were redistributed among the peasants and especially among volunteers in the Estonian War of Independence. Estonia's principal markets became Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, and western Europe, with some ex ...
See also:History of Estonia, History of Estonia - Pre-history, History of Estonia - The Conquest, History of Estonia - The Middle Ages, History of Estonia - Swedish Period, History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia, History of Estonia - Independence, History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation, History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR, History of Estonia - German Occupation, History of Estonia - After World War II, History of Estonia - Regaining Independence, History of Estonia - Time line, History of Estonia - Prehistory, History of Estonia - Livonian Period, History of Estonia - Swedish period, History of Estonia - Russian Period, History of Estonia - Independent Estonia Read more here: » History of Estonia: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Independence |
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| | | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Time line
History of Estonia - Prehistory.
98 Roman historian Tacitus writes in the book Germania about aesti tribes, but it is not clear if he is talking about the linguistic ancestors of modern Estonians.
6th century : The Guta Saga tells how vikings from Gotland sailed to Dagaithi island (Hiiumaa) and built a fortification there.
600 King Ingvar of Sweden invaded Estonia and was killed at the place called Stein and was buried in region of ...
See also:History of Estonia, History of Estonia - Pre-history, History of Estonia - The Conquest, History of Estonia - The Middle Ages, History of Estonia - Swedish Period, History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia, History of Estonia - Independence, History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation, History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR, History of Estonia - German Occupation, History of Estonia - After World War II, History of Estonia - Regaining Independence, History of Estonia - Time line, History of Estonia - Prehistory, History of Estonia - Livonian Period, History of Estonia - Swedish period, History of Estonia - Russian Period, History of Estonia - Independent Estonia Read more here: » History of Estonia: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Time line |
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| | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - The Tale of Igor's Campaign - The plot The plot of this classic work is based on a failed raid of Kniaz Igor Svyatoslavich of Novhorod-Siverskyy (of the Chernihiv principality of ancient Rus') against the Polovtsians or Cumans living in the southern part of the Don region in 1185. Other East Slavic historical figures are mentioned, including Vseslav of Polotsk, Yaroslav Osmomysl of Halych, and Vsevolod the Big Nest of Suzdal. The author appeals to the warring Russian princes, pleading for unity ...
See also:The Tale of Igor's Campaign, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - The plot, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Discovery and publication, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Reaction of 19th century scholars, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Authenticity, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Early reactions, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Modern developments, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Recent views Read more here: » The Tale of Igor's Campaign: Encyclopedia II - The Tale of Igor's Campaign - The plot |
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| | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Regaining Independence Despite the emergence of the Popular Front and the Supreme Soviet as a new lawmaking body, since 1989 the different segments of the indigenous Estonian population had been politically mobilized by different and competing actors. The Popular Front's proposal, to declare the independence of Estonia as a new, so-called "third republic" whose citizens would be all those living there at the moment found less and less support over time.
A grassroots Estonian Citizens' Committees Movement launched in 1989 with the objective of registering al ...
See also:History of Estonia, History of Estonia - Pre-history, History of Estonia - The Conquest, History of Estonia - The Middle Ages, History of Estonia - Swedish Period, History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia, History of Estonia - Independence, History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation, History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR, History of Estonia - German Occupation, History of Estonia - After World War II, History of Estonia - Regaining Independence, History of Estonia - Time line, History of Estonia - Prehistory, History of Estonia - Livonian Period, History of Estonia - Swedish period, History of Estonia - Russian Period, History of Estonia - Independent Estonia Read more here: » History of Estonia: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Regaining Independence |
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| | | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - Gediminas of Lithuania - Domestic affairs His internal administration bears all the marks of a wise ruler. He protected the Catholic as well as the Orthodox clergy, encouraging them both to civilize his subjects; he raised the Lithuanian army to the highest state of efficiency then attainable; defended his borders with a chain of strong fortresses; and built numerous towns including Vilnius, the capital (first mentioned ca 1321). At first he moved the capital city to the newly built city of Trakai, but in 1323 re-established a permanent capital in Vilnius, on the sit ...
See also:Gediminas of Lithuania, Gediminas of Lithuania - Origin, Gediminas of Lithuania - Choice of religion, Gediminas of Lithuania - Incorporation of Slavic lands, Gediminas of Lithuania - Domestic affairs, Gediminas of Lithuania - Father, Gediminas of Lithuania - Wives, Gediminas of Lithuania - Brothers, Gediminas of Lithuania - Sons, Gediminas of Lithuania - Daughters Read more here: » Gediminas of Lithuania: Encyclopedia II - Gediminas of Lithuania - Domestic affairs |
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| | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - International E-road network - Signage The European routes are signposted with a green number sign like this:
There are different strategies for determining how frequently to signpost the roads.
Sweden, Norway and Denmark have integrated the E-road numbers into their networks, meaning that the roads usually have no other national number.
In most of the countries the E-roads form a network on top of the national network. The green signs are frequent enough to show how to follow the roads, but do not usually show how to reach them.
In some coun ...
See also:International E-road network, International E-road network - Numbering system, International E-road network - Exceptions, International E-road network - Notes to the listings, International E-road network - Class A roads, International E-road network - North-South reference, International E-road network - West-East reference, International E-road network - North-South intermediate, International E-road network - West-East intermediate, International E-road network - Class B roads, International E-road network - Signage Read more here: » International E-road network: Encyclopedia II - International E-road network - Signage |
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| | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Discovery and publication The only manuscript of the Tale, dated to 1400s, was discovered in 1795, in the library of a Yaroslavl monastery, where the first library and school in Russia had been established back in the 12th century. The monks sold it to a local landowner, Aleksei Musin-Pushkin, as a part of a collection of ten texts. He realised the value of the book, and made a transcription for the empress Catherine the Great in 1795 or 96, and published it in 1800 with the help of leading Russian paleographers of the time, A. F. Malinovsky and N. N. Bantysh-Kamensk ...
See also:The Tale of Igor's Campaign, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - The plot, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Discovery and publication, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Reaction of 19th century scholars, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Authenticity, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Early reactions, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Modern developments, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Recent views Read more here: » The Tale of Igor's Campaign: Encyclopedia II - The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Discovery and publication |
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| | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - Gediminas of Lithuania - Incorporation of Slavic lands While on his guard against his northern foes, Gediminas from 1316 to 1340 was aggrandizing himself at the expense of the numerous Slavonic principalities in the south and east, whose incessant conflicts with each other wrought the ruin of them all. Here Gedymin's triumphal progress was irresistible; but the various stages of it are impossible to follow, the sources of its history being few and conflicting, and the date of every salient event exceedingly doubtful. One of his most important territorial accretions, the principality of Halych-Volynia; was obtained by the marriage of his son Lubart with the d ...
See also:Gediminas of Lithuania, Gediminas of Lithuania - Origin, Gediminas of Lithuania - Choice of religion, Gediminas of Lithuania - Incorporation of Slavic lands, Gediminas of Lithuania - Domestic affairs, Gediminas of Lithuania - Father, Gediminas of Lithuania - Wives, Gediminas of Lithuania - Brothers, Gediminas of Lithuania - Sons, Gediminas of Lithuania - Daughters Read more here: » Gediminas of Lithuania: Encyclopedia II - Gediminas of Lithuania - Incorporation of Slavic lands |
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| | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Incorporation of Slavic lands While on his guard against his northern foes, Gediminas from 1316 to 1340 was aggrandizing himself at the expense of the numerous Slavonic principalities in the south and east, whose incessant conflicts with each other wrought the ruin of them all. Here Gedymin's triumphal progress was irresistible; but the various stages of it are impossible to follow, the sources of its history being few and conflicting, and the date of every salient event exceedingly doubtful. One of his most important territorial accretions, the principality of Halych-Volynia; was obtained by the marriage of his son Lubart ...
See also:Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Origin, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Choice of religion, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Incorporation of Slavic lands, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Domestic affairs, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Father, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Wives, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Brothers, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Sons, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Daughters Read more here: » Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania: Encyclopedia II - Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Incorporation of Slavic lands |
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| | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Domestic affairs His internal administration bears all the marks of a wise ruler. He protected the Catholic as well as the Orthodox clergy, encouraging them both to civilize his subjects; he raised the Lithuanian army to the highest state of efficiency then attainable; defended his borders with a chain of strong fortresses; and built numerous towns including Vilnius, the capital (first mentioned ca 1321). At first he moved the capital city to the newly built city of Trakai, but in 1323 re-established a permanent capital in Vilnius, ...
See also:Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Origin, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Choice of religion, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Incorporation of Slavic lands, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Domestic affairs, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Father, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Wives, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Brothers, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Sons, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Daughters Read more here: » Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania: Encyclopedia II - Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Domestic affairs |
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| | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - Vyborg - 20th-century vicissitudes Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the fall of the Russian Empire, Finland declared itself independent. During the Finnish Civil War Viipuri was in the hands of the Reds, until it was captured by the Whites on 29 April 1918.
In the mid-war decades, the town, now officially known as Viipuri, was the second biggest city in Finland. In 1939 Viipuri had some 80,000 inhabitants, including sizable minorities of Russians, Germans and Swedes. During this time, Alvar Aalto built a masterpi ...
See also:Vyborg, Vyborg - History, Vyborg - 20th-century vicissitudes, Vyborg - Economics, Vyborg - Sights Read more here: » Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Vyborg - 20th-century vicissitudes |
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| | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Pre-history Human settlement became possible when the ice, from the last glacial era, melted away 11,000–13,000 years ago. The oldest known settlement in Estonia was located by the Pärnu River, near the town of Sindi (village Pulli). It dates back to the middle of the 8th millennium BC. (In 2004, another settlement was found near the place where river Reiu joins river Pärnu, it is probably 500-1000 years older than Pulli settlement). Previously known hunting and fishing communities from around 6500 BC had lived near the town of Kunda. Bone and stone ...
See also:History of Estonia, History of Estonia - Pre-history, History of Estonia - The Conquest, History of Estonia - The Middle Ages, History of Estonia - Swedish Period, History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia, History of Estonia - Independence, History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation, History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR, History of Estonia - German Occupation, History of Estonia - After World War II, History of Estonia - Regaining Independence, History of Estonia - Time line, History of Estonia - Prehistory, History of Estonia - Livonian Period, History of Estonia - Swedish period, History of Estonia - Russian Period, History of Estonia - Independent Estonia Read more here: » History of Estonia: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Pre-history |
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| | | | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia Sweden's defeat by Russia in the Great Northern War in 1721 resulted in the Treaty of Nystad, and Russian rule was then imposed on what later became modern Estonia. Nonetheless, the legal system, Lutheran church, local and town governments, and education remained mostly German until the late 19th century and partially until 1918.
By 1819, the Baltic provinces were the first in the Russian empire in which serfdom was abolished, the largely autonomous nobility allowing the peasants to own their own land or move to the cities. These move ...
See also:History of Estonia, History of Estonia - Pre-history, History of Estonia - The Conquest, History of Estonia - The Middle Ages, History of Estonia - Swedish Period, History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia, History of Estonia - Independence, History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation, History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR, History of Estonia - German Occupation, History of Estonia - After World War II, History of Estonia - Regaining Independence, History of Estonia - Time line, History of Estonia - Prehistory, History of Estonia - Livonian Period, History of Estonia - Swedish period, History of Estonia - Russian Period, History of Estonia - Independent Estonia Read more here: » History of Estonia: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia |
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| | | | | Pskov: Encyclopedia II - The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Reaction of 19th century scholars A passage on Vseslav the Werewolf
In the seventh age of Troyan, Vseslav cast lots for the damsel he wooed. By subterfuge, propping himself upon mounted troops, he vaulted toward the city of Kiev and touched with the staff of his lance the Kievan golden throne. Like a fierce beast he leapt away from them at midnight, out of the white town, having enveloped himself in a blue mist.
Then at morn, he drove in his battle axes, opened the gates of Novgorod, shattered the glory of Yaroslav, and lo ...
See also:The Tale of Igor's Campaign, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - The plot, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Discovery and publication, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Reaction of 19th century scholars, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Authenticity, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Early reactions, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Modern developments, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Recent views Read more here: » The Tale of Igor's Campaign: Encyclopedia II - The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Reaction of 19th century scholars |
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