Pskov

History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR. On June 16-17, 1940, the Soviet troops occupied the whole territory of Estonia and demanded a change to a new pro-Soviet puppet government. Similarly to the developments in neighboring Latvia and Lithuania, the occupation and change of government was then in the three countries followed by "parliamentary elections" where all but pro-Communist candidates were outlawed. The "parliament" so elected proclaimed Estonia a Socialist Republic on July 21, 1940 and unanimously ...

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History of Estonia, History of Estonia - Pre-history, History of Estonia - The Conquest, History of Estonia - The Middle Ages, History of Estonia - Swedish Period, History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia, History of Estonia - Independence, History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation, History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR, History of Estonia - German Occupation, History of Estonia - After World War II, History of Estonia - Regaining Independence, History of Estonia - Time line, History of Estonia - Prehistory, History of Estonia - Livonian Period, History of Estonia - Swedish period, History of Estonia - Russian Period, History of Estonia - Independent Estonia

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“Pravda Yaroslavichey” increased responsibility of a given community for killing knyaz’es soldiers, tiuns (“tiun”, a privileged servant of knyazs or boyars), starostas (“starosta”, a representative from the low-ranking administration of a knyaz), otroks (“otrok”, a low-ranking soldier in the army of a knyaz) and other servants on their own territory. “Pravda Yaroslavichey” provided severe punishment for arson, deliberate cattle mutilation, and collective encroachment on rich people’s property. After the 1113 Riot in Kiev, an exorbitant interest law was introduced th ...

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Russkaya Pravda, Russkaya Pravda - Editions, Russkaya Pravda - Nomenclature, Russkaya Pravda - Genesis and evolution, Russkaya Pravda - Institutions, Russkaya Pravda - Excerpts, Russkaya Pravda - From the Vast Edition

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The economy of the NFR was mainly based on farming and cattle breeding. Hunting, beekeeping, and fishing were also widely spread. In most of the regions of the republic, these different "industries" were combined with farming. They used to mine iron on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. Staraya Russa and other localities of the NFR were known for their saltworks. Flax and hop cultivation were also of significant importance. Countryside products, such as furs, beeswax, honey, fish, lard, flax, and hop, were sold on the market and exported to other Russian cities or abroad. The Novgorodian merchants tra ...

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Novgorod Republic, Novgorod Republic - Internal organization, Novgorod Republic - Economy, Novgorod Republic - Foreign relations, Novgorod Republic - The Fall of the Republic

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His first enterprise was a war with the republic of Novgorod, which, alarmed at the growing dominancy of Muscovy, had placed herself beneath the protection of Casimir IV, king of Poland, an alliance regarded at Moscow as an act of apostasy from orthodoxy. Ivan took the field against Novgorod in 1470, and after his generals had twice defeated the forces of the republic, at Shelona and on the Dvina, during the summer of 1471, the Novgorodians were forced to sue for peace, which they obtained on engaging to abandon for ever the Polish alliance, ceding a considerable portion of their ...

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Ivan III of Russia, Ivan III of Russia - Background, Ivan III of Russia - Gathering of Russian lands, Ivan III of Russia - Foreign policies, Ivan III of Russia - Internal policies

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International E-road network - North-South reference. E05 - Greenock - Glasgow - Preston - Birmingham - Southampton ... Le Havre - Paris - Orléans - Bordeaux - San Sebastian - Madrid - Sevilla - Algeciras E15 - Inverness - Perth - Edinburgh - Newcastle - London - Folkestone - Dover ... Calais - Paris - Lyon - Orange - Narbonne - Girona - Barcelona - Tarragona - Castellón de la Plana - Valencia - Alicante - Murcia - Almería - Málaga - Algeciras E25 - Hoek van Holland - Rotterdam - Eindh ...

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International E-road network, International E-road network - Numbering system, International E-road network - Exceptions, International E-road network - Notes to the listings, International E-road network - Class A roads, International E-road network - North-South reference, International E-road network - West-East reference, International E-road network - North-South intermediate, International E-road network - West-East intermediate, International E-road network - Class B roads

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The medieval state of Kievan Rus' incorporated parts of what is now Ukraine and was centered around Kiev. Its influence on architectural tradition extended to the modern states of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. The status of Kievan Rus' as a precursor state to Russia is a somewhat politically charged issue after the fall of Soviet Union and the independence of Ukraine and Belarus. The great churches of Kievan Rus', built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lan ...

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Russian architecture, Russian architecture - Medieval Rus' 988–1230, Russian architecture - Early Muscovite period 1230–1530, Russian architecture - Middle Muscovite period 1530–1630, Russian architecture - Late Muscovite period 1612–1712, Russian architecture - Imperial Russia 1712–1917, Russian architecture - Modern Russia since 1917

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In 1235 Batu, who earlier had directed the conquest of the Crimea, was assigned an army of possibly 130,000 (actually commanded by Subutai) to oversee an invasion of Europe. The army crossed the Volga and invaded Volga Bulgaria in 1236. It took them a year to extinguish resistance to the Volga Bulgarians, Kypchaks, and Alani. In November 1237 Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II of Vladimir and demanded his allegiance. A month later, the hordes besieged Ryazan. After six days of the bloodiest battle, this capital was tota ...

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Batu Khan, Batu Khan - Invasion of Rus, Batu Khan - Invasion of Central Europe

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The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Early reactions. When the first modern edition of the Tale was published, questions about its authenticity have risen, mostly centered on its language. Suspicion was also fueled by contemporary fabrications (for example, the "Songs of Ossian" which were actually written by James Macpherson). Today, majority opinion accepts the authenticity of the text, based on similarity of its ...

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The Tale of Igor's Campaign, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - The plot, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Discovery and publication, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Reaction of 19th century scholars, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Authenticity, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Early reactions, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Modern developments, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Recent views

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The veche was the highest legislature and judicial authority in the republic of Novgorod until 1478. In its sister state, Pskov veche operated until 1510. Starting with the Novgorod revolution of 1137 that ousted the ruling prince, veche became the supreme state authority, although prince's power was limited in Novgorod from the start and veche was operational perhaps from the moment Novgorod was founded. After the reforms of 1410, veche was restructured on a model similar to that of Venice, becoming the Commons chamber of the parliam ...

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Veche, Veche - Veche in Kievan Rus, Veche - Veche in Novgorod, Veche - Wiec in Poland

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List of flags - A. Flag of Afghanistan - Flag of Albania - Flag of Algeria - Flag of American Samoa - Flag of Andorra - Flag of Angola - Flag of Anguilla - Flag of Antarctica - Flag of Antigua and Barbuda - Flag of Argentina - Flag of Armenia - Flag of Aruba - Flag of Australia - Flag of Austria - Flag of Azerbaijan - List of ...

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List of flags, List of flags - National flags, List of flags - A, List of flags - B, List of flags - C, List of flags - D, List of flags - E, List of flags - F, List of flags - G, List of flags - H, List of flags - I, List of flags - J, List of flags - K, List of flags - L, List of flags - M, List of flags - N, List of flags - O, List of flags - P, List of flags - Q, List of flags - R, List of flags - S, List of flags - T, List of flags - U, List of flags - V, List of flags - W, List of flags - Y, List of flags - Z, List of flags - Regional flags, List of flags - Australian states and territories, List of flags - Austrian states, List of flags - Regions communities and provinces of Belgium, List of flags - Regions and communities, List of flags - Provinces, List of flags - Brazilian states, List of flags - Canadian provinces and territories, List of flags - Provinces and territories, List of flags - Other, List of flags - Regions of England, List of flags - Regions of France, List of flags - Overseas regions, List of flags - German State flags, List of flags - Greek region of Macedonia, List of flags - Regions of Ireland, List of flags - Regions of Italy, List of flags - Provinces of the Netherlands, List of flags - Regions of Russia, List of flags - Russian republics, List of flags - Russian Krais, List of flags - Russian Oblasts, List of flags - Russian Federal cities, List of flags - Russian Autonomous oblasts, List of flags - Russian Autonomous districts, List of flags - Regions of Scotland, List of flags - States of Serbia and Montenegro, List of flags - Autonomous communities of Spain, List of flags - Cantons of Switzerland, List of flags - Subdivisions of the United Kingdom, List of flags - Constituencies, List of flags - Overseas territories, List of flags - Crown depencies, List of flags - U.S. States, List of flags - U.S. states, List of flags - Insular areas and the Federal District, List of flags - Other flags, List of flags - Historical flags, List of flags - Yugoslav Socialist Republic flags, List of flags - Soviet Republic flags, List of flags - Italian flags, List of flags - Other historical or otherwise, List of flags - Flags and Flag concepts of New Zealand, List of flags - Flags of the United States Armed Forces, List of flags - Political flags, List of flags - Religious flags, List of flags - City flags, List of flags - International flags, List of flags - Language flags, List of flags - Cultural flags, List of flags - Planets flags

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History of democracy - Prehistoric democracies. The earliest forms of democracy may have originated in the bands and tribes of prehistoric times. These groups of people, related by blood and marriage, often assigned the most senior man in each group to be its leader. As groups became larger, a method of selecting a ruler from among the elders of various family lines had to be developed. This process began to take on more of a religious nature and could become either more or less democratic. Larger societies tende ...

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History of democracy, History of democracy - Origins, History of democracy - Prehistoric democracies, History of democracy - Ancient Greece, History of democracy - Local popular institutions, History of democracy - Rise of democracy in modern national governments, History of democracy - Pre-Eighteenth century milestones, History of democracy - Eighteenth and nineteenth century milestones, History of democracy - The secret ballot, History of democracy - 20th century waves of democracy, History of democracy - Main competitors to democracy, History of democracy - Contemporary trends, History of democracy - Ideas, History of democracy - Documents, History of democracy - People, History of democracy - Events

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The origins of the League are generally traced to the foundation of the new town of Lübeck in 1158/1159 after the capture of the area by Henry the Lion of Saxony. There had been exploratory trading adventures, raids and piracy throughout this area—the sailors of Gotland sailed up rivers as far away as Novgorod—but the scale of international economy in the Baltic area was insignificant before the Hanseatic League. German domination of trade in the Baltic was achieved with striking speed over the next century and Lübeck became a central node in all the sea trade that linked the ar ...

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Hanseatic League, Hanseatic League - History, Hanseatic League - Foundation, Hanseatic League - Expansion, Hanseatic League - Zenith, Hanseatic League - Downfall, Hanseatic League - The End, Hanseatic League - Lists of former Hanse cities, Hanseatic League - Members of the Hanseatic League, Hanseatic League - Counting Houses, Hanseatic League - Other cities with a Hanse community, Hanseatic League - External link

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Thought to have originated in the mid-10th century, Staraya Russa was first mentioned in chronicles for the year 1076 as one of three main towns of the Novgorod Republic, alongside Pskov and Ladoga. Its name is derived from the time of the Varangians, who called themselves Rus and settled in the vicinity to control important trade routes leading from Novgorod to Polotsk and Kiev. The wooden settlement of Russa was burned to ashes in 1190 and 1194. In 1478, it was incorporated into Muscovy together with Novgorod. The word Staraya (Old) was prefixed to the name in the 15th century, to distinguis ...

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Staraya Russa, Staraya Russa - History, Staraya Russa - Attractions

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As with many other 19th century novels it was written and published serially, with parts of each chapter often appearing published in magazines before the first separate edition of each chapter was first printed. Many changes, some small and some large, were made from the first appearance to the very final edition made in Pushkin's lifetime. The following dates mostly come from Nabokov's study of the photographs of Pushkin's drafts that were then a ...

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Eugene Onegin, Eugene Onegin - Composition and publication, Eugene Onegin - Translations, Eugene Onegin - Summary, Eugene Onegin - In other media

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Vasily's grand nephew, Prince Vasily Vasilievich Nemoy ("the Mute") was Vasily III's taciturn aide-de-camp who accompanied him on every military campaign and came to become a grey cardinal of Muscovite politics. In 1517, he defeated Konstantin Ostrogski. Six years later, Vasily Nemoy led the Russian vessels along the Volga against Kazan. Upon the death of Vasily's widow, Elena Glinskaya, he challenged the authority of Prince Ivan Belsky, procured his incarceration, married Anastasia of Kazan (Ivan III's granddaughter) ...

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Shuisky, Shuisky - The Regency, Shuisky - Military heroes, Shuisky - The last of the Shuiskys, Shuisky - Trivia

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It was first documented in 1499 as Khotchino, a village in possession of Novgorod the Great. In the 17th century it passed to Livonia, then to Sweden, was returned to Russia in 1721 and given by Peter the Great to his sister Natalia. Catherine the Great granted it in 1765 to her favourite Count Orlov who built there a sombre castle with 600 rooms and laid out, for the first time in Russia, an extensive English landscape park. At the entrance to the park from the Gatchina road was erected a triumphal arch to a design by the architect of Gatch ...

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Gatchina, Gatchina - Early history, Gatchina - Imperial residence

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The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise to great power status under the reign of the king Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian) beginning in 1238. The duchy expanded both south and east, incorporating large quantities of former Rus lands in both directions. Expansion reached its height under Gediminas (Belarusian language: Hiedzimin) who created a strong central government and succeed in creating and empire that spread from the Black to the Baltic sea. The ease with which Lithuania built up an empire can be accredited to th ...

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - History, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Military, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Religion, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Culture, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Legacy, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Sources

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Eastern Front World War II - Invasion: Summer 1941.    to 9 July 1941 See also:

Eastern Front World War II, Eastern Front World War II - Overview, Eastern Front World War II - Background, Eastern Front World War II - Operations, Eastern Front World War II - Invasion: Summer 1941, Eastern Front World War II - Moscow and Rostov: Autumn 1941, Eastern Front World War II - Soviet counter-offensive: Winter 1941, Eastern Front World War II - Don Volga and Caucasus: Summer 1942, Eastern Front World War II - Stalingrad: Winter 1942, Eastern Front World War II - Kursk: Summer 1943, Eastern Front World War II - Eastern Front in Fall and Winter 1943, Eastern Front World War II - Eastern Front in Summer 1944, Eastern Front World War II - Eastern Europe: January–March 1945, Eastern Front World War II - End of War: April–May 1945, Eastern Front World War II - Leadership, Eastern Front World War II - Occupation and repression, Eastern Front World War II - Industrial output, Eastern Front World War II - Casualties

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The area where Vyborg is located used to be a trading center on River Vuoksi's western branch, which has been dried up. The area used to be inhabited by the Karelians, a Finnic tribe which gradually came under the domination of Novgorod and Sweden. The first castle of Viborg was founded during the third Swedish crusade in 1293 by the marshal Torkel Knutsson. The castle was fought over for centuries between Sweden and the Republic of Novgorod. By the treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 Viborg was final ...

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Vyborg, Vyborg - History, Vyborg - 20th-century vicissitudes, Vyborg - Economics, Vyborg - Sights

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Arles - Roman Arles. Arles is an ancient town, having been established by the Greeks as early as the 6th century BC under the name of Theline. It was captured by the Celtic Saluvii in 535 BC, who renamed it to Arelate. The Romans took the town in 123 BC and expanded it into an important city, with a canal link to the Mediterranean Sea being constructed in 104 BC. However, it struggled to escape the shadow of Massalia (Ma ...

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Arles, Arles - Geography, Arles - History, Arles - Roman Arles, Arles - Medieval Arles, Arles - Modern Arles, Arles - Economy, Arles - Sights, Arles - Miscellaneous, Arles - People, Arles - Twin towns

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Ostland was one of the Reichskommissariats established, by a Decree of the Fuehrer dated 17 July 1941, as administrative units of the "Großdeutsches Reich" (Greater Germany). They were subject to Reichsleiter Alfred Rosenberg[citation needed], Minister fur die besetzten Ostgebiete (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories). The structure of the Reichskommissariats was defined by the same decree. An instruction for the administrators (the Allgemeine Instruktion für alle Reichskommissar in der besetzten Ostgebieten) of the territories was prepared by Reic ...

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Reichskommissariat Ostland, Reichskommissariat Ostland - Civil organisation, Reichskommissariat Ostland - Structure, Reichskommissariat Ostland - Administration, Reichskommissariat Ostland - State property, Reichskommissariat Ostland - Exploitation, Reichskommissariat Ostland - German settlement, Reichskommissariat Ostland - Jews, Reichskommissariat Ostland - Partisans, Reichskommissariat Ostland - Baltic nationalist and political leaders, Reichskommissariat Ostland - Sources

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Peter Berngardovich Struve - Marxist Theoretician. Peter Struve is probably the best known member of the Russian branch of the Struve family. Son of Bernhard Struve (Astrakhan and later Perm governor) and grandson of astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, he entered the Natural Sciences Department of the University of Saint Petersburg in 1889 and transferred to its law school in 1890. While there, he became interested in Marxism, attended Marxist and narodniki (populist) meetings (where he met his future ...

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Peter Berngardovich Struve, Peter Berngardovich Struve - Biography, Peter Berngardovich Struve - Marxist Theoretician, Peter Berngardovich Struve - Liberal Politician, Peter Berngardovich Struve - Opponent of Bolshevism, Peter Berngardovich Struve - Descendants, Peter Berngardovich Struve - Notes, Peter Berngardovich Struve - Works in English, Peter Berngardovich Struve - Works in Russian

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