Pskov

This time the invaders came to stay, and they built for themselves a capital, called Sarai, on the lower Volga. Here the commander of the Golden Horde, as the western section of the Mongol empire was called, fixed his golden headquarters and represented the majesty of his sovereign the grand khan who lived with the Great Horde in the Orkhon Valley of the Amur. Here they had their headquarters and held Russia in subjection for nearly three centuries. The term by which this subjection is commonly designated, the Mongol or Tatar yoke, su ...

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Mongol invasion of Rus, Mongol invasion of Rus - Background, Mongol invasion of Rus - Invasion of Batu Khan, Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke, Mongol invasion of Rus - 13th-century Mongol punitive expeditions to Russia, Mongol invasion of Rus - Influence, Mongol invasion of Rus - Successors of the Golden Horde

Read more here: » Mongol invasion of Rus: Encyclopedia II - Mongol invasion of Rus - The age of Tatar yoke

Nikon, supported by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676), gathered a home council and convinced the clergy of the need to compare Russian typicons and missals with Greek ones. Monasteries from all over Russia were requested to send typicons and missals to Moscow in order to subject them to a comparative analysis. It is obvious that this would have taken many years of conscientious scientific research and would not give an unambiguous result, for it would only hav ...

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Old Believers, Old Believers - History, Old Believers - The rubrics of Studion, Old Believers - Reform based on books used by Greeks unified with Rome, Old Believers - Philosophy, Old Believers - Differences between the Old Believers and new style Russian Orthodoxy, Old Believers - Denominations, Old Believers - Break-off sects, Old Believers - Similarities between Old believers and Protestants, Old Believers - Modern situation, Old Believers - Old Believer Churches

Read more here: » Old Believers: Encyclopedia II - Old Believers - Reform based on books used by Greeks unified with Rome

International E-road network - North-South reference. E05 - Greenock - Glasgow - Preston - Birmingham - Southampton ... Le Havre - Paris - Orléans - Bordeaux - San Sebastian - Madrid - Sevilla - Algeciras E15 - Inverness - Perth - Edinburgh - Newcastle - London - Folkestone - Dover ... Calais - Paris - Lyon - Orange - Narbonne - Girona - Barcelona - Tarragona - Castellón de la Plana - Valencia - Alicante - Murcia - Almería - Málaga - Algeciras E25 - Hoek van Holland - Rotterdam - Eindh ...

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International E-road network, International E-road network - Numbering system, International E-road network - Exceptions, International E-road network - Notes to the listings, International E-road network - Class A roads, International E-road network - North-South reference, International E-road network - West-East reference, International E-road network - North-South intermediate, International E-road network - West-East intermediate, International E-road network - Class B roads, International E-road network - Signage

Read more here: » International E-road network: Encyclopedia II - International E-road network - Class A roads

Jogaila (or Jagiełło) was from the Gediminid dynasty of dukes and grand dukes of Lithuania. His father was Algirdas (or Olgierd, ruled 1345-1377), duke of Lithuania, a son of Gediminas. He was born in Vilnius, Lithuania. With the Union of Krewo in 1385, Jagiello married Queen Jadwiga of Poland (who was then only 11 years old) and established the Jagiellonian dynasty, which would rule in Poland and Lithuania until 1572. At the same time, Jagiello accepted Roman Catholicism, as did some other Lithuanian nobles. Thus he b ...

See also:

Władysław II Jagiełło, Władysław II Jagiełło - Royal title, Władysław II Jagiełło - Biography, Władysław II Jagiełło - Dynastic Relations, Władysław II Jagiełło - Mother, Władysław II Jagiełło - Father, Władysław II Jagiełło - Wives, Władysław II Jagiełło - Brothers, Władysław II Jagiełło - Sisters, Władysław II Jagiełło - Sons, Władysław II Jagiełło - Daughters, Władysław II Jagiełło - Bibliography

Read more here: » Władysław II Jagiełło: Encyclopedia II - Władysław II Jagiełło - Biography

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise under the reign of Grand Duke Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian) beginning in 1238. Mindaugas was baptized in 1252 and crowned King of Lithuania in 1253 (in 1260, he abandoned Christianity). After him there was a fight among Lithuanian dukes, but the state survived. The duchy expanded southward and eastward, incorporating large parts of Ruthenia. The expansion reached its heights under Gediminas (Belarusian language: Hiedzimin), who created a strong central government and establish ...

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - History, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Military, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Religion, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Culture, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Legacy, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Sources

Read more here: » Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Encyclopedia II - Grand Duchy of Lithuania - History

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise to the great power status under the reign of Grand Duke Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian) beginning in 1238. Mindaugas became baptized in 1252 and crowned King of Lithuania in 1253 (in 1260, he renounced Christianity). After him there was a fight among Lithuanian dukes, but the state survived. The duchy expanded southward and eastward, incorporating large parts of Rus. The expansion reached its height under Gediminas (Belarusian language: Hiedzimin), who created a strong central g ...

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - History, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Military, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Religion, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Culture, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Legacy, Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Sources

Read more here: » Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Encyclopedia II - Grand Duchy of Lithuania - History

Nicholas was born in Saint Petersburg, the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and his Empress Maria Fyodorovna (born Princess Dagmar of Denmark). His paternal grandparents were Alexander II of Russia and his first consort Maximilienne Wilhelmine Marie of Hesse and the Rhine. His maternal grandparents were Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse. Nicholas was seen as too soft by his hard, demanding father who, not anticipating his own premature death, did nothing to prepare his son for the crown. Nicholas fell in love with Princes ...

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Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia - Family background and early life, Nicholas II of Russia - Family, Nicholas II of Russia - Relationship with the Duma, Nicholas II of Russia - Tsarevich Alexei's illness, Nicholas II of Russia - The Great War, Nicholas II of Russia - Revolution and abdication, Nicholas II of Russia - Death, Nicholas II of Russia - Sainthood, Nicholas II of Russia - Footnotes

Read more here: » Nicholas II of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Nicholas II of Russia - Family background and early life

In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia, of the Moscovian dynasty, changed his title from "Veliki Kniaz (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the whole Rus" as a symbol of change in the nature of the Russian state. In 1721 Peter I adopted the title Emperor (Император [Imperator]), by which he and his heirs were recognised, and which continued to be used informally as a synonym of Tsar. Actually, the new style was adopted precisely to underline a claim that Russia, by now a rising major power in Europe, invoking a marria ...

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Tsar, Tsar - Etymology and spelling, Tsar - History of usage, Tsar - Bulgaria, Tsar - Russia, Tsar - Full title of Russian tsars, Tsar - Titles in the Russian Royal/Imperial family, Tsar - Notes, Tsar - Serbia, Tsar - Metaphorical uses, Tsar - Sources and References

Read more here: » Tsar: Encyclopedia II - Tsar - Russia

This would-be Dmitriy appears in history circa 1600, when his learning and assurance seem to have greatly impressed the Muscovite patriarch Jove. Tsar Boris, however, ordered him to be seized and examined, whereupon he fled to Prince Constantine Ostrogsky at Ostrog (modern Ostroh), and subsequently entered the service of another Lithuanian family, Wisniowiecki's. Princes Adam and Michał Wiśniowiecki, accepted him for what he pretended to be, as this would present a very interesti ...

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False Dmitriy I, False Dmitriy I - Background of the pretender, False Dmitriy I - Way to the Russian throne, False Dmitriy I - His policies as a tsar, False Dmitriy I - Portrayals in literature

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He inherited a vast domain, comprising Lithuania proper, Samogitia, Red Russia, Polotsk and Minsk; but these possessions were environed by powerful and greedy foes, the most dangerous of them being the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. The systematic raiding of Lithuania by the knights under the pretext of converting it had long since united all the Lithuanian tribes against the common enemy; but Gediminas aimed at establishing a dynasty which should make Lithuania not merely secure but mighty, and for this purpose he ...

See also:

Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Origin, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Choice of religion, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Incorporation of Slavic lands, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Domestic affairs, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Father, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Wives, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Brothers, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Sons, Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Daughters

Read more here: » Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania: Encyclopedia II - Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania - Choice of religion

Eastern Front World War II - Invasion: Summer 1941. ██ to 9 July 1941 ██ to 1 September 1941 ██ to 9 September 1941 See also:

Eastern Front World War II, Eastern Front World War II - Overview, Eastern Front World War II - Background, Eastern Front World War II - Operations, Eastern Front World War II - Invasion: Summer 1941, Eastern Front World War II - Moscow and Rostov: Autumn 1941, Eastern Front World War II - Soviet counter-offensive: Winter 1941, Eastern Front World War II - Don Volga and Caucasus: Summer 1942, Eastern Front World War II - Stalingrad: Winter 1942, Eastern Front World War II - Kursk: Summer 1943, Eastern Front World War II - Eastern Front in Fall and Winter 1943, Eastern Front World War II - Eastern Front in Summer 1944, Eastern Front World War II - Eastern Europe: January–March 1945, Eastern Front World War II - End of War: April–May 1945, Eastern Front World War II - Leadership, Eastern Front World War II - Occupation and repression, Eastern Front World War II - Industrial output, Eastern Front World War II - Casualties

Read more here: » Eastern Front World War II: Encyclopedia II - Eastern Front World War II - Operations

He inherited a vast domain, comprising Lithuania proper, Samogitia, Red Russia, Polotsk and Minsk; but these possessions were environed by powerful and greedy foes, the most dangerous of them being the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. The systematic raiding of Lithuania by the knights under the pretext of converting it had long since united all the Lithuanian tribes against the common enemy; but Gediminas aimed at establishing a dynasty which should make Lithuania not merely secure but mighty, and for this purpose he ...

See also:

Gediminas of Lithuania, Gediminas of Lithuania - Origin, Gediminas of Lithuania - Choice of religion, Gediminas of Lithuania - Incorporation of Slavic lands, Gediminas of Lithuania - Domestic affairs, Gediminas of Lithuania - Father, Gediminas of Lithuania - Wives, Gediminas of Lithuania - Brothers, Gediminas of Lithuania - Sons, Gediminas of Lithuania - Daughters

Read more here: » Gediminas of Lithuania: Encyclopedia II - Gediminas of Lithuania - Choice of religion

Cathedral of the Dormition - Construction. In the 14th century, Metropolitan Peter persuaded Ivan I (Ivan Kalita) that he should build a cathedral to the Holy Virgin in Moscow like the Cathedral of the Dormition in the capital city Vladimir. Construction of the cathedral began on August 4, 1326. In the following year, Moscow became the capital of the Vladimir-Suzdal' principality, and later of all Rus. By the end of the 15th century the old cathedral had become dilapidated, and in 1472 the Pskov architects ...

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Cathedral of the Dormition, Cathedral of the Dormition - Uspensky Sobor Moscow Kremlin, Cathedral of the Dormition - Construction, Cathedral of the Dormition - History, Cathedral of the Dormition - External link

Read more here: » Cathedral of the Dormition: Encyclopedia II - Cathedral of the Dormition - Uspensky Sobor Moscow Kremlin

Russian birch bark writings (Russian: берестяная грамота, berestyanaya gramota) are dated to 11th — 15th centuries. The first one was found on July 26, 1951 during excavations in Novgorod in a layer dated to the 14th-15th century junction. Since then the number of finds is close to 1,000 in several other historical Russian and other East Slavic towns: Staraya Russa, Smolensk, Torzhok, Pskov, Tver, Moscow, Ryazan, Zvenigorod Volynsky (Ukraine), Vitsebsk (Belarus), Mstislavl (Belarus). These findings considerably changed the understand ...

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Birch bark document, Birch bark document - Russian culture, Birch bark document - Oldest Finnic language text, Birch bark document - India

Read more here: » Birch bark document: Encyclopedia II - Birch bark document - Russian culture

Jogaila was from the Gediminid dynasty of dukes and grand dukes of Lithuania. His father was Algirdas (or Olgierd, ruled 1345-1377), duke of Lithuania, a son of Gediminas. He was born in Vilnius, Lithuania. With the Union of Krewo in 1385, Jogaila married Queen Jadwiga of Poland (who was then only 11 years old) and established the Jagiellonian dynasty, which would rule in Poland and Lithuania until 1572. At the same time, Jogaila accepted Roman Catholicism, as did some other Lithuanian nobles. Thus he became King Władysław II Jagie� ...

See also:

Władysław II Jagiełło, Władysław II Jagiełło - Royal title, Władysław II Jagiełło - Biography, Władysław II Jagiełło - Dynastic Relations, Władysław II Jagiełło - Mother, Władysław II Jagiełło - Father, Władysław II Jagiełło - Wives, Władysław II Jagiełło - Brothers, Władysław II Jagiełło - Sisters, Władysław II Jagiełło - Sons, Władysław II Jagiełło - Daughters, Władysław II Jagiełło - Bibliography

Read more here: » Władysław II Jagiełło: Encyclopedia II - Władysław II Jagiełło - Biography

In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia, of the Moscovian dynasty, changed his title from "Veliki Kniaz (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the whole Rus" as a symbol of change in the nature of the Russian state. In 1721 Peter I adopted the title Emperor (Император [Imperator]), by which he and his heirs were recognised, and which continued to be used informally as synonym of Tsar. Actually the new style was adopted precisely to underline a claim that Russia, by now a rising major power in Europe, invoking a marriage ...

See also:

Tsar, Tsar - Etymology and spelling, Tsar - Imperium maius, Tsar - History of usage, Tsar - Bulgaria, Tsar - Russia, Tsar - Full title of Russian tsars, Tsar - Titles for Russian Tsar's family, Tsar - Notes, Tsar - Serbia, Tsar - Sources an References

Read more here: » Tsar: Encyclopedia II - Tsar - Russia

The irregular triangle of the Kremlin walls encloses an area of 275,000 square metres (68 acres). Cathedral Square is the heart of the Kremlin. It is surrounded by six buildings, including three cathedrals. The Cathedral of the Dormition was completed in 1479 to be the main church of Moscow and where all the Tsars were crowned. The massive limestone facade, capped with its five golden cupolas was the design of Fioravanti. The gilded, three-domed Cathedral of the Annunciation was completed next in 1489, only to be reconstructed to a ni ...

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Moscow Kremlin, Moscow Kremlin - History, Moscow Kremlin - Buildings, Moscow Kremlin - Political figures of speech, Moscow Kremlin - External link

Read more here: » Moscow Kremlin: Encyclopedia II - Moscow Kremlin - Buildings

Stefan Batory was elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after Henryk III Walezy had abandoned Poland to become King of France. Batory married Anna Jagiellon, daughter of King Zygmunt I the Old. The Hanse city of Gdańsk (German:Danzig) had backed Emperor Maximilian II in his attempt to become King of Poland. Stefan Báthory, upon becoming King of Poland, attacked Gdańsk and tried to take it by military force. Báthory was able to defeat Gdańsk's mercenary army in open field, but he was unable t ...

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Stefan Batory, Stefan Batory - Biography

Read more here: » Stefan Batory: Encyclopedia II - Stefan Batory - Biography

Siege of Leningrad - Food. On September 2 rations were reduced: the workers had 600 grams of bread daily, employees - 400, children and dependants - 300. A huge amount of grain, flour and sugar was wiped out on September 8 due to a lack of measures on air defence. During several days after the siege was set, however, it was possible to eat in some "commercial" restaurants which used up to 12% of all fats and up to 10% of all meat the city consumed. On September 12, 1942 it was calculated that the provisions both ...

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Siege of Leningrad, Siege of Leningrad - German offensive, Siege of Leningrad - Finnish offensive, Siege of Leningrad - Supplies, Siege of Leningrad - Food, Siege of Leningrad - Power and energy, Siege of Leningrad - The Road of Life, Siege of Leningrad - Soviet counter-offensive, Siege of Leningrad - Cultural influence, Siege of Leningrad - Bibliography

Read more here: » Siege of Leningrad: Encyclopedia II - Siege of Leningrad - Supplies

Algirdas was one of the seven sons of the famous grand duke Gediminas among whom on his death in 1341 he divided his domains, leaving the youngest, Jaunutis, in possession of the capital, Vilnius, with a nominal priority. With the aid of his brother Kęstutis, Algirdas in 1345 drove out the incapable Jaunutis and declared himself grand duke. The two and thirty years of his reign (1345-1377) were devoted to the development and extension of Lithuania, and he lived to make i ...

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Algirdas, Algirdas - Background, Algirdas - Expansion of Lithuania, Algirdas - Assessment, Algirdas - Mother, Algirdas - Father, Algirdas - Wives, Algirdas - Brothers, Algirdas - Sisters, Algirdas - Sons, Algirdas - Daughters

Read more here: » Algirdas: Encyclopedia II - Algirdas - Background

He was the son of a poor official at Pskov, who saw to it that his son was taught Latin, German and mathematics. Ordin began his public career in 1642 alone of the delineators of the new Russo-Swedish frontier after the peace of Stolbovo. Even then he had a great reputation in Russia as one who thoroughly understood German ways and things. He was one of the first Russians who diligently collected foreign books, and we hear of as many as ...

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Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin, Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin - Early life and career, Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin - Diplomatic missions, Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin - Later life and achievements

Read more here: » Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin: Encyclopedia II - Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin - Early life and career