Pskov - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Pskov: Encyclopedia Ii - Pskov - Early History
The name of the city, originally spelled Pleskov, may be loosely translated as "the town of purling waters". Its earliest mention comes i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vasili Ii Of Russia: Encyclopedia - Vasili Ii Of Russia
Vasili II Vasiliyevich Tyomniy (Blind) (Василий II Васильевич Тёмный in Russian) (March 10, 1415 – March 27, 146...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tsar: Encyclopedia - Tsar
Tsar (Bulgarian and Serbian цар, Russian царь ▶ (help·info)), often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English),...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Birch Bark Document: Encyclopedia - Birch Bark Document
A Birch bark document is a document written on pieces of birch bark. Such documents existed in several cultures. Birch bark document - Ru...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1510: Encyclopedia - 1510
1510 - Events. Conquest of Pskov by Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy. Formation of the Holy League to defend the Italian States. Pet...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vasili Iii Of Russia: Encyclopedia - Vasili Iii Of Russia
Vasili III Ivanovich (Russian: Василий III Иванович, also Basil) (March 25, 1479 – December 3, 1533) was the Grand Princ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Batu Khan: Encyclopedia - Batu Khan
Batu Khan (Russian: Batyi, Батый) (c. 1205 - 1255) was a Mongol ruler, founder of the Kipchak Khanate. The term "Kipchak" came from ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arles: Encyclopedia - Arles
Arles (Arle in Provençal) is a city in the south of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône département, of which it is a sous-préfecture, in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alexander Nevsky Film: Encyclopedia - Alexander Nevsky Film
Alexander Nevsky is a film directed by Sergei Eisenstein and Dmitry Vasiliev released in 1938, during the Stalin era, with Nikolai Cherka...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kronstadt: Encyclopedia Ii - Kronstadt - History
Kronstadt was founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703, when the first fortifications we...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kronstadt: Encyclopedia Ii - Kronstadt - History
Kronstadt was founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703, when the first fortifications we...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Konstantin Rokossovsky: Encyclopedia Ii - Konstantin Rokossovsky - Biography
Konstantin Rokossovsky was born in the town of Velikie Luki near Pskov in northern Russia, the son of a Polish railway worker and a Russi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vasili Ii Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Vasili Ii Of Russia - First Ten Years Of Internecine Struggle
Vasily II was the eldest son of Vasili I Dmitriyevich by Sofia, the only daughter of Vytautas the Great. On his father's death he was pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peter I Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Peter I Of Russia - Early Life
Peter, the son of Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia and his second wife, Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, was born in Moscow. Alexei I had pre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nijmegen: Encyclopedia Ii - Nijmegen - The City Of Nijmegen
Nijmegen - International Four Days Marches Nijmegen. Nijmegen is famous for the International Four Days Marches Nijmegen also known as ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Old East Slavic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Old East Slavic Language - Literary Language Of Kievan Rus
The political unification of the region into the state called Kievan Rus, from which modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine trace their origi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Order Of Battle At The Austerlitz Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Order Of Battle At The Austerlitz Campaign - La Grande Armée D'allemagne
The French army was under the supreme command of Emperor Napoleon, with Marshal Louis Alexandre Berthier as his chief of staff. The overa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicholas Ii Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicholas Ii Of Russia - Family Background And Early Life
Nicholas was the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and his Empress Maria Fyodorovna (born Princess Dagmar of Denmark). His paternal gra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Northern Crusades: Encyclopedia Ii - Northern Crusades - Subjugation Of Livonians And Estonians
Between 1030 and 1197 pagan Estonia was attacked no less than thirteen times by Russians and also by Sweden and Denmark. In addition to m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Novgorod: Encyclopedia Ii - Novgorod - History
Main article: Novgorod Republic Novgorod is the most ancient Slavic city recorded in Russia. The chronicle first mentions it in 859, when...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mongol Invasion Of Rus: Encyclopedia Ii - Mongol Invasion Of Rus - The Age Of Tatar Yoke
This time the invaders came to stay, and they built for themselves a capital, called Sarai, on the lower Volga. Here the commander of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Old Believers: Encyclopedia Ii - Old Believers - Reform Based On Books Used By Greeks Unified With Rome
Nikon, supported by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676), gathered a home council and convinced the clergy of the need to compare Russian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International E-road Network: Encyclopedia Ii - International E-road Network - Class A Roads
International E-road network - North-South reference. E05 - Greenock - Glasgow - Preston - Birmingham - Southampton ... Le Havre - Par...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Władysław Ii Jagiełło: Encyclopedia Ii - Władysław Ii Jagiełło - Biography
Jogaila (or Jagiełło) was from the Gediminid dynasty of dukes and grand dukes of Lithuania. His father was Algirdas (or Olgierd, ruled ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania - History
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise under the reign of Grand Duke Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian) beginning in 1238. Mindau...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania - History
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise to the great power status under the reign of Grand Duke Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicholas Ii Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicholas Ii Of Russia - Family Background And Early Life
Nicholas was born in Saint Petersburg, the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and his Empress Maria Fyodorovna (born Princess Dagmar of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tsar: Encyclopedia Ii - Tsar - Russia
In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia, of the Moscovian dynasty, changed his title from "Veliki Kniaz (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - False Dmitriy I: Encyclopedia Ii - False Dmitriy I - Background Of The Pretender
This would-be Dmitriy appears in history circa 1600, when his learning and assurance seem to have greatly impressed the Muscovite patriar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gediminas Grand Duke Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Gediminas Grand Duke Of Lithuania - Choice Of Religion
He inherited a vast domain, comprising Lithuania proper, Samogitia, Red Russia, Polotsk and Minsk; but these possessions were environed b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eastern Front World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Eastern Front World War Ii - Operations
Eastern Front World War II - Invasion: Summer 1941. ██ to 9 July 1941 ██ to 1 September 1941 ██ to 9 Septemb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gediminas Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Gediminas Of Lithuania - Choice Of Religion
He inherited a vast domain, comprising Lithuania proper, Samogitia, Red Russia, Polotsk and Minsk; but these possessions were environed b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cathedral Of The Dormition: Encyclopedia Ii - Cathedral Of The Dormition - Uspensky Sobor Moscow Kremlin
Cathedral of the Dormition - Construction. In the 14th century, Metropolitan Peter persuaded Ivan I (Ivan Kalita) that he should build ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Birch Bark Document: Encyclopedia Ii - Birch Bark Document - Russian Culture
Russian birch bark writings (Russian: берестяная грамота, berestyanaya gramota) are dated to 11th — 15th centuries. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Władysław Ii Jagiełło: Encyclopedia Ii - Władysław Ii Jagiełło - Biography
Jogaila was from the Gediminid dynasty of dukes and grand dukes of Lithuania. His father was Algirdas (or Olgierd, ruled 1345-1377), duke...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tsar: Encyclopedia Ii - Tsar - Russia
In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia, of the Moscovian dynasty, changed his title from "Veliki Kniaz (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moscow Kremlin: Encyclopedia Ii - Moscow Kremlin - Buildings
The irregular triangle of the Kremlin walls encloses an area of 275,000 square metres (68 acres). Cathedral Square is the heart of the Kr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stefan Batory: Encyclopedia Ii - Stefan Batory - Biography
Stefan Batory was elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after Henryk III Walezy had abandoned Poland to become King of Franc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Siege Of Leningrad: Encyclopedia Ii - Siege Of Leningrad - Supplies
Siege of Leningrad - Food. On September 2 rations were reduced: the workers had 600 grams of bread daily, employees - 400, children and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Algirdas: Encyclopedia Ii - Algirdas - Background
Algirdas was one of the seven sons of the famous grand duke Gediminas among whom on his death in 1341 he divided his domains, leaving the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afanasy Ordin-nashchokin: Encyclopedia Ii - Afanasy Ordin-nashchokin - Early Life And Career
He was the son of a poor official at Pskov, who saw to it that his son was taught Latin, German and mathematics. Ordin began his public c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Period Of Soviet And German Occupation
History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR. On June 16-17, 1940, the Soviet troops occupied the whole territory of Estonia and deman...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russkaya Pravda: Encyclopedia Ii - Russkaya Pravda - Institutions
“Pravda Yaroslavichey” increased responsibility of a given community for killing knyaz’es soldiers, tiuns (“tiun”, a privileged...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Novgorod Republic: Encyclopedia Ii - Novgorod Republic - Economy
The economy of the NFR was mainly based on farming and cattle breeding. Hunting, beekeeping, and fishing were also widely spread. In most...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ivan Iii Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Ivan Iii Of Russia - Gathering Of Russian Lands
His first enterprise was a war with the republic of Novgorod, which, alarmed at the growing dominancy of Muscovy, had placed herself bene...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International E-road Network: Encyclopedia Ii - International E-road Network - Class A Roads
International E-road network - North-South reference. E05 - Greenock - Glasgow - Preston - Birmingham - Southampton ... Le Havre - Par...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Architecture: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Architecture - Medieval Rus' 988–1230
The medieval state of Kievan Rus' incorporated parts of what is now Ukraine and was centered around Kiev. Its influence on architectural ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Batu Khan: Encyclopedia Ii - Batu Khan - Invasion Of Rus
In 1235 Batu, who earlier had directed the conquest of the Crimea, was assigned an army of possibly 130,000 (actually commanded by Subuta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Tale Of Igor's Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - The Tale Of Igor's Campaign - Authenticity
The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Early reactions. When the first modern edition of the Tale was published, questions about its authenticit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Veche: Encyclopedia Ii - Veche - Veche In Novgorod
The veche was the highest legislature and judicial authority in the republic of Novgorod until 1478. In its sister state, Pskov veche ope...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Flags: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Flags - National Flags
List of flags - A. Flag of Afghanistan - Flag of Albania - Flag of Algeria - Flag of American Samoa - Flag of Andorra - Flag of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Democracy - Origins
History of democracy - Prehistoric democracies. The earliest forms of democracy may have originated in the bands and tribes of prehisto...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanseatic League: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanseatic League - History
The origins of the League are generally traced to the foundation of the new town of Lübeck in 1158/1159 after the capture of the area by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Staraya Russa: Encyclopedia Ii - Staraya Russa - History
Thought to have originated in the mid-10th century, Staraya Russa was first mentioned in chronicles for the year 1076 as one of three mai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eugene Onegin: Encyclopedia Ii - Eugene Onegin - Composition And Publication
As with many other 19th century novels it was written and published serially, with parts of each chapter often appearing published in mag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shuisky: Encyclopedia Ii - Shuisky - The Regency
Vasily's grand nephew, Prince Vasily Vasilievich Nemoy ("the Mute") was Vasily III's taciturn aide-de-camp who accompanied him on every m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gatchina: Encyclopedia Ii - Gatchina - Early History
It was first documented in 1499 as Khotchino, a village in possession of Novgorod the Great. In the 17th century it passed to Livonia, th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania - History
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise to great power status under the reign of the king Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian) begin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eastern Front World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Eastern Front World War Ii - Operations
Eastern Front World War II - Invasion: Summer 1941.    to 9 July 1941    » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vyborg: Encyclopedia Ii - Vyborg - History
The area where Vyborg is located used to be a trading center on River Vuoksi's western branch, which has been dried up. The area used to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arles: Encyclopedia Ii - Arles - History
Arles - Roman Arles. Arles is an ancient town, having been established by the Greeks as early as the 6th century BC under the name of T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reichskommissariat Ostland: Encyclopedia Ii - Reichskommissariat Ostland - Civil Organisation
Ostland was one of the Reichskommissariats established, by a Decree of the Fuehrer dated 17 July 1941, as administrative units of the "Gr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peter Berngardovich Struve: Encyclopedia Ii - Peter Berngardovich Struve - Biography
Peter Berngardovich Struve - Marxist Theoretician. Peter Struve is probably the best known member of the Russian branch of the Struve f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pskov Oblast: Encyclopedia Ii - Pskov Oblast - Geography
Pskov Oblast - Time zone. Pskov Oblast is located in the Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). UTC offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD). ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mongol Invasion Of Rus: Encyclopedia Ii - Mongol Invasion Of Rus - The Age Of Tatar Yoke
This time the invaders came to stay, and they built for themselves a capital, called Sarai, on the lower Volga. Here the commander of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Twin Towns And Sister Cities: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Twin Towns And Sister Cities - Europe
List of twin towns and sister cities - Albania. Tirana - Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996) List of twin towns and sister citie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Modest Mussorgsky: Encyclopedia Ii - Modest Mussorgsky - Life
Mussorgsky was born in Karevo in the province of Pskov, 400km SSE of St. Petersburg. Mussorgsky's wealthy and land-owning family reputedl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Independence
The first period of independence lasted 22 years, beginning in 1918. Estonia underwent a number of economic, social, and political reform...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania - Military
Despite Lithuania's mainly peaceful acquisition of much of its Ruthenian holdings it could call upon military strength if needed and were...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Time Line
History of Estonia - Prehistory. 98 Roman historian Tacitus writes in the book Germania about aesti tribes, but it is not clear if he ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Tale Of Igor's Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - The Tale Of Igor's Campaign - The Plot
The plot of this classic work is based on a failed raid of Kniaz Igor Svyatoslavich of Novhorod-Siverskyy (of the Chernihiv principality ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Regaining Independence
Despite the emergence of the Popular Front and the Supreme Soviet as a new lawmaking body, since 1989 the different segments of the indig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania - Military
Despite Lithuania's mainly peaceful conquest of much of its Rus holdings it could call upon potent military strength if needed and were t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gediminas Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Gediminas Of Lithuania - Domestic Affairs
His internal administration bears all the marks of a wise ruler. He protected the Catholic as well as the Orthodox clergy, encouraging th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International E-road Network: Encyclopedia Ii - International E-road Network - Signage
The European routes are signposted with a green number sign like this: There are different strategies for determining how frequently to s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Tale Of Igor's Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - The Tale Of Igor's Campaign - Discovery And Publication
The only manuscript of the Tale, dated to 1400s, was discovered in 1795, in the library of a Yaroslavl monastery, where the first library...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gediminas Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Gediminas Of Lithuania - Incorporation Of Slavic Lands
While on his guard against his northern foes, Gediminas from 1316 to 1340 was aggrandizing himself at the expense of the numerous Slavoni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gediminas Grand Duke Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Gediminas Grand Duke Of Lithuania - Incorporation Of Slavic Lands
While on his guard against his northern foes, Gediminas from 1316 to 1340 was aggrandizing himself at the expense of the numerous Slavoni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gediminas Grand Duke Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Gediminas Grand Duke Of Lithuania - Domestic Affairs
His internal administration bears all the marks of a wise ruler. He protected the Catholic as well as the Orthodox clergy, encouraging th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vyborg: Encyclopedia Ii - Vyborg - 20th-century Vicissitudes
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the fall of the Russian Empire, Finland declared itself independent. During the Finnish Civi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Pre-history
Human settlement became possible when the ice, from the last glacial era, melted away 11,000–13,000 years ago. The oldest known settlem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Veche: Encyclopedia Ii - Veche - Wiec In Poland
The first legendary Polish ruler, Siemowit, who started the Piast dynasty, was chosen by a wiec according to Gallus Anonymus. The idea of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vyborg: Encyclopedia Ii - Vyborg - Economics
Following the town's return to Russia, its name officially reverted to Vyborg. During the Soviet era, the town was settled by people from...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Part Of Imperial Russia
Sweden's defeat by Russia in the Great Northern War in 1721 resulted in the Treaty of Nystad, and Russian rule was then imposed on what l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Tale Of Igor's Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - The Tale Of Igor's Campaign - Reaction Of 19th Century Scholars
A passage on Vseslav the Werewolf In the seventh age of Troyan, Vseslav cast lots for the damsel he wooed. By subterfuge, propping himsel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russkaya Pravda: Encyclopedia Ii - Russkaya Pravda - Genesis And Evolution
“RP”s legal regulations reflected the evolution of the social relations in the Rus' of the 11-13 centuries. Common law, Knyaz legisla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mongol Invasion Of Rus: Encyclopedia Ii - Mongol Invasion Of Rus - Influence
The influence of the Mongol invasion on the territories of Kievan Rus' was uneven. Centers such as Kiev never recovered from the devastat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicholas Ii Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicholas Ii Of Russia - Tsarevich Alexei's Illness
Further complicating domestic matters was the matter of the succession. Alexandra bore him four daughters before their son Alexei was bor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reichskommissariat Ostland: Encyclopedia Ii - Reichskommissariat Ostland - German Settlement
The political objectives, as defined by Alfred Rosenberg, were the removal of the "Großrussische" (Russian expansion) threat to the Reic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reichskommissariat Ostland: Encyclopedia Ii - Reichskommissariat Ostland - Jews
At the time of the German invasion, in June 1941, there were significant Jewish minorities in Ostland, nearly 480,000 people. To these we...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mongol Invasion Of Rus: Encyclopedia Ii - Mongol Invasion Of Rus - Invasion Of Batu Khan
The vast Mongol hordes of some 150,000 mounted archers, commanded by Batu Khan and Subutai, crossed the Volga River and invaded Volg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicholas Ii Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicholas Ii Of Russia - Death
The provisional Russian government at first kept Nicholas, Alexandra, and their children confined in the Alexander Palace 15 miles from S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reichskommissariat Ostland: Encyclopedia Ii - Reichskommissariat Ostland - Exploitation
According to Schwerin von Krosig,the Reich Minister of Finances[citation needed],until Febrary 1944,Reich Government receiving in concept...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Old East Slavic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Old East Slavic Language - Old East Slavic Literature
The Old East Slavic language was the only ancient Slavic tongue (apart from the Old Church Slavonic) that developed a great literature of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peter I Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Peter I Of Russia - Great Northern War
Peter made peace with the Ottoman Empire and turned his attention to Russian maritime supremacy. He sought to acquire control of the Balt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Old East Slavic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Old East Slavic Language - General Considerations
The language was a descendant of the Proto-Slavic language and faithfully retained many of its features. A striking innovation in the evo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reichskommissariat Ostland: Encyclopedia Ii - Reichskommissariat Ostland - State Property
Upon taking control, Hinrich Lohse proclaimed the official decree "Verkundugsblatt fur dar Ostland" on November 15, 1941, whereby all Sov...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Novgorod Republic: Encyclopedia Ii - Novgorod Republic - Foreign Relations
The NFR struggled against the aggression of the Swedish and then German feudalism. Since mid-12th century, the Swedes had been invading t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mongol Invasion Of Rus: Encyclopedia Ii - Mongol Invasion Of Rus - Background
As it was undergoing fragmentation, Kievan Rus' faced the unexpected irruption of an irresistible foreign foe coming from the mysterious ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Władysław Ii Jagiełło: Encyclopedia Ii - Władysław Ii Jagiełło - Dynastic Relations
Jagiello was married in 1386 to Queen Jadwiga of Poland (1374-1399). Their only child was: Elzbieta-Bonifacja (born and died 1399) His ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russkaya Pravda: Encyclopedia Ii - Russkaya Pravda - Nomenclature
The spellings "Rus'ka Pravda" or "Ruska Pravda" (which correspond to the modern Ukrainian usage) as well as "Russkaia Pravda" or "Russkay...   » Read the article