Pskov

The name of the city, originally spelled Pleskov, may be loosely translated as "the town of purling waters". Its earliest mention comes in 903, which records that Igor of Kiev married a local lady, St. Olga. Pskovians sometimes take this year as the city's foundation date, and in 2003 a great jubilee took place to celebrate Pskov's 1,100th anniversary. The first prince of Pskov was St. Vladimir's younger son Sudislav. Once imprisoned by his brother Yaroslav, he wasn't released until the latter's death several decades later. In th ...

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Pskov, Pskov - Early history, Pskov - Pskovian Republic, Pskov - Modern history, Pskov - Landmarks and sights, Pskov - Copyrighted photos, Pskov - External link

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Vasili II Vasiliyevich Tyomniy (Blind) (Василий II Васильевич Тёмный in Russian) (March 10, 1415 – March 27, 1462) was the Grand Prince of Moscow whose long reign (1425-1462) was plagued by the greatest civil war of medieval Russian history. Vasili II of Russia - First ten years of internecine struggle. Vasily II was the eldest son of Vasili I Dmitriyevich by Sofia, the only daughter of Vytautas the Great. On his father's death he was proclaimed Grand Duke at the tender age o ...

Including:

• Vasili II of Russia - First ten years of internecine struggle
• Vasili II of Russia - Vasili's fight with Kazan and Shemyaka
• Vasili II of Russia - Later reign and policies
• Vasili II of Russia - External link

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Tsar (Bulgarian and Serbian цар, Russian царь ▶ (help·info)), often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English), was the title used for the autocratic monarchs of Bulgaria in 913-1396/1422 and 1908-1946, Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and Russia from 1547 to 1917 (although this usage is only technically correct until 1721). Tsar - History of usage. "Tsar" is ...

Including:

• Tsar - History of usage
• Tsar - Etymology and spelling
• Tsar - Imperium maius
• Tsar - Russia
• Tsar - Full title of Russian tsars
• Tsar - Titles for Russian Tsar's family
• Tsar - Notes

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A Birch bark document is a document written on pieces of birch bark. Such documents existed in several cultures. Birch bark document - Russian culture. Russian birch bark writings (Russian: берестяная грамота, berestyanaya gramota) are dated to 11th — 15th centuries. The first one was found on July 26, 1951 during excavations in Novgorod in a layer dated to the 14th-15th century junction. Since then the number of finds is close to 1,000 i ...

Including:

• Birch bark document - Russian culture
• Birch bark document - Oldest Finnic language text
• Birch bark document - Other

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1510 - Events. Conquest of Pskov by Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy. Formation of the Holy League to defend the Italian States. Peter Henlein builds the first pocketwatch. 1510 - Births. March 30 - Antonio de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist (died 1566) April 2 - Ashikaga Yoshiharu, Japanese shogun (died 1550) July 22 - Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (died 1537) October 6 - Rowland Taylor, Englis ...

Including:

• 1510 - Events
• 1510 - Births
• 1510 - Deaths

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Vasili III Ivanovich (Russian: Василий III Иванович, also Basil) (March 25, 1479 – December 3, 1533) was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1505 to 1533. He was the son of Ivan III Vasiliyevich and Sophia Paleologue and was christened with the name Gavriil (Гавриил). Vasili III continued the policies of his father Ivan III and spent most of his reign consolidating Ivan's gains. Vasili annexed the last surviving autonomous provinces: Pskov in 1510, appanage of Volokolamsk in 1513, prin ...

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Batu Khan (Russian: Batyi, Батый) (c. 1205 - 1255) was a Mongol ruler, founder of the Kipchak Khanate. The term "Kipchak" came from the Kipchak Turks in the Mongol forces. Batu was a son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. Although Genghis Khan recognized Jochi as his son, his parentage was always a question, as his mother Börte, Genghis Khan's wife, had been captured and raped, so that Jochi was born exactly nine months after her recovery by Genghis Khan. During the lifetime of Genghis, this issue was public knowledge ...

Including:

• Batu Khan - Invasion of Rus
• Batu Khan - Invasion of Central Europe

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Arles (Arle in Provençal) is a city in the south of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône département, of which it is a sous-préfecture, in the former province of Provence. Population (1999): 50,513. Arles - Geography. The Rhône river divides itself in two arms in Arles, forming the Camargue delta. Because the Camargue is administratively part of Arles, the latter is the largest commune in France in terms of territory, although its population is only slightly more than 50,000. Its area i ...

Including:

• Arles - Geography
• Arles - History
• Arles - Roman Arles
• Arles - Medieval Arles
• Arles - Modern Arles
• Arles - Economy
• Arles - Sights
• Arles - Miscellaneous
• Arles - People
• Arles - Twin towns

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Alexander Nevsky is a film directed by Sergei Eisenstein and Dmitry Vasiliev released in 1938, during the Stalin era, with Nikolai Cherkasov in the title role. The screenplay is based on the 13th century conflict between the Teutonic Knights and the Russian people of Novgorod. The film follows the knights as they invade Pskov and massacre its population. Alexander Nevsky then rallies the people of Novgorod and at a battle on the surface of the frozen Lake Peipus the outnumbered Novgorodians defeat the Germanic invaders. Setting this historical defeat of Germans by Russians to film was a n ...

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Kronstadt was founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703, when the first fortifications were constructed. This fortifications, known as Kronstadt's Forts, were constructed very quickly. Gulf of Finland is not very deep, so during the winter workers used a thousands of carcasses, made of oak wood and filled with stones. They were carried by the horses across the frozen sea, and placed in a cuttings made in the ice. Thus several new small islands were created, and forts were erected on them, closing all access to the Saint-Petersburg by the sea. Only two narrow farvaters rema ...

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Kronstadt, Kronstadt - History, Kronstadt - Features, Kronstadt - Demographics

Read more here: » Kronstadt: Encyclopedia II - Kronstadt - History

Kronstadt was founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703, when the first fortifications were constructed. Kronstadt was thoroughly refortified in the 19th century. The old three-decker forts, five in number, which formerly constituted the principal defences of the place, and defied the Anglo-French fleets during the Crimean War, became of secondary importance. From the plans of Eduard Totleben a new fort, Constantine, and four batteries were constructed (1856-1871) to defend the principal ...

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Kronstadt, Kronstadt - History, Kronstadt - Features, Kronstadt - Demographics

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Konstantin Rokossovsky was born in the town of Velikie Luki near Pskov in northern Russia, the son of a Polish railway worker and a Russian mother. Soon after his birth the family moved to Poland (then a part of the Russian Empire) and he grew up in Warsaw. Orphaned at 14, he worked as a stonemason. Konstantin Rokossovsky - Early military career. When World War I broke out in 1914 he joined the Russian Army. Rokossovsky served as a non-commissioned officer in a dragoon regiment until the Russian Revolution ...

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Konstantin Rokossovsky, Konstantin Rokossovsky - Biography, Konstantin Rokossovsky - Early military career, Konstantin Rokossovsky - Great Purge, Konstantin Rokossovsky - World War II, Konstantin Rokossovsky - Postwar, Konstantin Rokossovsky - External link

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Vasily II was the eldest son of Vasili I Dmitriyevich by Sofia, the only daughter of Vytautas the Great. On his father's death he was proclaimed Grand Duke at the tender age of 10. His uncle, Yuri of Zvenigorod (Prince of Galich-Mersky), and his two sons, Vasily the Cross-Eyed and Dmitry Shemyaka, seized on the opportunity to advance their own claims to the throne. Vasili's bid was supported by his maternal grandfather. The causes for the great feudal war that followed are disputed. There are reasons to believe that Yuri's family, whose Northern dominions were rich in salt and ...

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Vasili II of Russia, Vasili II of Russia - First ten years of internecine struggle, Vasili II of Russia - Vasili's fight with Kazan and Shemyaka, Vasili II of Russia - Later reign and policies, Vasili II of Russia - External link

Read more here: » Vasili II of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Vasili II of Russia - First ten years of internecine struggle

Peter, the son of Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia and his second wife, Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, was born in Moscow. Alexei I had previously married Maria Miloslavskaya, having five sons and eight daughters by her, although only two of the sons—Fyodor[2] and Ivan—were alive when Peter was born. Alexei I died in 1676, to be succeeded by ...

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Peter I of Russia, Peter I of Russia - Early life, Peter I of Russia - Early reign, Peter I of Russia - Great Northern War, Peter I of Russia - Later years, Peter I of Russia - Death, Peter I of Russia - Legitimate issue, Peter I of Russia - Notes, Peter I of Russia - Reference

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Nijmegen - International Four Days Marches Nijmegen. Nijmegen is famous for the International Four Days Marches Nijmegen also known as the "Vierdaagse", an annual event starting on the third Tuesday in July, comprising four days of walking (distances ranging from 30 to 50 km a day), and the accompanying festivities, which have been drawing the largest crowds for any Dutch event in the past few years. [1]See also:

Nijmegen, Nijmegen - Population centres, Nijmegen - The city of Nijmegen, Nijmegen - International Four Days Marches Nijmegen, Nijmegen - Education, Nijmegen - History, Nijmegen - Museums in and around Nijmegen, Nijmegen - Famous people from Nijmegen, Nijmegen - Miscellaneous information

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The political unification of the region into the state called Kievan Rus, from which modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine trace their origins, occurred approximately a century before the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the establishment of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and literary language. Documentation of the language of this period is scanty, making it difficult at best fully to deter ...

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Old East Slavic language, Old East Slavic language - General considerations, Old East Slavic language - Literary language of Kievan Rus, Old East Slavic language - Primary Chronicle, Old East Slavic language - Tale of Igor's Campaign, Old East Slavic language - Old East Slavic Literature, Old East Slavic language - Notable texts

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The French army was under the supreme command of Emperor Napoleon, with Marshal Louis Alexandre Berthier as his chief of staff. The overall strength of the French army during the battle is estimated to have been about 73,000 men of all arms and 139 artillery pieces. This number also includes three battalions of men which made up the Army's train d'artillerie. Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Garde Impériale French Imperial Guard. Strength: 5,500 men and 24 guns. Marshal Jean-Bapt ...

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Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - La Grande Armée d'Allemagne, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Garde Impériale French Imperial Guard, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - I Corps, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - III Corps, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - IV Corps, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - V Corps, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Grenadier Division, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Cavalry Reserve, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Army of the Third Coalition, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - The Russian Imperial Guard, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Advanced Guard of the Tsar's Army, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Advance Guard of General Frederick William Buxhowden, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - First Column, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Second Column, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Third Column, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Fourth Column, Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - Fifth Cavalry Column

Read more here: » Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign: Encyclopedia II - Order of Battle at the Austerlitz campaign - La Grande Armée d'Allemagne

Nicholas was the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and his Empress Maria Fyodorovna (born Princess Dagmar of Denmark). His paternal grandparents were Alexander II of Russia and his first consort Maximilienne Wilhelmine Marie of Hesse and the Rhine. His maternal grandparents were Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse. Nicholas was seen as too soft by his hard, demanding father who, not anticipating his own premature death, did nothing to prepare his son for the crown. Nicholas fell in love with Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhi ...

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Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia - Family background and early life, Nicholas II of Russia - Family, Nicholas II of Russia - Relationship with the Duma, Nicholas II of Russia - Tsarevich Alexei's illness, Nicholas II of Russia - The Great War, Nicholas II of Russia - Revolution and abdication, Nicholas II of Russia - Death, Nicholas II of Russia - Sainthood, Nicholas II of Russia - Footnotes

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Between 1030 and 1197 pagan Estonia was attacked no less than thirteen times by Russians and also by Sweden and Denmark. In addition to military campaigns there were also peaceful attempts by the western Christians to convert the Estonians, starting with missions despatched by Adalbert, Archbishop of Bremen from 1045-72. However these peaceful efforts seem to have had very limited success. Moving in the wake of German merchants who were now following the old trading routes of the Vikings, a monk named Meinhard landed at the mouth of the Daug ...

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Northern Crusades, Northern Crusades - Subjugation of Livonians and Estonians, Northern Crusades - Teutonic Order, Northern Crusades - Selected Bibliography

Read more here: » Northern Crusades: Encyclopedia II - Northern Crusades - Subjugation of Livonians and Estonians

Main article: Novgorod Republic Novgorod is the most ancient Slavic city recorded in Russia. The chronicle first mentions it in 859, when it was already a major station on the trade route from the Baltics to Byzantium. The Varangian name of the city Holmgard (also Holmgarðr, Hólmgarður, Holmgaard, Holmegård) is mentioned in Norse Sagas as existing substantially earlier, but it is impossible to separate the historical facts from the surrounding myth. Later in history, Holmgard referred only ...

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Novgorod, Novgorod - History, Novgorod - Sights, Novgorod - Sister Cities

Read more here: » Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Novgorod - History