Prussia

The Prussian junkers and generals dominated the conduct of World War I, so when it ended in defeat in 1918 they had to accept responsibility. The Prussian monarchy was overthrown along with all other German monarchies, and Germany became a republic. The Great Poland Uprising, and the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, recreated the Polish state and forced Germany to return territories annexed by Prussia during the Partitions of Poland, as well as parts of Upper Silesia inhabited by Poles. East Prussia found itself again cut off fr ...

See also:

Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early history, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - The end of Prussia

1867 - January—April. January 1 - The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge opens between Cincinnati, Ohio and Covington, Kentucky, becoming the longest suspension bridge in the world January 8 - African-American men granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia January 11 - Benito Juárez becomes Mexican president again January 30 - Emperor Komei of Japan dies. Crown Prince Mutsuhito is expected to become the next Emperor of Japan. January 31 – Maronite national ...

See also:

1867, 1867 - Events, 1867 - January—April, 1867 - May—August, 1867 - September—December, 1867 - Month/day unknown, 1867 - Births, 1867 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1867: Encyclopedia II - Events

1850 - Unknown Date. The United States Republican Party is founded Foundation of the University of Sydney, the oldest in Australia The American System of Watch Manufacturing starts in Roxbury, Mass.U.S.A. Waltham Watch Company Bingley Hall, the world's first purpose- built exhibition hall, opens in Birmingham, England. Pinkerton Detective Agency France begins to transport colonists to Algeria Modern acoustic guitar created in Spain Rifling becom ...

See also:

1850, 1850 - Events, 1850 - Unknown Date, 1850 - Births, 1850 - January - April, 1850 - May - December, 1850 - Unknown Date, 1850 - Deaths, 1850 - January - May, 1850 - June - December, 1850 - Unknown Date

Read more here: » 1850: Encyclopedia II - Events

1850 - January - April. January 4 - Frederick York Powell, English historian and scholar (died 1904) January 6 - Eduard Bernstein, German social democratic theoretician and politician (died 1932) January 6 - Xaver Scharwenka, Polish-German composer (died 1924) January 10 - John Wellborn Root, U.S. architect (died 1891) January 11 - Philipp von Ferrary, Italian stamp collector (died 1917) January 14 - Pierre Loti, French sailor and writer (died 1923) Janu ...

See also:

1850, 1850 - Events, 1850 - Unknown Date, 1850 - Births, 1850 - January - April, 1850 - May - December, 1850 - Unknown Date, 1850 - Deaths, 1850 - January - May, 1850 - June - December, 1850 - Unknown Date

Read more here: » 1850: Encyclopedia II - Births

Canada - Mexico - South Africa - U.S. Rail Transport - Science - Sports Births - Deaths 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). 1867 - Events. January 1 - The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge opens between Cincinnati, Ohio and Covington, Kentucky, becoming the longest suspension bridge in the world January 8 - African-American men granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia January 11 - Benito Juárez becomes ...

Including:

• 1867 - Events
• 1867 - May—August
• 1867 - September—December
• 1867 - Month/day unknown
• 1867 - Births
• 1867 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1867: Encyclopedia - 1867

Canada - Mexico - South Africa - U.S. Rail Transport - Science - Sports Births - Deaths 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). 1840 - Events. January 3 - One of the predecessor papers to the Herald Sun of Melbourne, Australia, The Port Phillip Herald, is founded by George Cavanaugh. January 10 - Uniform penny postage introduced in the UK. January 13 - The steamship Lexington burns and sinks ...

Including:

• 1840 - Events
• 1840 - Births
• 1840 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1840: Encyclopedia - 1840

Canada - Mexico - South Africa - U.S. Rail Transport - Science - Sports Births - Deaths 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). 1820 - Events. January 1 - Constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to summoning of Spanish parliament (March 7) and restoration of 1812 Constitution (March 8) by king Ferdinand VII. (See Mid-nineteenth century Spain.) January 28 - Russian expedition lead by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and M ...

Including:

• 1820 - Events
• 1820 - Unknown date
• 1820 - Births
• 1820 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1820: Encyclopedia - 1820

Canada - Mexico - South Africa - U.S. Rail Transport - Science - Sports Births - Deaths 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). 1850 - Events. January 4 - The first American ice-skating club is formed (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). January 29 - Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S. Congress February 28 - University of Utah opens in Salt Lake City, Utah March 7 - United States Senator Daniel Webster giv ...

Including:

• 1850 - Events
• 1850 - Births
• 1850 - January - April
• 1850 - May - December
• 1850 - Unknown Date
• 1850 - Deaths
• 1850 - January - May
• 1850 - June - December
• 1850 - Unknown Date

Read more here: » 1850: Encyclopedia - 1850

Castle Solitude in Germany was built as a hunting lodge between 1764 and 1769 under Duke Karl Eugen of Württemberg. It is not a true castle, but rather a rococo palace. Since 1956 the area has belonged to the urban district of Stuttgart, Germany. The castle lies on a long-drawn-out plain between the cities of Leonberg, Gerlingen and Stuttgart. The castle offers views to the north. Castle Solitude - History. The construction period of the castle was characterized by political and financial difficulties. Kar ...

Including:

• Castle Solitude - History
• Castle Solitude - Use of the Castle today
• Castle Solitude - Building Style
• Castle Solitude - Solitude Alley
• Castle Solitude - Race Track
• Castle Solitude - Suburb

Read more here: » Castle Solitude: Encyclopedia - Castle Solitude

1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). 1947 - Events. January 1 - British mines nationalized January 1 - Nigeria gains limited autonomy January 1 - The Canadian Citizenship Act went into effect January 3 - Proceedings of the U.S. Congress are televised for the first time January 10 - United Nations takes control of the free city of Trieste January 15 - Elizabeth Short (the "Black Dahlia") is ...

Including:

• 1947 - Events
• 1947 - February
• 1947 - March-May
• 1947 - June
• 1947 - July
• 1947 - August
• 1947 - September-October
• 1947 - November
• 1947 - December
• 1947 - Unknown dates
• 1947 - Births
• 1947 - January
• 1947 - February
• 1947 - March
• 1947 - April
• 1947 - May
• 1947 - June
• 1947 - July
• 1947 - August
• 1947 - September
• 1947 - October
• 1947 - November
• 1947 - December
• 1947 - Unknown date
• 1947 - Deaths
• 1947 - Nobel Prizes

Read more here: » 1947: Encyclopedia - 1947

Catherine the Great (April 21, 1729—November 6, 1796 (O.S.)), born Sophie Augusta Fredericka of Anhalt-Zerbst, reigned as Empress of Russia from June 28, 1762 to her death. A cousin to Gustav III of Sweden and Charles XIII of Sweden, Catherine is referred to as an "enlightened monarch" (also referred to as an "enlightened despot"), though some argue that this title is exaggerated. A German Princess, Sophie Augusta Fredericka (nicknamed Figchen) was born in Stettin to Christian Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, ...

Including:

• Catherine II of Russia - Internal policies
• Catherine II of Russia - Foreign affairs
• Catherine II of Russia - Arts and culture
• Catherine II of Russia - Personal life
• Catherine II of Russia - Trivia
• Catherine II of Russia - List of great Catharinians

Read more here: » Catherine II of Russia: Encyclopedia - Catherine II of Russia

Amber is a fossil resin much used for the manufacture of ornamental objects. Although not mineralized it is sometimes considered and used as a gemstone. Most of the world's amber is in the range of 30–90 million years old. Amber - History. The name comes from the Arabic عنبر, ʻanbar, probably through Spanish, but this word referred originally to ambergris, which is an animal substance quite distinct from yellow amber. True amber has sometimes been called kahroba, a word of Persian deriv ...

Including:

• Amber - History
• Amber - Composition
• Amber - Amber in Geology
• Amber - Amber inclusions
• Amber - Locations and utilization
• Amber - Varieties

Read more here: » Amber: Encyclopedia - Amber

In 1740, Frederick II (more commonly known as Frederick the Great) came to the throne and invaded Silesia, a province of Austria which was in turmoil after the death of the Emperor Charles VI. The invasion was the first shot of the War of the Austrian Succession (Silesia was to have passed to the rulers of Brandenburg on the extinction of its Piast dynasty according to a bilateral arrangement of 1537, subsequently vetoed by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I). After rapidly occupying Silesia, Frederick offered to protect the new Austrian Arc ...

See also:

Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia - Invasion of Austria, Kingdom of Prussia - Defence Against Europe's Assault, Kingdom of Prussia - Expansion to Poland

Read more here: » Kingdom of Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Prussia - Invasion of Austria

Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - 13th century. In 1237 the Teutonic Knights absorbed the Order of the Sword Knights (established 1202 in Livonia), increasing their lands by the territories of today's Latvia and Estonia. In 1243, the Papal legate William of Modena divided Prussia into four bishoprics, Chełmno Land, Pomesania, Warmia , and Sambia under the archbishopric of Riga under the mother city of Visby on Gotland. See also:

Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - History, Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - 13th century, Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - 14th century, Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - 15th century, Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - 16th century

Read more here: » Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights: Encyclopedia II - Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - History

East Low German belongs to the dialect continuum of the continental West Germanic languages. In the West it fades into West Low German. The distinction is usually made referring to the plural endings of the verbs: East Low German endings are based on the old first/third person ending: -e(n), whereas West Low German endings are based on the old second person ending: -(e)t. In the South, it fades into East Central German. The difference is that the Est Low German varieties have not been affected by the High German consonant shift ...

See also:

East Low German, East Low German - Related languages, East Low German - Dialects, East Low German - The Lord's Prayer in Plautdietsch, East Low German - Writers

Read more here: » East Low German: Encyclopedia II - East Low German - Related languages

Etymologically, the names of the Prussian tribes were all formed on a common theme: water. A number of Indo-European roots are used, but they all mean about the same thing: water, stream, lake, flow, wetland, swamp, etc. This convention is understandable, as the terrain of the Baltic countries includes thousands of lakes, streams and swamps, so much so that this circumstance itself caused the very partial isolation that preserved the Baltic language group. Nor is the terrain much better to the south, as it runs into the Pripet Marshes at the headwaters of the Dnepr. T ...

See also:

Prussian people, Prussian people - Early Baltic history, Prussian people - Origin of the name, Prussian people - Medieval history, Prussian people - 18th and 19th centuries, Prussian people - Language, Prussian people - Religion and culture

Read more here: » Prussian people: Encyclopedia II - Prussian people - Origin of the name

Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy. The Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have been founded at the latest in 962 by Otto I the Great. Although some date the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire from the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans in 800, Charlemagne himself more typically used the title king of the Franks. This title also makes clearer that the Frankish Kingdom covered an area that included modern-day France and Ge ...

See also:

Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Chronology

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, as he was known before becoming emperor, was the son of Hortense de Beauharnais, who was the daughter of Napoléon I's wife Josephine de Beauharnais by her first marriage. The identity of his biological father remains a subject of speculation, given his unhappily married mother's record of extramarital liaisons. His father for the record, however, was Hortense's husband, Louis Bonaparte, a younger brother of Napoléon I, and his whole career was built upon the (supposed) fact that he was the nephew of Napoléon I. ...

See also:

Napoleon III of France, Napoleon III of France - Early life, Napoleon III of France - President of the French Republic, Napoleon III of France - Emperor of the French, Napoleon III of France - Authoritarian Empire, Napoleon III of France - Liberal Empire, Napoleon III of France - Foreign policy, Napoleon III of France - Demise, Napoleon III of France - Legacy, Napoleon III of France - Opinions, Napoleon III of France - Publications

Read more here: » Napoleon III of France: Encyclopedia II - Napoleon III of France - Early life

Conventional warfare - Formation of the state. For more details on this topic, see State#Formation_of_the_state. The state was first advocated by Plato, then found more acceptance in the consolidation of power under the Roman Catholic Church. European monarchs then gained power as the Catholic Church was stripped of temporal power and was replaced by the divine right of kings. In 1648, the powers of Europe signed the Treaty of Westphalia which ended the religious violence for purely political governance and outl ...

See also:

Conventional warfare, Conventional warfare - History, Conventional warfare - Formation of the state, Conventional warfare - The Clausewitzian paradigm, Conventional warfare - Prevalence, Conventional warfare - Decline, Conventional warfare - Replacement

Read more here: » Conventional warfare: Encyclopedia II - Conventional warfare - History

Congress of Vienna - Polish-Saxon crisis. The most contentious subject at the Congress was the so-called Polish-Saxon Crisis. The Russians and Prussians proposed a deal in which much of the Prussian and Austrian shares of the partitions of Poland would go to Russia, which would create an independent Polish Kingdom in personal union with Russia with Alexander as king. In exchange, the Prussians would receive as compensation all of Saxony, whose King was a gayot considered to have forfeited his throne because he ha ...

See also:

Congress of Vienna, Congress of Vienna - Participants, Congress of Vienna - Waterloo campaign, Congress of Vienna - Territorial changes, Congress of Vienna - Polish-Saxon crisis, Congress of Vienna - Other changes, Congress of Vienna - Later criticism, Congress of Vienna - Other meanings

Read more here: » Congress of Vienna: Encyclopedia II - Congress of Vienna - Territorial changes