According to the 13th century scholar Sacrobosco, the original scheme for the months in the Julian Calendar was very regular, alternately long and short. From January through December, the month lengths according to Sacrobosco for the Roman Republican calendar were: 30, 29, 30, 29, 30, 29, 30, 29, 30, 29, 30, and 29, totaling 354 days. He then thought that Julius Caesar added one day to every month except February, a total of 11 more days, giving the year 365 days. A leap day could now be added to the extra short February: 31, 2 ...

See also:

Julian calendar, Julian calendar - From Roman to Julian, Julian calendar - Leap years error, Julian calendar - Naming of the months, Julian calendar - Lengths of the months, Julian calendar - Year numbering, Julian calendar - From Julian to Gregorian

Read more here: » Julian calendar: Encyclopedia II - Julian calendar - Lengths of the months

The dominant method that the Romans used to identify a year for dating purposes was to name it after the two consuls who took office in it. Since 153 BC, they had taken office on 1 January, and Julius Caesar did not change the beginning of the year. Thus this consular year was an eponymous or named year. Roman years were named this way until the last consul was appointed in 541. Only rarely did the Romans number the year from the founding of the city (of Rome), ab urbe condita (AUC). This method was used by Roman historians to determi ...

See also:

Julian calendar, Julian calendar - From Roman to Julian, Julian calendar - Leap years error, Julian calendar - Naming of the months, Julian calendar - Lengths of the months, Julian calendar - Year numbering, Julian calendar - From Julian to Gregorian

Read more here: » Julian calendar: Encyclopedia II - Julian calendar - Year numbering

The Julian calendar was in general use in Europe from the times of the Roman Empire until 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated the Gregorian Calendar, which was soon adopted by most Catholic countries. The Protestant countries followed later, and the countries of Eastern Europe even later. Great Britain had Thursday 14 September 1752 follow Wednesday 2 September 1752. Sweden adopted the new style calendar in 1753, but also for a twelve-year period starting in 1700 used a modified Julian Calendar. Russia remained on the Julian calendar un ...

See also:

Julian calendar, Julian calendar - From Roman to Julian, Julian calendar - Leap years error, Julian calendar - Naming of the months, Julian calendar - Lengths of the months, Julian calendar - Year numbering, Julian calendar - From Julian to Gregorian

Read more here: » Julian calendar: Encyclopedia II - Julian calendar - From Julian to Gregorian

Hebrew calendar - Epoch. The epoch of the modern Hebrew calendar is 1 Tishri AM 1 (AM = anno mundi = in the year of the world), which in the proleptic Julian calendar is Monday, October 7, 3761 BCE, the equivalent tabular date (same daylight period). This date is about one year before the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1. A minority place Creation on 25 Adar AM 1, six months earlier, or six months after the modern epoch. Thus adding 3760 to any Julian/Gregorian year number after 1 ...

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Hebrew calendar, Hebrew calendar - History, Hebrew calendar - Biblical period, Hebrew calendar - Babylonian exile, Hebrew calendar - Second Temple era, Hebrew calendar - Roman Era, Hebrew calendar - Alexandrian Jewish calendar, Hebrew calendar - Transition period, Hebrew calendar - When does the year begin?, Hebrew calendar - Modern calendar, Hebrew calendar - Epoch, Hebrew calendar - Measurement of the month, Hebrew calendar - Pattern of calendar years, Hebrew calendar - Measurement of hours, Hebrew calendar - Measurement of lunar conjunctions/molads, Hebrew calendar - Metonic cycle, Hebrew calendar - Special holiday rules, Hebrew calendar - Karaite interpretation, Hebrew calendar - Accuracy

Read more here: » Hebrew calendar: Encyclopedia II - Hebrew calendar - Modern calendar

The Hindu calendar is of two types: the solar calendar or the saura māna the lunisolar calendar or the chāndra māna Both are described in this article. Hindu calendar - Basic structure. The structure of the Hindu calendar is of course composed of days making months making years. The system of describing days is the same in both the solar and lunisolar calendars. The system of describing months and hence years is what distinguishes the solar and lunisolar ...

Including:

Hindu calendar - Basic structure Hindu calendar - Day
Hindu calendar - Tithi Hindu calendar - Vaasara Hindu calendar - Nakshatra Hindu calendar - Yoga Hindu calendar - Karana
Hindu calendar - Month and year of the solar calendar Hindu calendar - Months of the lunisolar calendar
Hindu calendar - Naming lunar months Hindu calendar - Religious observances in case of extra and lost months
Hindu calendar - Year of the lunisolar calendar Hindu calendar - Another kind of lunisolar calendar Hindu calendar - Correspondence of the lunisolar calendar to the solar calendar Hindu calendar - Year numbering Hindu calendar - Year names Hindu calendar - Eras Hindu calendar - History

Read more here: » Hindu calendar: Encyclopedia - Hindu calendar

The Common Era (CE), also known as the Christian Era and sometimes the Current Era, is the period of measured time beginning with the year 1 until the present. The term is used for a system of reckoning years that is chronologically equivalent to the anno Domini (AD) (Latin for "in the year of [our] Lord") system, but with less overtly religious implications. Although common era was a term first used by some Christians in an age when Christianity was the common religion of the West, it is now a term ...

Including:

Common Era - Chronology and notation Common Era - Origins Common Era - Usage Common Era - Support Common Era - Opposition Common Era - Other calendars in use

Read more here: » Common Era: Encyclopedia - Common Era

A century (From the Latin cent, one hundred) is one hundred one hundred consecutive years. In all dating systems, centuries are essentially numbered ordinally, as time is a purely relative notion (its physical existence, though indispensable for our understanding of reality, still remains unproven in theory). Thus, the first century of a time frame is "The First Century" and not "Century 0". There is considerable disagreement about whether to count the centennial year (i.e. 2000) as the first or ...

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The Maya calendar is actually a system of distinct calendars and almanacs used by the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. These different calendars tracked observable phenomena such as the solar year, the lunar year, and the synodic period of the planet Venus; others had a divinatory or ritualistic purpose without any known association to natural cycles. These calendars could be synchronised and interlocked in complex ways, their combina ...

Including:

Maya calendar - General overview Maya calendar - Maya concepts of time Maya calendar - Tzolk'in
Maya calendar - Divination Maya calendar - Origin of the Tzolkin
Maya calendar - Haab
Maya calendar - Wayeb
Maya calendar - Calendar Round Maya calendar - Long Count
Maya calendar - Calculating Long Count dates Maya calendar - Calculating the Tzolkin date portion Maya calendar - Calculating the Haab date portion Maya calendar - End of the world?
Maya calendar - Venus cycle

Read more here: » Maya calendar: Encyclopedia - Maya calendar

A Year zero does not exist in the Christian Era and thus also does not exist in our current calculation of times. The Roman numeral system has no symbol for the null. The so-called Arabic numeral system was developed in India at the end of 5th century and so approximately contemporaneous to Dionysius Exiguus who calculated in 525 that after the end of the 13th metonic cycle of the Diocletian or Martyr Era in the year 247 (=13x19) i.e. A.D. 531, it should be passed about 15 additional metonic cycles since Jesus bir ...

Including:

Year zero - Historians Year zero - Astronomers Year zero - Other year zero traditions
Year zero - South Asian moon calendars Year zero - Mesoamerican Maya historians
Year zero - Third millennium Year zero - Media Year zero - Notes

Read more here: » Year zero: Encyclopedia - Year zero

Bede was the first historian to use a BC year and hence the first to adopt the convention of no year 0 between BC and AD, in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical history of the English people, 731). Previous Christian histories used anno mundi (in the year of the world"), or anno Adami ("in the year of Adam", beginning five days later, used by Africanus), or anno Abrahami ("in the year of Abraham", beginning 3,412 years later according to the Septuagint, used by Eusebius), all of which ...

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Year zero, Year zero - Historians, Year zero - Astronomers, Year zero - Other year zero traditions, Year zero - South Asian moon calendars, Year zero - Mesoamerican Maya historians, Year zero - Third millennium, Year zero - Media, Year zero - Notes

Read more here: » Year zero: Encyclopedia II - Year zero - Historians

Supporters of common era notation promote it as a religiously neutral notation suited for cross-cultural use. Arguments given for standardizing common era notation include: The calendar used by the West has become a global standard — one built into every computer's hardware. It should be religiously and culturally neutral out of consideration for those cultures compelled to use it out of necessity. [11] It has been largely used by academic and scientific communities for over a century now, and is not a complete ...

See also:

Common Era, Common Era - Chronology and notation, Common Era - Origins, Common Era - Usage, Common Era - Support, Common Era - Opposition, Common Era - Other calendars in use

Read more here: » Common Era: Encyclopedia II - Common Era - Support

The empire was separated into four khanates, each ruled by a separate khan and overseen by the Great Khan. The Kipchak Khanate (also called the Golden Horde) ruled Russia; the Ilkhanate ruled the Middle East, the Chagatai Khanate ruled over western Asia, and the Great Khanate controlled Mongolia and eventually China. The empire reached its greatest extent under Kublai with his conquest of China, completed with the final defeat of the Song Dynasty in 1279. He ruled well, promoting economic growth with the rebuilding of the Grand Canal, repair ...

See also:

Kublai Khan, Kublai Khan - Empire, Kublai Khan - Invasions of Japan, Kublai Khan - Kublai Khan in fiction, Kublai Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Kublai Khan: Encyclopedia II - Kublai Khan - Empire

The Julian day number is based on the Julian Period proposed by Joseph Scaliger in 1583, at the time of the Gregorian calendar reform, but it is the multiple of three calendar cycles used with the Julian calendar: 15 (indiction cycle) × 19 (Metonic cycle) × 28 (Solar cycle) = 7980 years Its epoch falls at the last time when all three cycles were in their first year together — Scaliger chose this beca ...

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Julian day, Julian day - Julian Date, Julian day - Alternatives, Julian day - History, Julian day - Calculation, Julian day - Other Usages, Julian day - Footnotes

Read more here: » Julian day: Encyclopedia II - Julian day - History

As Xuanzong turned his attention to pleasure-seeking with Yang and her family, he paid less and less attention to the running of his empire, and much of his power fell into the hands of court officials like corrupt Li Linfu (who was succeeded by Yang's dissolute cousin Yang Guozhong), and the influential court eunuch Gao Lishi. In the meantime, the Jie Du Shi, (generals) of the outlying provinces (many of which had been recently reconquered) took more and more regional power into their own hands. One of these, a Turkish/Sogdian ...

See also:

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China - Accession to the throne, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China - Kaiyuan era, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China - Later Years, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China - Abdication and Death

Read more here: » Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China - Later Years

The original crown prince was Taizong's elder brother Li Jiancheng (李建成) although their father had promised the throne to Taizong more than once for his contributions to Tang. The situation was very similar to that of the Sui Dynasty where an ordinary crown prince would feel his future throne threatened by a more capable younger brother. Fearful of losing his throne, Li Jiancheng colluded with his fourth brother, Li Yuanji (李元吉 aka Prince Qi 齊王), to eliminate Taizong. They attempted to poison Taizong during a feast and at ano ...

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Emperor Taizong of Tang China, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Early Achievements, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Family, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Literature, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Chinese popculture

Read more here: » Emperor Taizong of Tang China: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Taizong of Tang China - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate

As Xuanzong turned his attention to pleasure-seeking with Yang and her family, he paid less and less attention to the running of his empire, and much of his power fell into the hands of court officials like corrupt Li Linfu (who was succeeded by Yang's dissolute cousin Yang Guozhong), and the influential court eunuch Gao Lishi. In the meantime, the Jie Du Shi, (generals) of the outlying provinces (many of which had been recently reconquered) took more and more regional power into their own hands. One of these, a Turkish/Sogdian ...

See also:

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang - Accession to the throne, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang - Kaiyuan era, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang - Later Years, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang - Abdication and Death

Read more here: » Emperor Xuanzong of Tang: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Xuanzong of Tang - Later Years

The original crown prince was Taizong's elder brother Li Jiancheng (李建成) although their father had promised the throne to Taizong more than once for his contributions to Tang. The situation was very similar to that of the Sui Dynasty where an ordinary crown prince would feel his future throne threatened by a more capable younger brother. Fearful of losing his throne, Li Jiancheng colluded with his fourth brother, Li Yuanji (李元吉 aka Prince Qi 齊王), to eliminate Taizong. They attempted to poison Taizong during a feast and at ano ...

See also:

Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Early Achievements, Emperor Taizong of Tang - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Family, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Literature, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Chinese popculture

Read more here: » Emperor Taizong of Tang: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Taizong of Tang - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate

The empire was separated into four khanates, each ruled by a separate khan and overseen by the Great Khan. The Kipchak Khanate (also called the Golden Horde) ruled Russia; the Ilkhanate ruled the Middle East, the Chagatai Khanate ruled over western Asia, and the Great Khanate controlled Mongolia and eventually China. The empire reached its greatest extent under Kublai with his conquest of China, completed with the final defeat of the Song Dynasty in 1279. He ruled better than his predecessors, promoting economic growth with the rebuilding of ...

See also:

Kublai Khan, Kublai Khan - Empire, Kublai Khan - Invasions of Japan, Kublai Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Kublai Khan: Encyclopedia II - Kublai Khan - Empire

The Hindu calendrical day starts with local sunrise. It is allotted five "properties", called anga-s. They are: the tithi active at sunrise the vaasara or weekday the nakshatra in which the moon resides at sunrise the yoga active at sunrise the karana active at sunrise. Together these are called the panchānga-s where pancha means "five" in Sanskrit. An explanation of the terms follows. See also:

Hindu calendar, Hindu calendar - Basic structure, Hindu calendar - Day, Hindu calendar - Tithi, Hindu calendar - Vaasara, Hindu calendar - Nakshatra, Hindu calendar - Yoga, Hindu calendar - Karana, Hindu calendar - Month and year of the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Months of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Naming lunar months, Hindu calendar - Religious observances in case of extra and lost months, Hindu calendar - Year of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Another kind of lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Correspondence of the lunisolar calendar to the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Year numbering, Hindu calendar - Year names, Hindu calendar - Eras, Hindu calendar - History

Read more here: » Hindu calendar: Encyclopedia II - Hindu calendar - Day

Since Calendar Round dates can only distinguish within 18980 days, equivalent to around 52 solar years, the cycle repeats roughly once each lifetime, and thus, a much more refined method of dating was needed if their history was to be recorded accurately. The Long Count employs the use of number series, roughly base 20 and is constructed by counting whole number of days alone. The Mayan name for a day was kin; twenty of these kins are known as a uinal; eighteen uinals make one tun; twenty tuns are known as ...

See also:

Maya calendar, Maya calendar - General overview, Maya calendar - Maya concepts of time, Maya calendar - Tzolk'in, Maya calendar - Divination, Maya calendar - Origin of the Tzolkin, Maya calendar - Haab, Maya calendar - Wayeb, Maya calendar - Calendar Round, Maya calendar - Long Count, Maya calendar - Calculating Long Count dates, Maya calendar - Calculating the Tzolkin date portion, Maya calendar - Calculating the Haab date portion, Maya calendar - End of the world?, Maya calendar - Venus cycle

Read more here: » Maya calendar: Encyclopedia II - Maya calendar - Long Count

Jewish and Christian scholars have developed the BCE/CE terms for the benefit of cross-cultural dialogue.[1]. Some Islamic scholars and others outside the Judeo-Christian religious traditions have used the system. Some Christians have used the term CE to mean "Christian era." Many non-religious academics in the fields of history, theology, archaeology and anthropology have also in recent decades begun using this system. More visible uses of common era notation have recently surfaced at major museums in the English-speaking world: The ...

See also:

Common Era, Common Era - Chronology and notation, Common Era - Origins, Common Era - Usage, Common Era - Support, Common Era - Opposition, Common Era - Other calendars in use

Read more here: » Common Era: Encyclopedia II - Common Era - Usage