Prolactin has many effects, the most significant of which is to stimulate the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation). Increased serum prolactin during pregnancy causes enlargement of the mammary glands of the breasts and increases the production of milk. However, the high levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy acts directly on the breasts to stop ejection of milk. It is only when the levels of these hormones fall a ...

See also:

Prolactin, Prolactin - Production of milk, Prolactin - Variance in levels, Prolactin - Diagnostic use, Prolactin - Conditions causing elevated prolactin, Prolactin - Conditions causing decreased prolactin, Prolactin - Use of breastfeeding as contraceptive

Read more here: » Prolactin: Encyclopedia II - Prolactin - Production of milk

As a contraceptive, demand breastfeeding is said to be more than 90% effective in the first month of post-partum even if no other forms of contraception are used, with decreasing effectiveness in successive months. This effect is said to be responsible for the natural spacing of children seen in countries where contraception is not widely available and is thought to be an evolutionary means of ensuring adequate care is provided to each newborn. The 90% effectiveness only applies if three criteria are met: 1. The mother has no periods at all (Amenorrhea) 2. The baby is exclusively breas ...

See also:

Prolactin, Prolactin - Production of milk, Prolactin - Variance in levels, Prolactin - Diagnostic use, Prolactin - Conditions causing elevated prolactin, Prolactin - Conditions causing decreased prolactin, Prolactin - Use of breastfeeding as contraceptive

Read more here: » Prolactin: Encyclopedia II - Prolactin - Use of breastfeeding as contraceptive

The arcuate nucleus is a collection of neurons present in the hypothalamus. Some arcuate neurons contain dopamine and inhibit the release of prolactin by the pituitary. Other neurons contain neuropeptide Y (NPY) and affect hunger. When activated, these neurons can produce ravenous eating. These neurons are probably regulated by glucose, insulin, and leptin. Thus, arcuate neurons are responding to information on whether the body h ...

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Bovine somatotropin (bST), or bovine growth hormone (BGH), is a protein hormone that occurs naturally in the pituitary gland of cattle. It is a factor controlling the amount of milk produced by a dairy cow. Bovine somatotropin is naturally in the milk extracted from a cow. Bovine somatotropin - Physiology. Because of protein homology, bovine growth hormone (GH) cross-reacts with the receptors of prolactin and placental lactogen — two hormones that stimulate mammary tissue to produce more milk. ...

Including:

Bovine somatotropin - Physiology Bovine somatotropin - Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin rbST and rBGH
Bovine somatotropin - Politics
Bovine somatotropin - External references

Read more here: » Bovine somatotropin: Encyclopedia - Bovine somatotropin

Breast milk usually refers to the milk produced by a human female which is usually fed to infants by breastfeeding. It provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns, before they are able to digest more diverse foods. Breast milk - Production. Under the influence of the hormones prolactin and oxytocin, women produce milk after pregnancy to feed their baby. The initial milk produced is often referred to as colostrum, which is high in the immunoglobulin IgA, which coats the gastrointestinal tract. This ...

Including:

Breast milk - Production Breast milk - Composition Breast milk - Comparison to other milks Breast milk - External link

Read more here: » Breast milk: Encyclopedia - Breast milk

Cabergoline (name brands Dostinex and Cabaser) is a dopamine receptor agonist and uncategorized drug which suppresses the production of prolactin in pituitary gland. It is an ergot-derivative. It is used to prevent the production of excess prolactin in the case of certain pituitary tumors, and in some countries (including the United States) has been approved as a therapy for Parkinson's Disease. The normal dosage for prolactinoma is 0.5 mg twice we ...

Read more here: » Cabergoline: Encyclopedia - Cabergoline

ATC code G02 - G02AB Ergot alkaloids. G02AB01 Methylergometrine G02AB02 Ergot alkaloids G02AB03 Ergometrine ATC code G02 - G02AC Ergot alkaloids and oxytocin including analogues in combination. G02AC01 Methylergometrine and oxytocin ATC code G02 - G02AD Prostaglandins. G02AD01 Dinoprost G02AD02 Dinoprostone G02AD03 Gemeprost G02AD04 Carboprost G02AD05 Sulprostone < ...

See also:

ATC code G02, ATC code G02 - G02A Oxytocics, ATC code G02 - G02AB Ergot alkaloids, ATC code G02 - G02AC Ergot alkaloids and oxytocin including analogues in combination, ATC code G02 - G02AD Prostaglandins, ATC code G02 - G02AX Other oxytocics, ATC code G02 - G02B Contraceptives for topical use, ATC code G02 - G02BA Intrauterine contraceptives, ATC code G02 - G02BB Intravaginal contraceptives, ATC code G02 - G02C Other gynecologicals, ATC code G02 - G02CA Sympathomimetics labour repressants, ATC code G02 - G02CB Prolactin inhibitors, ATC code G02 - G02CC Anti-inflammatory products for vaginal administration, ATC code G02 - G02CX Other gynecologicals

Read more here: » ATC code G02: Encyclopedia II - ATC code G02 - G02A Oxytocics

ATC code G02 - G02BA Intrauterine contraceptives. G02BA01 Plastic IUD G02BA02 Plastic IUD with copper G02BA03 Plastic IUD with progestogen ATC code G02 - G02BB Intravaginal contraceptives. G02BB01 Vaginal ring with progestogen and estrogen ...

See also:

ATC code G02, ATC code G02 - G02A Oxytocics, ATC code G02 - G02AB Ergot alkaloids, ATC code G02 - G02AC Ergot alkaloids and oxytocin including analogues in combination, ATC code G02 - G02AD Prostaglandins, ATC code G02 - G02AX Other oxytocics, ATC code G02 - G02B Contraceptives for topical use, ATC code G02 - G02BA Intrauterine contraceptives, ATC code G02 - G02BB Intravaginal contraceptives, ATC code G02 - G02C Other gynecologicals, ATC code G02 - G02CA Sympathomimetics labour repressants, ATC code G02 - G02CB Prolactin inhibitors, ATC code G02 - G02CC Anti-inflammatory products for vaginal administration, ATC code G02 - G02CX Other gynecologicals

Read more here: » ATC code G02: Encyclopedia II - ATC code G02 - G02B Contraceptives for topical use

ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E70-E79 Metabolic disorders of proteins fats and carbohydrates. (E70) Disorders of aromatic amino-acid metabolism (E700) Classical phenylketonuria (E701) Other hyperphenylalaninaemias (E702) Disorders of tyrosine metabolism Alkaptonuria (ILDS E70.210) Ochronosis (ILDS E70.230) Tyrosinaemia (E703) Albinism (E71) Disorders of branch ...

See also:

ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E00-E07 Thyroid gland / Thyroid hormone, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E10-E16 Pancreas / Insulin glucagon, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E20-E21 Parathyroid gland / PTH, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E22-E23 Pituitary gland / ADH oxytocin GH ACTH TSH LH FSH prolactin, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E24-E27 Adrenal gland / Aldosterone cortisol epinephrine norepinephrine, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E28-E30 Gonads / Estrogen androgens testosterone etc., ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E31-E35 Other, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E40-68 - Nutritional diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E40-E46 Malnutrition, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E50-E64 Other nutritional deficiencies, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E65-E68 Obesity and other hyperalimentation, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E70-E90 - Metabolic diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E70-E79 Metabolic disorders of proteins fats and carbohydrates, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E79-E90 Other metabolic disorders

Read more here: » ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases: Encyclopedia II - ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E70-E90 - Metabolic diseases

ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E00-E07 Thyroid gland / Thyroid hormone. (E00) Congenital iodine-deficiency syndrome (E01) Iodine-deficiency-related thyroid disorders and allied conditions (E010) Iodine-deficiency-related diffuse (endemic) goitre (E011) Iodine-deficiency-related multinodular (endemic) goitre (E012) Iodine-deficiency-related (endemic) goitre, unspecified (E018) Other iodine-deficiency-related thyroid dis ...

See also:

ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E00-E07 Thyroid gland / Thyroid hormone, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E10-E16 Pancreas / Insulin glucagon, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E20-E21 Parathyroid gland / PTH, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E22-E23 Pituitary gland / ADH oxytocin GH ACTH TSH LH FSH prolactin, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E24-E27 Adrenal gland / Aldosterone cortisol epinephrine norepinephrine, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E28-E30 Gonads / Estrogen androgens testosterone etc., ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E31-E35 Other, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E40-68 - Nutritional diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E40-E46 Malnutrition, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E50-E64 Other nutritional deficiencies, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E65-E68 Obesity and other hyperalimentation, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E70-E90 - Metabolic diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E70-E79 Metabolic disorders of proteins fats and carbohydrates, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E79-E90 Other metabolic disorders

Read more here: » ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases: Encyclopedia II - ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases

ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E40-E46 Malnutrition. (E40) Kwashiorkor (E41) Nutritional marasmus (E42) Marasmic kwashiorkor (E43) Unspecified severe protein-energy malnutrition (E44) Protein-energy malnutrition of moderate and mild degree (E45) Retarded development following protein-energy malnutrition (E46) Unspecified protein-energy malnutrition ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and ...

See also:

ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E00-E07 Thyroid gland / Thyroid hormone, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E10-E16 Pancreas / Insulin glucagon, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E20-E21 Parathyroid gland / PTH, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E22-E23 Pituitary gland / ADH oxytocin GH ACTH TSH LH FSH prolactin, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E24-E27 Adrenal gland / Aldosterone cortisol epinephrine norepinephrine, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E28-E30 Gonads / Estrogen androgens testosterone etc., ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E31-E35 Other, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E40-68 - Nutritional diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E40-E46 Malnutrition, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E50-E64 Other nutritional deficiencies, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E65-E68 Obesity and other hyperalimentation, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E70-E90 - Metabolic diseases, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E70-E79 Metabolic disorders of proteins fats and carbohydrates, ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E79-E90 Other metabolic disorders

Read more here: » ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases: Encyclopedia II - ICD-10 Chapter E: Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases - E40-68 - Nutritional diseases

Much of the controversy regarding hormone replacement therapy (HRT) result from a study by the Women's Health Initiative, which came out in 2002 [2]. It followed 16,608 women, aged 50 to 79 (average age = 63 at study intake), for 5.2 years who were either on a combination of progestins and equine estrogens (8506 women) or a placebo (8102 women). The WHI study found that the measured risks of this combination outweighed its measured benefits (see the table, below). Regrettably, the results were almost universally mis-reported as risks and pro ...

See also:

Hormone replacement therapy, Hormone replacement therapy - Results of the WHI hormone replacement therapy studies

Read more here: » Hormone replacement therapy: Encyclopedia II - Hormone replacement therapy - Results of the WHI hormone replacement therapy studies

The goal of treatment is to return prolactin secretion to normal, reduce tumor size, correct any visual abnormalities, and restore normal pituitary function. In the case of very large tumors, only partial achievement of this goal may be possible. Prolactinoma - Drugs. Dopamine is the chemical that normally inhibits prolactin secretion, so doctors may treat prolactinoma with bromocriptine or cabergoline, drugs that act like dopamine. This type of drug is called a dopamine agonist. These drugs shrink the tum ...

See also:

Prolactinoma, Prolactinoma - Frequency in Population, Prolactinoma - Causes, Prolactinoma - Other Causes, Prolactinoma - Symptoms, Prolactinoma - Diagnosis, Prolactinoma - Treatments, Prolactinoma - Drugs, Prolactinoma - Surgery, Prolactinoma - Pregnancy and Oral Contraceptives, Prolactinoma - Osteoporosis Risk, Prolactinoma - Prognosis, Prolactinoma - Credits

Read more here: » Prolactinoma: Encyclopedia II - Prolactinoma - Treatments

A doctor will test for prolactin blood levels in women with unexplained milk secretion (galactorrhea) or irregular menses or infertility, and in men with impaired sexual function and, in rare cases, milk secretion. If prolactin is high, a doctor will test thyroid function and ask first about other conditions and medications known to raise prolactin secretion. The doctor will also request a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is the most sensitive test for detecting pituitary tumors and determining their size. MRI scans may be repeated pe ...

See also:

Prolactinoma, Prolactinoma - Frequency in Population, Prolactinoma - Causes, Prolactinoma - Other Causes, Prolactinoma - Symptoms, Prolactinoma - Diagnosis, Prolactinoma - Treatments, Prolactinoma - Drugs, Prolactinoma - Surgery, Prolactinoma - Pregnancy and Oral Contraceptives, Prolactinoma - Osteoporosis Risk, Prolactinoma - Prognosis, Prolactinoma - Credits

Read more here: » Prolactinoma: Encyclopedia II - Prolactinoma - Diagnosis

Endocrine system - In both sexes:. (starting from the head and going downwards) hypothalamus thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) somatostatin dopamine pituitary gland anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) GH (human growth hormone) PRL (prolactin)< ...

See also:

Endocrine system, Endocrine system - Physiology, Endocrine system - Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted, Endocrine system - In both sexes:, Endocrine system - In males only, Endocrine system - In females only, Endocrine system - Role in disease

Read more here: » Endocrine system: Encyclopedia II - Endocrine system - Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted

Side effects of metoclopramide are all related to its dopamine blocking properties. Extrapyramidal parkinsonian symptoms are not rare. Other side effects include increased prolactin levels (dopamine inhibits prolactin release) and rarely, potentially very dangerous neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Contraindications of metoclopramide follow from its side effects. Parkinson's disease (or syndrome) and prolactinoma are the main ones. There is not enough data about us ...

See also:

Metoclopramide, Metoclopramide - Mode of action, Metoclopramide - Clinical use, Metoclopramide - Side effects, Metoclopramide - Sources

Read more here: » Metoclopramide: Encyclopedia II - Metoclopramide - Side effects

If a woman has a small prolactinoma, there is no reason that she cannot conceive and have a normal pregnancy after successful medical therapy. The pituitary enlarges and prolactin production increases during normal pregnancy in women without pituitary disorders. Women with prolactin-secreting tumors may experience further pituitary enlargement and must be closely monitored during pregnancy. However, damage to the pituitary or eye nerves occurs in less than one percent of pregnant women with prolactinoma. In women with large tumors, the risk ...

See also:

Prolactinoma, Prolactinoma - Frequency in Population, Prolactinoma - Causes, Prolactinoma - Other Causes, Prolactinoma - Symptoms, Prolactinoma - Diagnosis, Prolactinoma - Treatments, Prolactinoma - Drugs, Prolactinoma - Surgery, Prolactinoma - Pregnancy and Oral Contraceptives, Prolactinoma - Osteoporosis Risk, Prolactinoma - Prognosis, Prolactinoma - Credits

Read more here: » Prolactinoma: Encyclopedia II - Prolactinoma - Pregnancy and Oral Contraceptives

The primary hormones of the anterior pituitary are proteins and include growth hormone (GH) - growth and glucose homeostasis luteinizing hormone (LH) - menstrual cycle and reproduction follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - same adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - stimulates glucocorticoid production in the adrenal gland thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - stimulates thyroxine production in the thyroid prolactin (PRL) - s ...

See also:

Hypopituitarism, Hypopituitarism - Physiology, Hypopituitarism - Causes, Hypopituitarism - Diagnosis, Hypopituitarism - Replacement therapy

Read more here: » Hypopituitarism: Encyclopedia II - Hypopituitarism - Physiology

Endocrine system - In both sexes:. (starting from the head and going downwards) Hypothalamus Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Somatostatin Dopamine Pituitary gland Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) GH (human growth hormone) PRL (prolactin)< ...

See also:

Endocrine system, Endocrine system - Physiology, Endocrine system - Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted, Endocrine system - In both sexes:, Endocrine system - In males only, Endocrine system - In females only, Endocrine system - Role in disease

Read more here: » Endocrine system: Encyclopedia II - Endocrine system - Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted