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Principles | A Wisdom Archive on Principles | | Principles A selection of articles related to Principles | |
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principles, Moral obligation
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Principles | | | | | | |  Principles: Encyclopedia II - Anthropic principle - The Anthropic Cosmological PrincipleIn 1986, the controversial book The Anthropic Cosmological Principle by John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler (Oxford University Press) was published. In this book Barrow, a cosmological scientist, and Tipler, a mathematical physicist, pioneered the anthropic principle in order to deal with the seemingly incredible coincidences that allow for our presence in a universe that appears to be perfectly set up for our existence. Everything from the particular energy state of the electron to the exact level of the weak nuclear force seem ...
See also:Anthropic principle, Anthropic principle - Origin, Anthropic principle - Proponents and versions, Anthropic principle - The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, Anthropic principle - Anthropic principle in string theory, Anthropic principle - Anthropic bias and anthropic reasoning, Anthropic principle - Footnote Read more here: » Anthropic principle: Encyclopedia II - Anthropic principle - The Anthropic Cosmological Principle |
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| | | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Pigeonhole principle - Examples Although the pigeonhole principle may seem to be a trivial observation, it can be used to demonstrate possibly unexpected results. For example, there must be at least two people in London with the same number of hairs on their heads. Demonstration: a typical head of hair has around 150,000 hairs. It is reasonable to assume that no-one has more than 1,000,000 hairs on their head. There are more than 1,000,000 people in London. If we assign a pigeonhole for each number of hairs on a head, and assign people to the pigeonhole with their number of hairs on it, there must be two peo ...
See also:Pigeonhole principle, Pigeonhole principle - Examples, Pigeonhole principle - Generalizations Read more here: » Pigeonhole principle: Encyclopedia II - Pigeonhole principle - Examples |
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| | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Jewish principles of faith - Jewish principles of faith
Jewish principles of faith - Monotheism.
Judaism is based on a strict unitarian monotheism, the belief in one God. The prayer par excellence in terms of defining God is the Shema Yisrael, "Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One", also translated as "Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is unique/alone."
God is conceived of as eternal, the creator of the universe, and the source of morality. God has the power to intervene in the world. The term God thus corresponds to an actual o ...
See also:Jewish principles of faith, Jewish principles of faith - Jewish principles of faith, Jewish principles of faith - Monotheism, Jewish principles of faith - God as Creator of the universe, Jewish principles of faith - God is One, Jewish principles of faith - God is all-powerful, Jewish principles of faith - God is personal and cares about humanity, Jewish principles of faith - Names of God, Jewish principles of faith - The Nature of God, Jewish principles of faith - To God alone may one offer prayer, Jewish principles of faith - Scripture, Jewish principles of faith - The words of the prophets are true, Jewish principles of faith - The status of Moses, Jewish principles of faith - The origin of the Torah, Jewish principles of faith - Holy Books, Jewish principles of faith - Reward and punishment, Jewish principles of faith - Israel chosen for a purpose, Jewish principles of faith - The messianic age, Jewish principles of faith - The soul is pure at birth, Jewish principles of faith - History and development, Jewish principles of faith - No formal text canonized, Jewish principles of faith - Gaining converts, Jewish principles of faith - Is faith necessary?, Jewish principles of faith - Belief in the Oral Law, Jewish principles of faith - Belief in the Medieval era, Jewish principles of faith - Maimonides' 13 principles of faith, Jewish principles of faith - Principles of faith after Maimonides, Jewish principles of faith - The Enlightenment, Jewish principles of faith - Holocaust theology, Jewish principles of faith - Dogma in Judaism Read more here: » Jewish principles of faith: Encyclopedia II - Jewish principles of faith - Jewish principles of faith |
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| | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Uncertainty principle - Formulation and characteristics Measurements of position and momentum taken in several identical copies of a system in a given state will vary according to known probability distributions. This is the fundamental postulate of quantum mechanics.
If we compute the standard deviation Δx of the position measurements and the standard deviation Δp of the momentum measurements, then
where is Planck's constant (h) divided by 2π.
Heisenberg did not just use any arbitrary number to describe the minimum standar ...
See also:Uncertainty principle, Uncertainty principle - Overview, Uncertainty principle - Formulation and characteristics, Uncertainty principle - Expression of finite available amount of Fisher information, Uncertainty principle - Common observables which obey the uncertainty principle, Uncertainty principle - The theorem, Uncertainty principle - Generalizations, Uncertainty principle - History and interpretations, Uncertainty principle - The uncertainty principle in popular culture, Uncertainty principle - Humor Read more here: » Uncertainty principle: Encyclopedia II - Uncertainty principle - Formulation and characteristics |
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| | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Likelihood principle - The law of likelihood A related concept is the law of likelihood, the notion that the extent to which the evidence supports one parameter value or hypothesis against another is equal to the ratio of their likelihoods. That is,
is the degree to which the observation x supports parameter value or hypothesis a against b. If this ratio is 1, the evidence is indifferent, and if greater or less than 1, the evidence supports a against b or vice versa. The use of Bayes factors can extend thi ...
See also:Likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - Example, Likelihood principle - The law of likelihood, Likelihood principle - Historical remarks, Likelihood principle - Arguments for and against the likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - Experimental design arguments on the likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - The voltmeter story, Likelihood principle - Bayesian arguments on the likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - Optional stopping in clinical trials Read more here: » Likelihood principle: Encyclopedia II - Likelihood principle - The law of likelihood |
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| | | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Principles of NLP - Specific principles within NLP NLP is a divergent subject, and so different individuals will have different formulations for what they consider "principles of NLP". However there is common agreement that some principles, which date from very early on and in some cases were borrowed from other fields can be identified as "principles of NLP" with annotation describing their universality if need be.
According to Jane Revell, a British NLP trainer, the presuppositions of NLP "are not a philosophy or a credo or a set of rules and regulations. Rather, they are assumptions upon which individuals ba ...
See also:Principles of NLP, Principles of NLP - Stated purpose of NLP, Principles of NLP - NLP as described by its major developers and promoters, Principles of NLP - Philosophical stance of NLP, Principles of NLP - Self-declared scope of NLP, Principles of NLP - Specific principles within NLP, Principles of NLP - The map is not the territory, Principles of NLP - Life and 'Mind' are Systemic Processes, Principles of NLP - Behind every behavior is a positive intention, Principles of NLP - Rapport, Principles of NLP - There is no failure only feedback, Principles of NLP - Choice is better than no choice and flexibility is the way one gets choice, Principles of NLP - The meaning of your communication is the response you get, Principles of NLP - People already have all the resources they need to succeed, Principles of NLP - Multiple descriptions are better than one, Principles of NLP - Other beliefs, Principles of NLP - NLP's approach to clinical conditions, Principles of NLP - Criticisms of the principles of NLP Read more here: » Principles of NLP: Encyclopedia II - Principles of NLP - Specific principles within NLP |
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| | | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Non-aggression principle - Criticism The non-aggression principle faces three kinds of criticism: the first holds that the principle is immoral, the second argues that it is impossible to apply consistently in practice, while the third holds that the interpretation of the principle is too ambiguous to be useful.
Non-aggression principle - Moral criticism.
The moral criticism is based on consequentialist ethics, usually utilitarianism. It holds that the non-aggression principle is unethical because it opposes the initiation of force even when ...
See also:Non-aggression principle, Non-aggression principle - Libertarian Party pledge, Non-aggression principle - Historical Background, Non-aggression principle - Criticism, Non-aggression principle - Moral criticism, Non-aggression principle - Inconsistency criticism, Non-aggression principle - Ambiguity criticism, Non-aggression principle - Notes and references Read more here: » Non-aggression principle: Encyclopedia II - Non-aggression principle - Criticism |
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| | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Uncertainty principle - History and interpretations Main article: Interpretation of quantum mechanics
The Uncertainty Principle was developed as an answer to the question: How does one measure the location of an electron around a nucleus?
In the summer of 1922 Heisenberg met Niels Bohr, the founding father of quantum mechanics, and in September 1924 Heisenberg went to Copenhagen, where Bohr had invited him as a research associate and later as his assistant. In 1925 Werner Heisenberg laid down the basic principles of a complete quantum mechanics. In his new matrix theory h ...
See also:Uncertainty principle, Uncertainty principle - Overview, Uncertainty principle - Formulation and characteristics, Uncertainty principle - Expression of finite available amount of Fisher information, Uncertainty principle - Common observables which obey the uncertainty principle, Uncertainty principle - The theorem, Uncertainty principle - Generalizations, Uncertainty principle - History and interpretations, Uncertainty principle - The uncertainty principle in popular culture, Uncertainty principle - Humor Read more here: » Uncertainty principle: Encyclopedia II - Uncertainty principle - History and interpretations |
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| | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Uncertainty principle - History and interpretations Main article: Interpretation of quantum mechanics
The Uncertainty Principle was developed as an answer to the question: How does one measure the location of an electron around a nucleus?
In the summer of 1922 Heisenberg met Niels Bohr, the founding father of quantum mechanics, and in September 1924 Heisenberg went to Copenhagen, where Bohr had invited him as a research associate and later as his assistant. In 1925 Werner Heisenberg laid down the basic principles of a complete quantum mechanics. In his new matrix theory h ...
See also:Uncertainty principle, Uncertainty principle - Overview, Uncertainty principle - Wave-particle duality and the relationship to the uncertainty principle, Uncertainty principle - Formulation and characteristics, Uncertainty principle - Expression of finite available amount of Fisher information, Uncertainty principle - Common observables which obey the uncertainty principle, Uncertainty principle - The theorem, Uncertainty principle - Generalizations, Uncertainty principle - History and interpretations, Uncertainty principle - The uncertainty principle in popular culture, Uncertainty principle - Humor Read more here: » Uncertainty principle: Encyclopedia II - Uncertainty principle - History and interpretations |
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| | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Hardy-Weinberg principle - Applications The Hardy–Weinberg principle may be applied in two ways, either a population is assumed to be in Hardy–Weinberg proportions, in which the genotype frequencies can be calculated, or if the genotype frequencies of all three genotypes are known, they can be tested for deviations that are statistically significant.
Hardy-Weinberg principle - Application to cases of complete dominance.
Suppose that the phenotypes of AA and Aa are indistinguishable i.e. that there is complete dominance. Assumin ...
See also:Hardy-Weinberg principle, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Assumptions, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Causes of deviation, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Derivation, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Sex linkage, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Generalizations, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Generalization for more than two alleles, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Generalization for polyploidy, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Complete generalization, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Applications, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Application to cases of complete dominance, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Significance tests for deviation, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Example χ2 test for deviation, Hardy-Weinberg principle - F-statistics, Hardy-Weinberg principle - History Read more here: » Hardy-Weinberg principle: Encyclopedia II - Hardy-Weinberg principle - Applications |
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| | | | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Precautionary principle - Origins and theory The substance of the precautionary principle is not really new. The essence of the principle is captured in cautionary aphorisms such as 'An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure', 'Better safe than sorry', and 'Look before you leap'.[3] The precautionary principle may be interpreted as a generalisation of the ancient medical principle, associated with Hippocrates, of "first, do no harm".[4] It may also be compared with the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard of proof often used in criminal law, which may be seen as the application o ...
See also:Precautionary principle, Precautionary principle - Origins and theory, Precautionary principle - Application, Precautionary principle - International agreements and declarations, Precautionary principle - Environment/health, Precautionary principle - Change of laws controlling societal norms, Precautionary principle - Criticisms Read more here: » Precautionary principle: Encyclopedia II - Precautionary principle - Origins and theory |
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| | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Uncertainty principle - Formulation and characteristics Measurements of position and momentum taken in several identical copies of a system in a given state will vary according to known probability distributions. This is the fundamental postulate of quantum mechanics.
If we compute the uncertainty Δx of the position measurements and the standard deviation Δp of the momentum measurements, then
where is Planck's constant (h) divided by 2π.
Heisenberg did not just use any arbitrary number to describe the minimum standard devia ...
See also:Uncertainty principle, Uncertainty principle - Overview, Uncertainty principle - Wave-particle duality and the relationship to the uncertainty principle, Uncertainty principle - Formulation and characteristics, Uncertainty principle - Expression of finite available amount of Fisher information, Uncertainty principle - Common observables which obey the uncertainty principle, Uncertainty principle - The theorem, Uncertainty principle - Generalizations, Uncertainty principle - History and interpretations, Uncertainty principle - The uncertainty principle in popular culture, Uncertainty principle - Humor Read more here: » Uncertainty principle: Encyclopedia II - Uncertainty principle - Formulation and characteristics |
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| | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Hardy-Weinberg principle - Assumptions The original assumptions for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were the population under consideration is idealised, that is:
infinite (or effectively so, so as to eliminate genetic drift)
sexually reproducing
randomly mating
diploid
and experience:
no selection
no mutation
no migration (gene flow)
In other words, the population must ...
See also:Hardy-Weinberg principle, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Assumptions, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Causes of deviation, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Derivation, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Sex linkage, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Generalizations, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Generalization for more than two alleles, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Generalization for polyploidy, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Complete generalization, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Applications, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Application to cases of complete dominance, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Significance tests for deviation, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Example χ2 test for deviation, Hardy-Weinberg principle - F-statistics, Hardy-Weinberg principle - History Read more here: » Hardy-Weinberg principle: Encyclopedia II - Hardy-Weinberg principle - Assumptions |
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| | | | | Principles: Encyclopedia II - Hardy-Weinberg principle - Derivation A better statistical description for the HWP, is that the alleles for the next generation for any given individual are chosen independently. Consider two alleles, A and a, with frequencies p and q, respectively, in the population then the different ways to form new genotypes can be derived using a Punnett square, where the size of each cell is proportional to the fraction of each genotypes in the next generation:
So the final three possible genotype frequencies, in the offspring, if the alleles are drawn indepen ...
See also:Hardy-Weinberg principle, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Assumptions, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Causes of deviation, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Derivation, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Sex linkage, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Generalizations, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Generalization for more than two alleles, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Generalization for polyploidy, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Complete generalization, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Applications, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Application to cases of complete dominance, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Significance tests for deviation, Hardy-Weinberg principle - Example χ2 test for deviation, Hardy-Weinberg principle - F-statistics, Hardy-Weinberg principle - History Read more here: » Hardy-Weinberg principle: Encyclopedia II - Hardy-Weinberg principle - Derivation |
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