Principality of Antioch

Philip returned from Palestine in 1179, and Louis VII, now sick, named him guardian of his young son Philip II. The count had the king married to his niece, Isabelle of Hainaut, with an imprudently disproportionate dowry: the County of Artois. When Louis VII died, Philip II began to assert his independence. War broke out in 1180 and Picardy and the Ile-de-France were devastated; King Philip refused to give open battle and gained the upper hand, and Baldwin of Hainaut, at first allied with his brother-in-law Count Philip, soon intervened on b ...

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Philip Count of Flanders, Philip Count of Flanders - Count of Flanders, Philip Count of Flanders - Philip's first crusade, Philip Count of Flanders - War with France, Philip Count of Flanders - Philip's second crusade and death, Philip Count of Flanders - Legacy, Philip Count of Flanders - Sources

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See also: Jihad Nur ad-Din was the second son of Imad ad-Din Zengi, the Turkish atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul, who was a devoted enemy of the crusader presence in Syria. After the assassination of his father, Nur ad-Din and his older brother Saif ad-Din Ghazi I divided the kingdom amongst themselves, with Nur ad-Din governing Aleppo and Saif ad-Din establishing himself in Mosul. The border between the two new kingdoms was formed by the Nahr al-Khabur river. Almost as soon as he began his rule, Nur ad-Din attacked the Princi ...

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Nur ad-Din, Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders, Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom, Nur ad-Din - The problem of Egypt, Nur ad-Din - Death and succession, Nur ad-Din - Legacy, Nur ad-Din - Sources

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In 1148 news reached Damascus of a new crusade, called in response to Zengi's capture of Edessa in 1145. Mu'in ad-Din prepared for the inevitable siege, although he had hoped his former alliance with Jerusalem could be restored and that the crusade would attack some other city. When the crusaders arrived in July, according to Ibn al-Qalanisi, Mu'in ad-Din "distinguished himself in combat with them, and displayed a valour, steadfastness and gallantry such as was never seen in any other, never wearying in repelling them nor taking respite from ...

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Mu'in ad-Din Unur, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Origins, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Governor of Damascus, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - The Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Death, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Sources

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After returning to Damascus in July of 1149, Mu'in ad-Din "ate a hearty meal, as was his usual custom, and was seized thereafter by a loosening of the bowels...From this resulted in the disease known as dysentery..." The emir died on August 28 and was buried in the university he had established in the city. As he had been acting as regent for Mujir ad-Din, the latter took his place as the rightful heir of Damascus. Mujir ad-Din was a weak ruler, however, and by 1154 Nur ad-Din was ful ...

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Mu'in ad-Din Unur, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Origins, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Governor of Damascus, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - The Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Death, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Sources

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Ascalon was turned into a diocese directly under the Patriarch of Jerusalem, although in earlier times it had been a suffragan of the Bishop of Bethlehem. The city's mosque was reconsecrated as a church. The city was also added to the County of Jaffa, which was already held by Baldwin III's brother Amalric. The double County of Jaffa and Ascalon later became the most important crusader seigneury, held either as an apanage ...

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Siege of Ascalon, Siege of Ascalon - Background, Siege of Ascalon - Siege of Ascalon, Siege of Ascalon - Aftermath, Siege of Ascalon - Sources

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According to William of Tyre, although Nur ad-Din was “a mighty persecutor of the Christian name and faith,” he was also “a just prince, valiant and wise, and according to the traditions of his race, a religious man.” Nur ad-Din was especially religious after his illness and his pilgrimage. He considered the crusaders foreigners in Muslim territory, who had come to Outremer to plunder the land and profane its sacred places. Nevertheless, he was tolerant of the Christians who lived under his authority, aside from the Armenians of Edes ...

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Nur ad-Din, Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders, Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom, Nur ad-Din - The problem of Egypt, Nur ad-Din - Death and succession, Nur ad-Din - Legacy, Nur ad-Din - Sources

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During this time Nur ad-Din was busy in the north, fighting the Ortoqids, and in 1170 he had to settle a dispute between his nephews when his brother Qutb ad-Din died. After conquering Egypt, Nur ad-Din believed that he had accomplished his goal of uniting the Muslim states, but Saladin did not wish to be subject to his authority. He did not participate in the invasions led by Nur ad-Din against Jerusalem in 1171 and 1173, hoping that the crusader kingdom would act as a buffer state between Egypt and Syria. Nur ad-Din realized that he had created a dangerous opponent in Saladin, and the two rulers assembled the ...

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Nur ad-Din, Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders, Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom, Nur ad-Din - The problem of Egypt, Nur ad-Din - Death and succession, Nur ad-Din - Legacy, Nur ad-Din - Sources

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See also: Jihad Nur ad-Din was the second son of Imad ad-Din Zengi, the atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul, who was a devoted enemy of the crusader presence in Syria. After the assassination of his father, Nur ad-Din and his older brother Saif ad-Din Ghazi I divided the kingdom amongst themselves, with Nur ad-Din governing Aleppo and Saif ad-Din establishing himself in Mosul. The border between the two new kingdoms was formed by the Nahr al-Khabur river. Almost as soon as he began his rule, Nur ad-Din attacked the Principality o ...

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Nur ad-Din, Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders, Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom, Nur ad-Din - The problem of Egypt, Nur ad-Din - Death and succession, Nur ad-Din - Legacy, Nur ad-Din - Sources

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In 1110, Fulk married Ermengarde of Maine (died 1126), the daughter of Elias I of Maine. Their four children were: Geoffrey of Anjou Sibylla of Anjou (1112–1165, Bethlehem), married in 1123 William Clito (div. 1124), married in 1134 Thierry, Count of Flanders Alice (or Isabella) (1107–1154, Fontevrault), married William Adelin; after his death in the White Ship she became a nun and later Abbess of Fontevrault. Elias II of Maine (died 1151) His second wife was Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem Baldwin III of Jeru ...

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Fulk of Jerusalem, Fulk of Jerusalem - Count of Anjou, Fulk of Jerusalem - Crusader and King, Fulk of Jerusalem - Securing the borders, Fulk of Jerusalem - Death, Fulk of Jerusalem - Family, Fulk of Jerusalem - Sources, Fulk of Jerusalem - Historical Fiction

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Baibars was a popular ruler in the Muslim World who had defeated the crusaders in 3 crusades. In order to support his military campaigns, Baibars commissioned arsenals, warships and cargo vessels. His military campaign also extended into Libya and Nubia. He was also an efficient administrator who took interest in building various infrastructure projects, such as a mounted message relay system capable of delivery from Cairo to Damascus in 4 days. He also built bridges, irrigation and shipping canals, improve ...

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Baibars, Baibars - Biography, Baibars - Legacy, Baibars - Assessment, Baibars - In Fiction

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States and realms that disappeared in ancient history. List of extinct states - Ancient Europe North Africa and the Near East. Adiabene Akkad Aksu Assyria Axumite Kingdom Babylonia Carthage Chaldea Dacia Etruria Egyptian Empire Hellenic city-states (Athens, Sparta, Syracuse, etc) and their allied cities/colonies/territories. Hellenistic Empires (Ptolemaic, Seleucid, Antigonid,etc.) Hit ...

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List of extinct states, List of extinct states - Ancient and medieval states, List of extinct states - Ancient Europe North Africa and the Near East, List of extinct states - South Asia, List of extinct states - China and South East Asia, List of extinct states - Pre-Columbian Americas, List of extinct states - Medieval Europe North Africa and the Near East, List of extinct states - Modern states, List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by geographical location, List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by type

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Following the end of World War II, and taking advantage of the lack of State Orders in the Italian Republic, an Italian had given himself an identity of a Polish Prince, and did a brisk trade in Maltese Crosses as the Grand Prior of the fictitious "Grand Priory of Podolia". Others followed suit such as the Grand Prior of the Holy Trinity of Villeneuve. The former was successfully prosecuted for fraud, and the latter gave up after a police visit. However, the latter organisation resurfaced in Malta in 1975, an ...

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Knights Hospitaller, Knights Hospitaller - History, Knights Hospitaller - Foundation and early history, Knights Hospitaller - Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes, Knights Hospitaller - Knights of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Turmoil in Europe, Knights Hospitaller - The loss of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Revival in England as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller - Protestant Continuation in Continental Europe, Knights Hospitaller - The modern Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Name and motto, Knights Hospitaller - International status of the Order, Knights Hospitaller - Government of the Order, Knights Hospitaller - Mimic Orders, Knights Hospitaller - List of Grand Masters

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The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, better known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta or SMOM, is a Catholic lay order that claims to be a sovereign entity and has permanent observer status at the United Nations. SMOM is considered to be the most direct successor to the medieval Knights Hospitaller, also known as the Knights of Malta, and today operates as a largely charitable and ceremon ...

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Knights Hospitaller, Knights Hospitaller - History, Knights Hospitaller - Foundation and early history, Knights Hospitaller - Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes, Knights Hospitaller - Knights of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Turmoil in Europe, Knights Hospitaller - The loss of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Revival in England as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller - Protestant Continuation in Continental Europe, Knights Hospitaller - The modern Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Name and motto, Knights Hospitaller - International status of the Order, Knights Hospitaller - Government of the Order, Knights Hospitaller - Mimic Orders, Knights Hospitaller - List of Grand Masters

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Once England had been conquered the Normans faced a number of challenges in maintaining control. The Anglo-Norman speaking Normans were in very small numbers compared to the native English population. The Anglo-Saxon lords were accustomed to being fully independent from centralised government, contrary to the Normans who had a centralised system, which the Anglo-Saxons resented. Revolts had sprung up almost at once from the time of William's coronation, led either by members of Harold's family or disaffected English nobles. William dealt wit ...

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Norman Conquest of England, Norman Conquest of England - Origins, Norman Conquest of England - Conquest of England, Norman Conquest of England - Control of England, Norman Conquest of England - Significance, Norman Conquest of England - Governmental systems, Norman Conquest of England - Anglo-Norman and French relations, Norman Conquest of England - English cultural development, Norman Conquest of England - Legacy, Norman Conquest of England - Bibliography

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Normandy is a region in northwest France which at the time had experienced extensive Viking settlement. About 150 years before the Norman Conquest, in the year 911, French Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple had allowed a group of Vikings, under their leader Rollo, to settle in northern France with the idea that they would provide protection along the coast against future Viking invaders. This proved successful and the Vikings in the region became known as the Northmen from which Normandy is derived. The Normans quickly adapte ...

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Norman Conquest of England, Norman Conquest of England - Origins, Norman Conquest of England - Conquest of England, Norman Conquest of England - Control of England, Norman Conquest of England - Significance, Norman Conquest of England - Governmental systems, Norman Conquest of England - Anglo-Norman and French relations, Norman Conquest of England - English cultural development, Norman Conquest of England - Legacy, Norman Conquest of England - Bibliography

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May 18 - 1450 to 1899. 1450 - Sejong the Great of Joseon, ruler of Korea (b. 1397) 1550 - John, Cardinal of Lorraine, French churchman (b. 1498) 1584 - Ikeda Motosuke, Japanese samurai commander (b. 1559) 1675 - Stanisław Lubieniecki, Polish astronomer (b. 1623) 1675 - Jacques Marquette, French Jesuit missionary and explorer (b. 1637) 1692 - Elias Ashmole, English antiquarian (b. 1617) 1780 - Charles Hardy, British governor of Newfoundland 1799 ...

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May 18, May 18 - Events, May 18 - Births, May 18 - 1048 to 1899, May 18 - 1900 to 1999, May 18 - Deaths, May 18 - 1450 to 1899, May 18 - 1900 to 1999, May 18 - 2000 onwards, May 18 - Holidays and Observances

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