The Roman Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, the Anglican/Episcopal Communion and other groups often refer to presbyters in English as priests (priest is etymologically derived from the Greek presbyteros via the Latin presbyter). This usage is seen by some Protestant Christians as stripping the laity of its rightful priestly status, while those who use the term defend its usage by saying that, while they do believe in the priesthood of all believers, they do not believe in the eldership of ...

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Presbyter, Presbyter - History, Presbyter - Modern usage, Presbyter - Sources

Read more here: » Presbyter: Encyclopedia II - Presbyter - Modern usage

See also:

Presbyter, Presbyter - History, Presbyter - Modern usage, Presbyter - Sources

Read more here: » Presbyter: Encyclopedia II - Presbyter - History

While tradition normally assigns the second and third epistles to John the Apostle, the fact that the author identifies himself as "the presbyter" (or "the priest") cast doubt on this assignment, even within the early Church. There are enough literary and theological similarities with the first epistle that these two are normally assumed to have stemmed from the same circle of theologians. Thus most scholars assume that some personality in the circle of disciples of John was the author of these books. The similarities between the two books m ...

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Authorship of the Johannine works, Authorship of the Johannine works - History of use of the Johannine works, Authorship of the Johannine works - History of critical scholarship, Authorship of the Johannine works - The Gospel, Authorship of the Johannine works - Literary criticism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Authorship of the Johannine works - More recent criticism, Authorship of the Johannine works - Historicity, Authorship of the Johannine works - Authorship, Authorship of the Johannine works - First epistle, Authorship of the Johannine works - Second and third epistles, Authorship of the Johannine works - Revelation

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A presbytery can be the residence of one or more presbyters, priests, or religious elders; or an area of a church or cathedral reserved for priests; or the collective college of priests in a diocese, archdiocese, or prelature; or the local unit in the polity of a Presbyterian church, consisting of presbyters (i.e. elders and ministers) of several local congregations; several presbyteries may then form a synod. Other related archivesPresbyterian c

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This article is about the year. For other uses, see 365 (number). 365 - Events. September 28 - Roman usurper Procopius bribes two legions passing by Constantinople, proclaims himself Roman emperor, and takes control of Thrace and Bithynia. Emperor Fei succeeds Emperor Ai as emperor of China. Roman Emperor Valens exiles Athanasius from Alexandria. Basil of Caesarea becomes presbyter of Caesarea. < ...

Including:

• 365 - Events
• 365 - Births
• 365 - Deaths

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Vigilantius, (fl. c. 400), the presbyter, celebrated as the author of a work, no longer extant, against superstitious practices, which called forth one of the most violent and scurrilous of Jerome's polemical treatises, was born about 370 at Calagurris in Aquitania (the modern Cazres or perhaps Saint Bertrand de Comminges in the department of Haute-Garonne), where his father kept a statio or inn on the great Roman road from Aquitania to Spain. While still a youth his talent became known to Sulpicius Severus, who had estates in

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Arius (AD 256 - 336, poss. in North Africa) was an early Christian theologian, who taught that the Son of God was not eternal, and was subordinate to God the Father (a view known generally as Arianism). Although he attracted considerable support at the time (and since), Arius's views were deemed heretical at the Council of Nicaea, leading to the formation of the Nicene Creed. Arius is also known as Arius of Alexandria. He was possibly of Libyan and Berber descent. His father's name is given as Ammonius. He was made presbyter of ...

Including:

• Arius - Problems with sources
• Arius - Early Life
• Arius - Arius's Concept of Christ
• Arius - The Council of Nicaea
• Arius - After the Council of Nicaea

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The Johannine works are the Gospel of John, the first, second,and third epistles of John, and the Book of Revelation. All five show certain similarities in theological background, but also certain differences, leading to the current debate. All of these books of the New Testament have traditionally been attributed to John the Apostle, assumed to be identical to John the Evangelist; however, especially since the rise of higher criticism, the question of the authorship of the Johannine works has been disputed. Before the rise of ...

Including:

• Authorship of the Johannine works - History of use of the Johannine works
• Authorship of the Johannine works - History of critical scholarship
• Authorship of the Johannine works - The Gospel
• Authorship of the Johannine works - Literary criticism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
• Authorship of the Johannine works - More recent criticism
• Authorship of the Johannine works - Historicity
• Authorship of the Johannine works - Authorship
• Authorship of the Johannine works - First epistle
• Authorship of the Johannine works - Second and third epistles
• Authorship of the Johannine works - Revelation

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Noetus, a presbyter of the church of Asia Minor about AD 230, was a native of Smyrna, where (or perhaps in Ephesus) he became a prominent representative of the particular type of Christology now called modalistic monarchianism or patripassianism. His views, which led to his excommunication from the Asiatic Church, are known chiefly through the writings of Hippolytus, his contemporary at Rome, where he settled and had a large following. He accepted the fourth Gospel, but regarded its statements about the Logos as allegorical. His disciple Cleomenes held that God is both inv ...

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In Presbyterianism congregations are united in accountability to the regional presbytery (sometimes called a Classis). Presbyteries, in turn, may be under the jurisdiction of higher courts such as synods and General Assemblies. These courts again are composed of presbyters (elders and ministers). Presbyters are elected by their congregations but are not sent to represent them; Presbyters are who attend the courts exercise their own judgement and are not required to vote how their congrega ...

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Presbyterian church governance, Presbyterian church governance - Church Session, Presbyterian church governance - Higher Courts, Presbyterian church governance - External link

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In the first two centuries of Christianity, the Gospel of Matthew was the primary instrument for catechesis. John was always considered the last to be written, traditionally given a date between 90 and 100, though modern scholars often suggest an even later date. Under the influence of Irenaeus' four-gospel "canon of truth," the Gospel of John became a cornerstone of baptismal catechesis in Rome. In the First Council of Nicaea, the Gos ...

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Authorship of the Johannine works, Authorship of the Johannine works - History of use of the Johannine works, Authorship of the Johannine works - History of critical scholarship, Authorship of the Johannine works - The Gospel, Authorship of the Johannine works - Literary criticism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Authorship of the Johannine works - More recent criticism, Authorship of the Johannine works - Historicity, Authorship of the Johannine works - Authorship, Authorship of the Johannine works - First epistle, Authorship of the Johannine works - Second and third epistles, Authorship of the Johannine works - Revelation

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In the Christian context, some confusion is caused for English speakers by two different Greek words traditionally translated as priest. Both occur in the New Testament, which draws a distinction not always observed in English. The first, presbyteros (πρεσβυτερος), Latin presbyter, is traditionally translated priest and the English word priest is indeed etymologically derived from this word; literally, it means elder, and is used in neutral and non-religious contexts in Gr ...

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Priest, Priest - In Judaism, Priest - In Christianity, Priest - Catholic & Orthodox, Priest - Protestant, Priest - Anglican Communion, Priest - Quaker, Priest - Dress

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Authorship of the Johannine works - Literary criticism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although the critical movement reached almost complete agreement about the two-source hypothesis for the Synoptic Gospels, no agreement has been reached about the literary sources for the Johannine works. A perhaps typical example of a critical theory of the development of these was provided by Julius Wellhausen in 1908. He hypothesized a base document which was heavily modified by a later editor. He claimed to ...

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Authorship of the Johannine works, Authorship of the Johannine works - History of use of the Johannine works, Authorship of the Johannine works - History of critical scholarship, Authorship of the Johannine works - The Gospel, Authorship of the Johannine works - Literary criticism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Authorship of the Johannine works - More recent criticism, Authorship of the Johannine works - Historicity, Authorship of the Johannine works - Authorship, Authorship of the Johannine works - First epistle, Authorship of the Johannine works - Second and third epistles, Authorship of the Johannine works - Revelation

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The era of critical scholarship on the works opened with K.G. Bretschneider's 1820 work on the topic of Johannine authorship. Bretschneider called into question the apostolic authorship of the Gospel, and even stated on the basis of "John"'s unsteady grip on topology that the author could not have come from Palestine. He reasoned that since the meaning and nature of Jesus presented in the Gospel of John was very different from that in the Synoptic Gospels, its author could not have been an eyewitness to the events. Bretsch ...

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Authorship of the Johannine works, Authorship of the Johannine works - History of use of the Johannine works, Authorship of the Johannine works - History of critical scholarship, Authorship of the Johannine works - The Gospel, Authorship of the Johannine works - Literary criticism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Authorship of the Johannine works - More recent criticism, Authorship of the Johannine works - Historicity, Authorship of the Johannine works - Authorship, Authorship of the Johannine works - First epistle, Authorship of the Johannine works - Second and third epistles, Authorship of the Johannine works - Revelation

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The phraseology of the first letter of John is very similar to that of the fourth gospel, so that the question of authorship is often connected to the question of authorship of the gospel. There are several turns of phrase that occur only in the Gospel and First Epistle and nowhere else in the New Testament, such as "have a sin", "do the truth", "remain" in some mystical state (in the Father, in the Son, in my love), and so forth. Both works have a very Semitic flavor to the Greek -- many sentences begin with "all" or with "and", use of "lit ...

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Authorship of the Johannine works, Authorship of the Johannine works - History of use of the Johannine works, Authorship of the Johannine works - History of critical scholarship, Authorship of the Johannine works - The Gospel, Authorship of the Johannine works - Literary criticism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Authorship of the Johannine works - More recent criticism, Authorship of the Johannine works - Historicity, Authorship of the Johannine works - Authorship, Authorship of the Johannine works - First epistle, Authorship of the Johannine works - Second and third epistles, Authorship of the Johannine works - Revelation

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The author of the Book of Revelation identifies himself as "John", so that the book has been traditionally credited to John the Apostle. Evidence of this identification is found as early as Justin Martyr, in his Dialogue with Tryphon. Other witnesses to this tradition are Ireneus, Clement of Alexandria, and Tertullian. The first doubts about the apostolic authorship of the book came in the third century. The priest Caius of Rome (one of Epiphanius's "alogoi") identified the author as Cerinthus, whom he considered ...

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Authorship of the Johannine works, Authorship of the Johannine works - History of use of the Johannine works, Authorship of the Johannine works - History of critical scholarship, Authorship of the Johannine works - The Gospel, Authorship of the Johannine works - Literary criticism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Authorship of the Johannine works - More recent criticism, Authorship of the Johannine works - Historicity, Authorship of the Johannine works - Authorship, Authorship of the Johannine works - First epistle, Authorship of the Johannine works - Second and third epistles, Authorship of the Johannine works - Revelation

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The gospel itself is anonymous, but as early as Papias in the early 2nd century, a text was attributed to Mark, a disciple of Peter, who is said to have recorded the Apostle's discourses. Papias' authority in this was John the Presbyter. While the text of Papias is no longer extant, it was quoted by Eusebius of Caesarea: And the presbyter would say this: Mark, who had indeed been Peter's interpreter, accurately wrote as much as he remembered, yet not in order, about that which was either said or done by the Lord. For he neither ...

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Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Mark - Authorship and Provenance, Gospel of Mark - Date, Gospel of Mark - Audience, Gospel of Mark - Sources: Mark and Midrash, Gospel of Mark - Sources: Mark's disputed relation with Q Gospel, Gospel of Mark - Characteristics, Gospel of Mark - Other characteristics unique to Mark, Gospel of Mark - Markan priority among the Synoptic gospels, Gospel of Mark - The little Apocalypse of Mark 13, Gospel of Mark - Losses and early editing, Gospel of Mark - Ending, Gospel of Mark - Chapters, Gospel of Mark - References and further reading

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In about 319, when Athanasius was a deacon, a presbyter named Arius began teaching that there was a time before God the Father begat Jesus when the latter did not exist. Athanasius accompanied Alexander to the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which council produced the Nicene Creed and anathematized Arius and his followers. On May 9, 328, he succeeded Alexander as bishop of Alexandria. As a result of rises and falls in Arianism's influence, he was banished from Alexandria only to be later restored on at least five separate occasions, perhaps ...

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Athanasius of Alexandria, Athanasius of Alexandria - Historical significance, Athanasius of Alexandria - Criticism of Athanasius, Athanasius of Alexandria - Sources

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The Greek term πρεσβυτερος [presbyteros], used in the New Testament as a designation for the leaders of the Early Church (eg. Acts 11.30), has three different reflexes in English: elder, presbyter and priest. Priest is the oldest, a borrowing into Old English via Latin, elder (first attested 1526) is a translation of the underlying meaning of the Greek word, and presbyter (1597) is learned correction of the loan-word. However, ...

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Ministers and elders in the Church of Scotland, Ministers and elders in the Church of Scotland - Terminology, Ministers and elders in the Church of Scotland - Concepts, Ministers and elders in the Church of Scotland - Rôle of the minister, Ministers and elders in the Church of Scotland - Selection and training of ministers, Ministers and elders in the Church of Scotland - Selection, Ministers and elders in the Church of Scotland - Initial training, Ministers and elders in the Church of Scotland - Theological colleges, Ministers and elders in the Church of Scotland - Rôle of the elder

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The gospel itself is anonymous, but as early as Papias in the early 2nd century, a text was attributed to Mark, a disciple of Peter, who is said to have recorded the Apostle's discourses. Papias' authority in this was John the Presbyter. While the text of Papias is no longer extant, it was quoted by Eusebius of Caesarea: And the presbyter would say this: Mark, who had indeed been Peter's interpreter, accurately wrote as much as he remembered, yet not in order, about that which was either said or done by the Lord. For he neither ...

See also:

Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Mark - Authorship and Provenance, Gospel of Mark - Date, Gospel of Mark - Audience, Gospel of Mark - Sources: Mark and Midrash, Gospel of Mark - Sources: Mark's disputed relation with Q Gospel, Gospel of Mark - Characteristics, Gospel of Mark - Other characteristics unique to Mark, Gospel of Mark - Markan priority among the Synoptic gospels, Gospel of Mark - The little Apocalypse of Mark 13, Gospel of Mark - Losses and early editing, Gospel of Mark - Ending, Gospel of Mark - References and further reading

Read more here: » Gospel of Mark: Encyclopedia II - Gospel of Mark - Authorship and Provenance