precious metals

The modern commodity markets have their roots in the trading of agricultural products. While wheat and corn, cattle and pigs, were widely traded using standard instruments in the 19th century in the United States, other basic foodstuffs as soybeans were only added quite recently in most markets. For a commodity market to be established, there must be very broad consensus on the variations in the product that m ...

See also:

Commodity markets, Commodity markets - History, Commodity markets - Early history of commodity markets, Commodity markets - Commodity and empire, Commodity markets - Modern commodity markets, Commodity markets - Hedging, Commodity markets - Delivery and condition guarantees, Commodity markets - Standardization, Commodity markets - Regulation of commodity markets, Commodity markets - Proliferation of contracts terms and derivatives, Commodity markets - Oil and fiat, Commodity markets - Commodity markets and protectionism, Commodity markets - Non-conventional commodities, Commodity markets - Nature's commodity outputs, Commodity markets - Weather trading, Commodity markets - Emissions trading, Commodity markets - Community as commodity?, Commodity markets - A working hour a breath of air?, Commodity markets - Is human life a commodity?, Commodity markets - Is free time a commodity?, Commodity markets - Outside links, Commodity markets - Exchanges, Commodity markets - Supervising commission, Commodity markets - Data, Commodity markets - Miscellaneous, Commodity markets - History of commodity trading

Read more here: » Commodity markets: Encyclopedia II - Commodity markets - History

Money is any marketable good or token used by a society as a store of value, a medium of exchange, and a unit of account. Since the needs arise naturally, societies organically create one or several money objects when none exists. In other cases, a central authority creates a single money object and compels its use; this is more frequently the case in modern societies with paper money. The value of money emerges in no small part from its utility as a medium of exchange, however its utility as a medium of exchange depends on it having recognised market value. Hence th ...

Including:

• Money - Essential characteristics of money
• Money - Credit as money
• Money - Desirable features of money
• Money - Modern forms of money
• Money - Money and economics
• Money - History of money
• Money - Private currencies
• Money - Money supply
• Money - Growing the money supply
• Money - Shrinking the money supply M3

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The abundance of a chemical element measures how common the element is, or how much of the element there is. Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Universe. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the known Universe; helium is second. However, after this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number; oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8. All others are orders of magnitude less common. Both helium-3 and helium-4 were produced in th ...

Including:

• Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Universe
• Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Solar System
• Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in Earth
• Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
• Abundance of the chemical elements - Ocean
• Abundance of the chemical elements - Atmosphere
• Abundance of the chemical elements - Organisms
• Abundance of the chemical elements - Human body

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The word grain has several meanings, most being descriptive of a small piece or particle. Grain - Particle-related. The primary definition is the agricultural one, with the others derived from it. In agriculture, a grain is the seed of a grass, a simple dry fruit technically called a caryopsis. Such crops are often called cereals. Grain can also refer to other types of small seeds, though this is technically less correct. In units of measurement, the grain is a un ...

Including:

• Grain - Particle-related
• Grain - Others

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Diamond is one of the two best known forms (or allotropes) of carbon, whose hardness and high dispersion of light make it useful for industrial applications and jewelry (the other equally well known allotrope is graphite). Diamonds are specifically renowned as a mineral with superlative physical qualities - they make excellent abrasives because they can only be scratched by other diamonds, which also means they hold a polish extremely well and retain luster. About 130 million carats (26,000 kg) are mined annually ...

Including:

• Diamond - Material properties
• Diamond - Mechanical properties
• Diamond - Electromagnetic properties
• Diamond - Media
• Diamond - Natural history
• Diamond - Formation
• Diamond - Surfacing
• Diamond - Gemological characteristics
• Diamond - Carat
• Diamond - Clarity
• Diamond - Color
• Diamond - Cut
• Diamond - Cleaning
• Diamond - History
• Diamond - Record-holding diamonds
• Diamond - The diamond industry
• Diamond - Gem diamond industry
• Diamond - Industrial diamond industry
• Diamond - Diamond supply chain
• Diamond - Synthetics simulants and enhancements
• Diamond - Symbolism

Read more here: » Diamond: Encyclopedia - Diamond

Jewellery (Jewelry in American spelling); comprises ornamental objects worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. Costume jewellery is made from less valuable materials. However, jewellery can and has been made out of almost every kind of material. The word is derived from the word "jewel", which was anglicised from the Old French "jouel" in around the 13th century. Further tracing leads bac ...

Including:

• Jewellery - Types
• Jewellery - Common types
• Jewellery - Less common types
• Jewellery - Special functions
• Jewellery - Components
• Jewellery - Materials and methods
• Jewellery - Timeline
• Jewellery - Bibliography

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Carat is a measure of the purity of gold and platinum alloys. One carat in this sense is one twenty-fourth purity by weight. Therefore 24-carat gold is pure gold, 12-carat gold is 50% purity, etc. In the United States and Canada, the spelling karat is usually used for the measure of purity, while carat refers to the measure of mass. The carat system is increasingly being complemented or superseded by the millesimal fine ...

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Costume jewelry is jewelry that is made of less valuable materials, including base metals, glass, plastic, and synthetic stones, in place of more valuable materials such as precious metals and gems. These items are usually, but not always, inexpensive, and often flashy. Costume jewelry gets its name from its use in stage costumes. See fashion jewelry Pennino Brothers Jewelry is one rare, but well known brand of costume jewelry. Country Dutchess is a modern brand ...

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Copper alloys are alloys with copper as their principial component. They have high resistance to corrosion. Due ot its high electric conductivity, pure electrolytic copper is used mostly for making of electric cables. Copper alloys - Brasses. A brass is an alloy of copper with zinc. Brasses are usually yellow in color. The zinc content can vary between few % to about 40%; as long as it is kept under 15%, it does not markedly decrease corrosion resistance of copper. Brasses can be sensi ...

Including:

• Copper alloys - Brasses
• Copper alloys - Bronzes
• Copper alloys - Precious metal alloys

Read more here: » Copper alloys: Encyclopedia - Copper alloys

This article is in need of attention. You can help Wikipedia by editing it into a better article. Please also consider changing this notice to be more specific. Commodity markets are markets where raw or primary products are exchanged. This article focuses on the history and current debates regarding global commodity markets, and is not specific to the markets of any country in particular. It discusses concerns arising in political economy regarding commodity markets, notably the ...

Including:

• Commodity markets - History
• Commodity markets - Early history of commodity markets
• Commodity markets - Commodity and empire
• Commodity markets - Modern commodity markets
• Commodity markets - Hedging
• Commodity markets - Delivery and condition guarantees
• Commodity markets - Standardization
• Commodity markets - Regulation of commodity markets
• Commodity markets - Proliferation of contracts terms and derivatives
• Commodity markets - Oil and fiat
• Commodity markets - Commodity markets and protectionism
• Commodity markets - Non-conventional commodities
• Commodity markets - Nature's commodity outputs
• Commodity markets - Weather trading
• Commodity markets - Emissions trading
• Commodity markets - Community as commodity?
• Commodity markets - A working hour a breath of air?
• Commodity markets - Is human life a commodity?
• Commodity markets - Is free time a commodity?
• Commodity markets - Outside links
• Commodity markets - Exchanges
• Commodity markets - Supervising commission
• Commodity markets - Data
• Commodity markets - Miscellaneous
• Commodity markets - History of commodity trading

Read more here: » Commodity markets: Encyclopedia - Commodity markets

Broken Hill (31°57′S 141°27′E) is an isolated mining city and Local Government Area in the far west of outback New South Wales, Australia, with a population of 21,000. It is located near the border with South Australia on the crossing of the Barrier Highway (#32) and the Silver City Highway, in the Barrier Ranges. It is 220 metres above sea level and has a average rainfall of 235 mm and summer temperatures that hit well over 40° C. The closest major city is Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, which is more than 500 km to ...

Including:

• Broken Hill New South Wales - Geography
• Broken Hill New South Wales - History
• Broken Hill New South Wales - Railways
• Broken Hill New South Wales - Water
• Broken Hill New South Wales - Electric power
• Broken Hill New South Wales - Transportation
• Broken Hill New South Wales - Climate
• Broken Hill New South Wales - Notable people from Broken Hill

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Bain-marie or Mary's bath is a method utilised in industry (phamaceutical, cosmetics, conserves, etc.), chemical laboratories and in the kitchen to slowly warm or convey uniform temperature to a liquid or solid substance, by submerging the container into a larger one with boiling or near boiling water. The main concept here is that of bath which implies indirect heating of a substance. Heat transfer to the medium (water of the bath) is by convection, while conduction is the process involved in the wa ...

Including:

• Bain-marie - Culinary applications

Read more here: » Bain-marie: Encyclopedia - Bain-marie

Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam. Materials recovered by mining include bauxite, coal, diamonds, iron, precious metals, lead, limestone, nickel, phosphate, rock salt, tin, and uranium. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes must be mined. Mining in a wider sense can also include extraction of petroleum, natural gas, and even water. Mining - History. The oldest kno ...

Including:

• Mining - History
• Mining - Mining techniques
• Mining - Extractive metallurgy
• Mining - Environmental effects
• Mining - Mining industry
• Mining - Mine Planning Software

Read more here: » Mining: Encyclopedia - Mining

Yellow is a color with a wavelength 565-590 nanometers. It is one of the subtractive primary colors, and its complementary color is blue. However, because of the characteristics of paint pigments used in the past, painters traditionally regard its complement as purple. Yellow is a bright cheerful color, often associated with happiness and peace. Yellow - Associations and expressions. In the English language, yellow has traditionally been associated with jaundice and cowardice. In American slang, a co ...

Including:

• Yellow - Associations and expressions
• Yellow - Music
• Yellow - Plants and animals
• Yellow - Government and politics
• Yellow - Ethnicity
• Yellow - Geography
• Yellow - Transportation
• Yellow - Sports
• Yellow - Other
• Yellow - Yellow pigments

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Gold is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Au (L. aurum) and atomic number 79. A soft, shiny, yellow, dense, malleable, ductile (trivalent and univalent) transition metal, gold does not react with most chemicals but is attacked by chlorine, fluorine and aqua regia. The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks and in alluvial deposits and is one of the coinage metals. For millennia, gold has served as money and is also used in jewellery, dentistry, and in electronics. Gold forms t ...

Including:

• Gold - Notable characteristics
• Gold - Applications
• Gold - History
• Gold - Value
• Gold - Gold and the money supply
• Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership
• Gold - Return of a gold standard?
• Gold - Gold in investment portfolios
• Gold - Occurrence
• Gold - Production
• Gold - Compounds/isotopes
• Gold - Precautions
• Gold - Symbolism

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An object is pure if it has no contamination or foreign material. In reference to precious metals, purity is a measure of what percentage of an alloy is the metal in question. Purity is generally measured in carats. In The X-files, Purity is the codename of the Black Oil virus Category: Metals ...

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German gold mark - Gold coins 900/1000 gold. 20 Mark, 7.168 g gold 10 Mark, 3.583 g gold 5 Mark, 1.791 g gold German gold mark - Silver coins 900/1000 silver. Smaller values were pressed in silver, with 1 mark equalling 5g of silver. 5 Mark, 25 g silver 3 Mark, 15 g silver, from 1908 onwards 2 Mark, 10 g silver 1 Mark, 5 g silver 1/2 Mark, 2.5 g silver 50 Pfennig, 2.5 g silver (= 1/ ...

See also:

German gold mark, German gold mark - Coins of the German Empire, German gold mark - Gold coins 900/1000 gold, German gold mark - Silver coins 900/1000 silver, German gold mark - Small coins, German gold mark - Design of the coins, German gold mark - Banknotes

Read more here: » German gold mark: Encyclopedia II - German gold mark - Coins of the German Empire

The mined ore is crushed into small chunks and heaped on a leach pad. Heap leaching - Cyanide method. A dilute cyanide solution is sprinkled onto the heap. Often drip percolation is used to minimise evaporation. The solution percolates through the heap and leaches out the precious metal. This can take several weeks. The solution containing the precious metals ("pregnant solution") is collected for further processing on the bottom of the heap in a storage pond. This is invariably by gold cyanidation. ...

See also:

Heap leaching, Heap leaching - Process, Heap leaching - Cyanide method, Heap leaching - Acid method

Read more here: » Heap leaching: Encyclopedia II - Heap leaching - Process

The adoption of gold standards proceeded gradually. This has led to conflicts between different economic historians as to when the "real" gold standard began. Sir Isaac Newton included a ratio of gold to silver in his assay of coinage in 1717 which created a relationship between gold coins and the silver penny which was to be the standard unit of account in the Law of Queen Anne; for some historians this marks the beginning of the "gold standard" in England. However, more generally accepted is that a full gold standard requires that there be ...

See also:

Gold standard, Gold standard - Why gold?, Gold standard - Early coinage, Gold standard - History of the modern gold standard, Gold standard - The crisis of silver currency and bank notes 1750–1870, Gold standard - Establishment of the International Gold Standard, Gold standard - Gold Standard from peak to crisis 1901–1932, Gold standard - The Depression and Second World War 1933–1945, Gold standard - Post-war International Gold Standard 1946–1971, Gold standard - Theory, Gold standard - Differing definitions of Gold Standard, Gold standard - Effects of gold-backed currency, Gold standard - Advocates of a renewed gold standard, Gold standard - Gold as a reserve today, Gold standard - References, Gold standard - External links, Gold standard - Articles

Read more here: » Gold standard: Encyclopedia II - Gold standard - History of the modern gold standard

Modern mining companies in many countries are required to follow strict environmental and rehabilitation codes, ensuring the area mined is returned to its original state, or an even better environmental state than before mining took place. Past mining methods have had, and methods used in countries with lax environmental regulations continue to have, devastating environmental and public health effects. The result can be unnaturally high concentrations of some chemical elements over a significantly wider area of surface. Combined with the eff ...

See also:

Mining, Mining - History, Mining - Mining techniques, Mining - Extractive metallurgy, Mining - Environmental effects, Mining - Mining industry, Mining - Mine Planning Software

Read more here: » Mining: Encyclopedia II - Mining - Environmental effects