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Poznań
A Wisdom Archive on Poznań

Poznań A selection of articles related to Poznań

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ARTICLES RELATED TO Poznań

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Law and Justice - Political program

In comparison with the other major conservative party (the PO), PiS projects a more traditional, eurosceptic and populist image overall. It has been claimed that their social policies are based on the anti-socialist Social Magisterium of the Catholic Church. Economically, the party has rather leftist views. It supports a state-guaranteed minimum social safety-net, and intervention of the state into economic issues (within market economy bounds). It proposes two personal tax rates (18% and 32%), and tax rebates related to the n ...

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Law and Justice, Law and Justice - Political program, Law and Justice - Vocal criticism, Law and Justice - History, Law and Justice - Prominent members, Law and Justice - Party Chairmen, Law and Justice - Members of the PolishCabinet, Law and Justice - Other prominent positions, Law and Justice - Members of Polish Parliament Sejm 2001-2005, Law and Justice - Members of Polish Senate 2001-2005, Law and Justice - Members of the European Parliament, Law and Justice - Trivia

Read more here: » Law and Justice: Encyclopedia II - Law and Justice - Political program

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Szare Szeregi - Internal structure

On May 1, 1944, the Szare Szeregi had 8 359 members. Initially only the elder scouts (Senior Scouts, Senior Guides, Rovers and Rangers) 17 and up were admitted. However, soon the number of younger children admitted grew and in 1942 the new structure was adopted, based mostly on the pre-war structure of the ZHP. Szare Szeregi - Zawisza - ages 12-14. The troops organised for children between 12 and 14 years of age were code-named after Zawisza Czarny, a famous Polish mediæval knight and diplomat. The troops ...

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Szare Szeregi, Szare Szeregi - Code-name, Szare Szeregi - Principles, Szare Szeregi - Structure, Szare Szeregi - Internal structure, Szare Szeregi - Zawisza - ages 12-14, Szare Szeregi - Bojowe Szkoły - ages 15-17, Szare Szeregi - Grupy Szturmowe - ages 17 and up, Szare Szeregi - External link

Read more here: » Szare Szeregi: Encyclopedia II - Szare Szeregi - Internal structure

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - T-4 Euthanasia Program - Establishment and purpose

The program was established by Adolf Hitler, operated under the authority of Chief of the State Chancellery Philip Bouhler and Doctor Karl Brandt, and was headed by Werner Heyde and Paul Nitsche. The name T-4 derived from the address of the program's offices in Berlin. The purpose of the program was to maintain the so-called "genetic purity" of the German population and exterminate certain elements of the population of occupied territories by systematically killing those who were considered to be physically deformed, disabled, handica ...

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T-4 Euthanasia Program, T-4 Euthanasia Program - Establishment and purpose, T-4 Euthanasia Program - History of the program, T-4 Euthanasia Program - Legacy, T-4 Euthanasia Program - Key figures, T-4 Euthanasia Program - Key concepts

Read more here: » T-4 Euthanasia Program: Encyclopedia II - T-4 Euthanasia Program - Establishment and purpose

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Polish heraldry - Peculiarities

Although the Polish heraldic system evolved under the influence of French and German heraldry, there are many notable differences. The most striking peculiarity of the system is that a coat of arms does not belong to a single family. A number of unrelated families (sometimes hundreds of them), usually with a number of different family names, may use a coat of arms, and each coat of arms has its own name. The total number of coats of arms in this system was relatively low - less than 200 in the late Middle Ages. One side-effect of this ...

See also:

Polish heraldry, Polish heraldry - History, Polish heraldry - Peculiarities, Polish heraldry - Shield, Polish heraldry - Tinctures, Polish heraldry - Bibliography and Listings of Coats of Arms

Read more here: » Polish heraldry: Encyclopedia II - Polish heraldry - Peculiarities

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Paul von Hindenburg - Presidency

In 1925, Hindenburg had no interest in running for public office. In the first round of the 1925 presidential elections, no candidate had emerged with a majority and a run-off election had been called. The Social Democratic candidate, Prime Minister Otto Braun of Prussia, had agreed to drop out the race and had endorsed the Catholic Center Party's candidate, Wilhelm Marx. Since Karl Jarres, the joint candidate of the two conservative parties, the German People's Party and German National People's Party was regarded as too dull, it seemed lik ...

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Paul von Hindenburg, Paul von Hindenburg - German army, Paul von Hindenburg - Aftermath of the war, Paul von Hindenburg - Presidency, Paul von Hindenburg - January 1932-January 1933: A Year of Decisions, Paul von Hindenburg - The Machtergreifung, Paul von Hindenburg - Conclusion, Paul von Hindenburg - Endnotes, Paul von Hindenburg - Sources

Read more here: » Paul von Hindenburg: Encyclopedia II - Paul von Hindenburg - Presidency

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - People's Republic of Poland - History

At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Stalin was able to present his western allies, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, with a fait accompli in Poland. His armed forces were in occupation of the country, and his agents, the Polish Communists, were in control of its administration. The USSR was in the process of incorporating the lands in eastern Poland which it had occupied between 1939 and 1941. In compensation, the USSR awarded Poland all the German territories in Pomerania, Silesia and Brandenburg east of the Oder-Neisse ...

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People's Republic of Poland, People's Republic of Poland - History, People's Republic of Poland - Government and politics, People's Republic of Poland - Economy, People's Republic of Poland - Culture, People's Republic of Poland - Demographics, People's Republic of Poland - Geography

Read more here: » People's Republic of Poland: Encyclopedia II - People's Republic of Poland - History

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Greater Poland Uprising - Background

After the 1795 Third Partition of Poland, Poland ceased to exist as an independent state. From 1795 through the opening of World War I, several unsuccessful uprisings to regain an independent state took place. An 1806 uprising was followed by the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw which lasted for eight years before being partioned again between Prussia and Russia. At the end of World War I, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's proposition of his Fourteen Points for peace met opposition from the European nations that stood to lose any power o ...

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Greater Poland Uprising, Greater Poland Uprising - Background, Greater Poland Uprising - The uprising, Greater Poland Uprising - Appraisal, Greater Poland Uprising - Timeline of uprising, Greater Poland Uprising - Events before, Greater Poland Uprising - Uprising, Greater Poland Uprising - Between ceasefire and reunification, Greater Poland Uprising - Epilogue

Read more here: » Greater Poland Uprising: Encyclopedia II - Greater Poland Uprising - Background

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Maciej Giertych - Biography

Maciej Giertych was born March 24, 1936 in Warsaw, to a notable politician of the National Democracy movement Jędrzej Giertych. In 1945 his family left Poland for Germany and finally settled in the United Kingdom. In 1954 Giertych passed his final school exams and entered Oxford University. He received the BA and MA in dendrology. Between 1958 and 1962 he studied at the University of Toronto, where he rec ...

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Maciej Giertych, Maciej Giertych - Biography, Maciej Giertych - Views, Maciej Giertych - External link

Read more here: » Maciej Giertych: Encyclopedia II - Maciej Giertych - Biography

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring

First, Rejewski tackled the problem of finding the wiring of the rotors. To do this, he pioneered the use of pure mathematics in cryptanalysis. Previous methods had largely exploited linguistic patterns and the statistics of natural-language texts — letter-frequency analysis. Rejewski, however, applied techniques from group theory — theorems about permutations — in his attack on Enigma. These mathematical techniques, combined with material supplied by French military intelligence, enabled him to reconstruct the internal wirings of the ...

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Marian Rejewski, Marian Rejewski - Education and early work with the Polish Cipher Bureau, Marian Rejewski - The Enigma machine, Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring, Marian Rejewski - Assistance from French Intelligence, Marian Rejewski - Methods for solving the daily Enigma settings, Marian Rejewski - Early methods, Marian Rejewski - Rejewski's bomba and Zygalski's sheets, Marian Rejewski - Results given to the British and French, Marian Rejewski - Work in France and Britain, Marian Rejewski - PC Bruno, Marian Rejewski - Cadix, Marian Rejewski - Escape from France, Marian Rejewski - Britain, Marian Rejewski - Postwar life and recognition, Marian Rejewski - Notes, Marian Rejewski - Footnote citations

Read more here: » Marian Rejewski: Encyclopedia II - Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History

The creation of the Commonwealth by the Union of Lublin in 1569 was one of the signal achievements of Sigismund II Augustus, last king of the Jagiellon dynasty. His death in 1572 was followed by a three-year interregnum during which adjustments were made to the constitutional system that effectively increased the power of the nobility (the szlachta) and established a truly elective monarchy. The Commonwealth reached its Golden Age in the first half of the 17th century. Its powerful parliament (the Sejm) was dominated by nobles ...

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Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Military district - Germany

Germany used the system of military districts (German: Wehrkreis) with an aim of relieving field commanders of as much purely administrative work as possible, and at providing as regular as possible a flow of trained recruits and of supplies to the Field Army. The method they adopted was to separate the Field Army (Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres) from the Home Command(Heimatkriegsgebiet) and to entrust the whole charge of training, conscri ...

See also:

Military district, Military district - Germany, Military district - Russia

Read more here: » Military district: Encyclopedia II - Military district - Germany

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Kalisz - History

Sometimes Kalisz is called "the oldest town of Poland" because the mention by Ptolemy of a town called Calisia that was situated on the Amber Trail. Although it is still not certain whether the exact spot where the city centre is located nowadays was inhabitated in 2nd century, there are many artifacts of the Roman times in the area, pointing to the fact that it must have been one of the stops of the Roman ca ...

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Kalisz, Kalisz - History, Kalisz - Education, Kalisz - Economy, Kalisz - Sports, Kalisz - Notable people

Read more here: » Kalisz: Encyclopedia II - Kalisz - History

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - List of city nicknames - Patterns

There are some common types of city nicknames. List of city nicknames - Agricultural or Industrial Capitals. Many cities have nicknames which claim that the international or, less commonly, the national or regional capital of a particular industry, hobby or other phenomenon, especially the agricultural production of a certain plant. These include: Almond Capital of the World - Sacramento, California, Chico, California, both in the USA Apple Capital of the World - Wenatch ...

See also:

List of city nicknames, List of city nicknames - Patterns, List of city nicknames - Agricultural or Industrial Capitals, List of city nicknames - Self-proclaimed Capitals of the World, List of city nicknames - Birthplace, List of city nicknames - Comparative nicknames, List of city nicknames - 'Venice of ...', List of city nicknames - Folk heroes, List of city nicknames - Paradises, List of city nicknames - Complete list, List of city nicknames - Cities in Argentina, List of city nicknames - Cities in Australia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Belgium, List of city nicknames - Cities in Brazil, List of city nicknames - Cities in Canada, List of city nicknames - Cities in China, List of city nicknames - Cities in Colombia, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Czech Republic, List of city nicknames - Cities in Denmark, List of city nicknames - Cities in Egypt, List of city nicknames - Cities in Finland, List of city nicknames - Cities in France, List of city nicknames - Cities in Germany, List of city nicknames - Cities in Guatemala, List of city nicknames - Cities in Hungary, List of city nicknames - Cities in India, List of city nicknames - Cities in Iran, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Republic of Ireland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Israel, List of city nicknames - Cities in Italy, List of city nicknames - Cities in Japan, List of city nicknames - Cities in Lebanon, List of city nicknames - Cities in Malaysia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Mexico, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Netherlands, List of city nicknames - Cities in New Zealand, List of city nicknames - Cities in Norway, List of city nicknames - Cities in Peru, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Philippines, List of city nicknames - Cities in Poland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Portugal, List of city nicknames - Cities in Puerto Rico, List of city nicknames - Cities in Romania, List of city nicknames - Cities in Russia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Serbia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Slovakia, List of city nicknames - Cities in South Africa, List of city nicknames - Cities in Spain, List of city nicknames - Cities in Sweden, List of city nicknames - Cities in Switzerland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Thailand, List of city nicknames - Cities in Ukraine, List of city nicknames - Cities in the United Kingdom, List of city nicknames - Cities in the United States, List of city nicknames - Cities in Venezuela

Read more here: » List of city nicknames: Encyclopedia II - List of city nicknames - Patterns

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Poland - History

Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century. In the 12th century Poland fragmented into several smaller states, which were later ravaged by the Mongol armies of the Golden Horde in 1241. In 1320 Władysław I became the King of ...

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Poland, Poland - Name, Poland - History, Poland - Politics, Poland - Geography, Poland - Principal Cities, Poland - Administrative division, Poland - Economy, Poland - Science technology and education, Poland - Telecommunication and IT, Poland - Transportation, Poland - Tourism and holidays, Poland - Demographics, Poland - Culture, Poland - UNESCO World Heritage in Poland, Poland - International rankings

Read more here: » Poland: Encyclopedia II - Poland - History

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Lech Czech and Rus - Legend versus reality

The earliest mention of Lech, Czech and Rus is found in the Chronicle of Greater Poland written in 1295 in Gniezno or Poznań. In Bohemian chronicles, Czech appears on his own; he is first mentioned as Bohemus in Cosmas's chronicle in early 12th century. The legend suggests the common ancestry of the Poles, the Czechs and the Ruthenians (or modern-day Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians) and illustrates the fact that as early as the 13th century, at least three different Slavic peoples were aware of being racially- and linguistically- ...

See also:

Lech Czech and Rus, Lech Czech and Rus - Legend versus reality, Lech Czech and Rus - Oaks of Rogalin

Read more here: » Lech Czech and Rus: Encyclopedia II - Lech Czech and Rus - Legend versus reality

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Leszek Kołakowski - Life

Due to the German occupation of Poland during World War II Kolakowski did not attend school, but read books with occasional private lessons, and took his final exams as an external student in the underground school system. He eventually studied philosophy in Łódź and earned his doctorate from Warsaw University in 1953, later becoming a professor and chairman of its section on the history of philosophy (1959-1968). On the grounds that he was an orthodox Marxist he was sent by the party in 1950 to Moscow on a course for promising com ...

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Leszek Kołakowski, Leszek Kołakowski - Life, Leszek Kołakowski - Quote, Leszek Kołakowski - Views, Leszek Kołakowski - Work, Leszek Kołakowski - Most important works, Leszek Kołakowski - Awards

Read more here: » Leszek Kołakowski: Encyclopedia II - Leszek Kołakowski - Life

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Polish parliamentary election 2005 - Background

The Sejm is elected by proportional representation from multi-member constituencies, with seats divided among parties which gain more than five percent of the votes using the d'Hondt method. On the other hand, the Senate is elected under first-past-the-post bloc voting. This tends to cause the party or coalition which wins the elections to have a larger majority in the Senate than in the Sejm. At the 2001 elections, the SLD and UP won 216 of the 460 seats, and were able to form a government with the support of the Polish Peasant Party ...

See also:

Polish parliamentary election 2005, Polish parliamentary election 2005 - Background, Polish parliamentary election 2005 - Contestants, Polish parliamentary election 2005 - Results, Polish parliamentary election 2005 - Distribution of vote, Polish parliamentary election 2005 - After the elections

Read more here: » Polish parliamentary election 2005: Encyclopedia II - Polish parliamentary election 2005 - Background

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices

The upper chamber of the First Republic's Sejm (parliament, or diet) was the Senate, comprising bishops, voivods, castellans and ministers (central officials). The list of dignitaries eligible to serve in the Senat had been finalized when, in the Union of Lublin (1569), the Kingdom of Poland was transformed into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The most important official was the Primate — the Archbishop of Gniezno. From 1572, the first time that Poland had been without a king (the Jagiellon Dynasty having died out ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Shtetl - Shtetls Listed by Present-day country

Shtetl - Poland. Note: Towns formerly in the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia are marked with "(G)". Będzin (Bendin) Belchatów Białobrzegi Białystok Bielsk-Podlaski (Bielsk-Podliask) Bircza (G) Brzeznica Brzozów (G) Bukowsko (G) Bytom (Beuthen) Ciechanów Czeladź Częstochowa Czyzewo Dąbrowa Dębica (Dembits) (G) ...

See also:

Shtetl, Shtetl - History, Shtetl - Shtetls Listed by Present-day country, Shtetl - Poland, Shtetl - Other, Shtetl - Fictional Shtetls, Shtetl - Shtots larger towns with significant pre-war Jewish populations

Read more here: » Shtetl: Encyclopedia II - Shtetl - Shtetls Listed by Present-day country

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Poles - Ethnic Poles

Ethnic Poles are those who are considered by others or by themselves, to be ethnically Polish rather than anything else but who do not live within Poland nor hold its citizenship. People in this category seem to be usually considered to be ethnic Poles by others, but sometimes by themselves, take for example the people of Polish ancestry in Germany/Austria who speak little of having Polish descent and do not consider themselves as Poles despite having visible Polish family names which would connect them in some way to the Polish language and ...

See also:

Poles, Poles - Ethnic Poles

Read more here: » Poles: Encyclopedia II - Poles - Ethnic Poles

Poznań: Encyclopedia II - International E-road network - Class A roads

International E-road network - North-South reference. E05 - Greenock - Glasgow - Preston - Birmingham - Southampton ... Le Havre - Paris - Orléans - Bordeaux - San Sebastian - Madrid - Sevilla - Algeciras E15 - Inverness - Perth - Edinburgh - Newcastle - London - Folkestone - Dover ... Calais - Paris - Lyon - Orange - Narbonne - Girona - Barcelona - Tarragona - Castellón de la Plana - Valencia - Alicante - Murcia - Almería - Málaga - Algeciras E25 - Hoek van Holland - Rotterdam - Eindh ...

See also:

International E-road network, International E-road network - Numbering system, International E-road network - Exceptions, International E-road network - Notes to the listings, International E-road network - Class A roads, International E-road network - North-South reference, International E-road network - West-East reference, International E-road network - North-South intermediate, International E-road network - West-East intermediate, International E-road network - Class B roads, International E-road network - Signage

Read more here: » International E-road network: Encyclopedia II - International E-road network - Class A roads

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