Postmodernism - Postmodernism in language. Important to postmodernism's role in language is the focus on the implied meaning of words and forms the power structures that are accepted as part of the way words are used, from the use of the word "Man" with a capital "M" to refer to the collective humanity, to the default of the word "he" in English as a pronoun for a person of gender unknown to the speaker, or as a casual replacement for the word "one". This, however, is merely the most obvious example of the changing relation ...

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Postmodernism, Postmodernism - Uses of the term, Postmodernism - Art, Postmodernism - Sociology, Postmodernism - Lifestyle, Postmodernism - Philosophy, Postmodernism - A general definition, Postmodernism - The development of postmodernism, Postmodernism - Early usage of the term, Postmodernism - Deconstruction, Postmodernism - Postmodernism's manifestations, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in language, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in art, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in architecture, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and Urban Design, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in graphic design, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in literature, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in music, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in political science, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in philosophy, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and post-structuralism, Postmodernism - Postmodernity and digital communications, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and its critics, Postmodernism - Relationship between modernism and postmodernism, Postmodernism - Theoretical postmodernism, Postmodernism - Cultural and political postmodernism, Postmodernism - Notes

Read more here: » Postmodernism: Encyclopedia II - Postmodernism - Postmodernism's manifestations

See also:

Postmodernism, Postmodernism - Uses of the term, Postmodernism - Art, Postmodernism - Sociology, Postmodernism - Lifestyle, Postmodernism - Philosophy, Postmodernism - A general definition, Postmodernism - The development of postmodernism, Postmodernism - Early usage of the term, Postmodernism - Deconstruction, Postmodernism - Postmodernism's manifestations, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in language, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in art, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in architecture, Postmodernism - Postmodernism Planning & Urban Design, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in graphic design, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in literature, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in music, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in political science, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in philosophy, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and post-structuralism, Postmodernism - Postmodernity and digital communications, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and its critics, Postmodernism - Relationship between modernism and postmodernism, Postmodernism - Theoretical postmodernism, Postmodernism - Cultural and political postmodernism, Postmodernism - Notes

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Deconstruction is a term which is used to denote the application of post-modern ideas of criticism, or theory, to a "text" or "artifact". A deconstruction is meant to undermine the frame of reference and assumptions that underpin the text or the artifact. In its original use, a "deconstruction" is an important textual "occurrence" described and analyzed by many postmodern authors and philosophers. They argued that aspects in the text itself would undermine its own authority or assumptions, that internal contradictions would erase boun ...

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Postmodernism, Postmodernism - Uses of the term, Postmodernism - Art, Postmodernism - Sociology, Postmodernism - Lifestyle, Postmodernism - Philosophy, Postmodernism - A general definition, Postmodernism - The development of postmodernism, Postmodernism - Early usage of the term, Postmodernism - Deconstruction, Postmodernism - Postmodernism's manifestations, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in language, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in art, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in architecture, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and Urban Design, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in graphic design, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in literature, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in music, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in political science, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in philosophy, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and post-structuralism, Postmodernism - Postmodernity and digital communications, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and its critics, Postmodernism - Relationship between modernism and postmodernism, Postmodernism - Theoretical postmodernism, Postmodernism - Cultural and political postmodernism, Postmodernism - Notes

Read more here: » Postmodernism: Encyclopedia II - Postmodernism - Deconstruction

Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. Although the term is generally applied to behavior within governments, politics is also observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions. Politics Politics Portal Politics by country Political campaigns Political science Political philosophy Ideology History of democracy Direct democracy Representativ ...

Including:

Politics - A natural state Politics - Early history Politics - Definitions Politics - Political power
Politics - The Normative 'Faces of Power' Debate Politics - The Postmodern Challenge of Normative Views of Power Politics - Sociological Views of Power
Politics - Authority and legitimacy
Politics - Traditional Politics - Charismatic Politics - Legal-rational Politics - References

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Previous: Modernism Postmodernism is any of a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, history, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding modernism. It can apply to movements in the arts, to mean stylistic developments such as collage, the return of ornament and historical reference, as well as appropriation of popular media. In sociology postmodernism is said to be an economic and cultural c ...

Including:

Postmodernism - Uses of the term Postmodernism - The development of postmodernism
Postmodernism - Early usage of the term
Postmodernism - Deconstruction Postmodernism - Postmodernism's manifestations
Postmodernism - Postmodernism in language Postmodernism - Postmodernism in art Postmodernism - Postmodernism in architecture Postmodernism - Postmodernism in literature Postmodernism - Postmodernism in music Postmodernism - Postmodernism in political science
Postmodernism - Postmodernism in philosophy
Postmodernism - Postmodernism and post-structuralism Postmodernism - Postmodernity and digital communications
Postmodernism - Postmodernism and its critics Postmodernism - Relationship between modernism and postmodernism
Postmodernism - Theoretical postmodernism Postmodernism - Cultural and political postmodernism
Postmodernism - Notes

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Jean Baudrillard (born July 29, 1929) is a cultural theorist and philosopher. His work is frequently associated with postmodernism and post-structuralism. Jean Baudrillard - Life. He was born in Reims, France. He studied German at the Sorbonne University in Paris and taught German in a lycée (1958-1966). He worked as a translator and critic and continued to study philosophy and sociology. In 1966 he completed his Ph.D. thesis: 'Thèse de troisième cycle: Le Système des objets' ('Third cycle thesis: The s ...

Including:

Jean Baudrillard - Life Jean Baudrillard - Introduction to work
Jean Baudrillard - International Journal of Baudrillard Studies Jean Baudrillard - On the Gulf War Jean Baudrillard - Precession of Simulacra Jean Baudrillard - Baudrillard's Object Value System Jean Baudrillard - End of history and meaning
Jean Baudrillard - Critiques of Baudrillard Jean Baudrillard - Bibliography
Jean Baudrillard - Books Jean Baudrillard - Essays

Read more here: » Jean Baudrillard: Encyclopedia - Jean Baudrillard

In the tradition of sociology of knowledge, what seems real to members of a social class arises from the situation of the class, such as the capitalist or working classes, especially with respect to the economic fundamentals which affect the class. According to the theories advanced by Karl Mannheim, who formulated the classic theories of sociology of knowledge, intellectuals occupy a special position which is to some exte ...

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Social constructionism, Social constructionism - Early precursors to social constructionism, Social constructionism - Social constructionism in sociology and cultural studies, Social constructionism - Social constructionism and postmodernism, Social constructionism - Degrees of social construction, Social constructionism - Weak social constructionism, Social constructionism - Strong social constructionism, Social constructionism - The anatomy of a social constructionist analysis, Social constructionism - Notes

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Many questions surround the political notion of power with both positive and negative aspects attached to it. Generally, power is considered integral in politics and is the subject of a great deal of debate and definitions have evolved over time. Many academics define political power by referring to various academic disciplines including politics, sociology, group psychology, economics, and other facets of society. The multiple notions of political power that are put forth range from conventional views that simply revolve around the actions ...

See also:

Politics, Politics - A natural state, Politics - Early history, Politics - Definitions, Politics - Political power, Politics - The Normative 'Faces of Power' Debate, Politics - The Postmodern Challenge of Normative Views of Power, Politics - Sociological Views of Power, Politics - Authority and legitimacy, Politics - Traditional, Politics - Charismatic, Politics - Legal-rational

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Berger and Luckman's work has been influential in the sociology of knowledge, including the sociology of science, where Karin Knorr-Cetina, Bruno Latour, Barry Barnes, Steve Woolgar and others use the ideas of social constructionism to relate supposedly objective facts to processes of social construction, with the goal of showing that human subjectivity imposes itself on those facts we take to be objective, not solely the other way around. A particularly provocative title in this line of th ...

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Social constructionism, Social constructionism - Early precursors to social constructionism, Social constructionism - Social constructionism in sociology and cultural studies, Social constructionism - Social constructionism and postmodernism, Social constructionism - Degrees of social construction, Social constructionism - Weak social constructionism, Social constructionism - Strong social constructionism, Social constructionism - The anatomy of a social constructionist analysis, Social constructionism - Notes

Read more here: » Social constructionism: Encyclopedia II - Social constructionism - Social constructionism in sociology and cultural studies

Many questions surround the political notion of power with both positive and negative aspects attached to it. Generally, power is considered integral in politics and is the subject of a great deal of debate and definitions have evolved over time. Many academics define political power by referring to various academic disciplines including politics, sociology, group psychology, economics, and other facets of society. The multiple notions of political power that are put forth range from conventional views that simply revolve around the actions ...

See also:

Politics, Politics - A natural state, Politics - Early history, Politics - Definitions, Politics - Political power, Politics - The Normative 'Faces of Power' Debate, Politics - The Postmodern Challenge of Normative Views of Power, Politics - Sociological Views of Power, Politics - Authority and legitimacy, Politics - Traditional, Politics - Charismatic, Politics - Legal-rational, Politics - References

Read more here: » Politics: Encyclopedia II - Politics - Political power

Max Weber identified three sources of legitimacy for authority known as (tripartite classification of authority). He proposed three reasons why people followed the orders of those who gave them: Politics - Traditional. Traditional authorities receive loyalty because they continue and support the preservation of existing values, the status quo. Traditional authority has the longest history. Patriarchal (and more rarely Matriarchal) societies gave rise to hereditary monarchies where authority was given to de ...

See also:

Politics, Politics - A natural state, Politics - Early history, Politics - Definitions, Politics - Political power, Politics - The Normative 'Faces of Power' Debate, Politics - The Postmodern Challenge of Normative Views of Power, Politics - Sociological Views of Power, Politics - Authority and legitimacy, Politics - Traditional, Politics - Charismatic, Politics - Legal-rational, Politics - References

Read more here: » Politics: Encyclopedia II - Politics - Authority and legitimacy

Max Weber identified three sources of legitimacy for authority known as (tripartite classification of authority). He proposed three reasons why people followed the orders of those who gave them: Politics - Traditional. Traditional authorities receive loyalty because they continue and support the preservation of existing values, the status quo. Traditional authority has the longest history. Patriarchal (and more rarely Matriarchal) societies gave rise to hereditary monarchies where authority was given to de ...

See also:

Politics, Politics - A natural state, Politics - Early history, Politics - Definitions, Politics - Political power, Politics - The Normative 'Faces of Power' Debate, Politics - The Postmodern Challenge of Normative Views of Power, Politics - Sociological Views of Power, Politics - Authority and legitimacy, Politics - Traditional, Politics - Charismatic, Politics - Legal-rational

Read more here: » Politics: Encyclopedia II - Politics - Authority and legitimacy

In 1651, Thomas Hobbes published his most famous work, Leviathan, in which he proposed a model of early human development to justify the creation of human associations. Hobbes described an ideal state of nature wherein every person had equal right to every resource in nature and was free to use any means to acquire those resources. He claimed that such an arrangement created a “war of all against all” (bellum omnium contra omnes). Further, he noted that men would enter into a social contract and would give ...

See also:

Politics, Politics - A natural state, Politics - Early history, Politics - Definitions, Politics - Political power, Politics - The Normative 'Faces of Power' Debate, Politics - The Postmodern Challenge of Normative Views of Power, Politics - Sociological Views of Power, Politics - Authority and legitimacy, Politics - Traditional, Politics - Charismatic, Politics - Legal-rational, Politics - References

Read more here: » Politics: Encyclopedia II - Politics - A natural state

V.G. Childe describes the transformation of human society that took place around 6000 BCE as an urban revolution. Among the features of this new type of civilization were the institutionalization of social stratification, non-agricultural specialised crafts (including priests and lawyers), taxation, and writing. All of which require clusters of densely populated settlements - city-states. The word "Politics" is derived from the Greek word for city-state, "Polis". Corporate, religious, academic and every other polity, especially those ...

See also:

Politics, Politics - A natural state, Politics - Early history, Politics - Definitions, Politics - Political power, Politics - The Normative 'Faces of Power' Debate, Politics - The Postmodern Challenge of Normative Views of Power, Politics - Sociological Views of Power, Politics - Authority and legitimacy, Politics - Traditional, Politics - Charismatic, Politics - Legal-rational, Politics - References

Read more here: » Politics: Encyclopedia II - Politics - Early history

In 1651, Thomas Hobbes published his most famous work, Leviathan, in which he proposed a model of early human development to justify the creation of government. Hobbes described an ideal state of nature wherein every person had equal right to every resource in nature and was free to use any means to acquire those resources. He claimed that such an arrangement created a “war of all against all” (bellum omnium contra omnes). Further, he noted that men would enter into a social contract and would give up absolute rights for ce ...

See also:

Politics, Politics - A natural state, Politics - Early history, Politics - Definitions, Politics - Political power, Politics - The Normative 'Faces of Power' Debate, Politics - The Postmodern Challenge of Normative Views of Power, Politics - Sociological Views of Power, Politics - Authority and legitimacy, Politics - Traditional, Politics - Charismatic, Politics - Legal-rational

Read more here: » Politics: Encyclopedia II - Politics - A natural state

V.G. Childe describes the transformation of human society that took place around 6000 BCE as an urban revolution. Among the features of this new type of civilization were the institutionalization of social stratification, non-agricultural specialised crafts (including priests and lawyers), taxation, and writing. All of which require clusters of densely populated settlements - city-states. The word "Politics" is derived from the Greek word for city-state, "Polis". Corporate, religious, academic and every other polity, especially those ...

See also:

Politics, Politics - A natural state, Politics - Early history, Politics - Definitions, Politics - Political power, Politics - The Normative 'Faces of Power' Debate, Politics - The Postmodern Challenge of Normative Views of Power, Politics - Sociological Views of Power, Politics - Authority and legitimacy, Politics - Traditional, Politics - Charismatic, Politics - Legal-rational

Read more here: » Politics: Encyclopedia II - Politics - Early history

Though social constructionism contains a diverse array of theories and beliefs, it can generally be divided into two camps: Weak social constructionism and strong social constructionism. The two differ mainly in degree, where weak social constructionists tend to see some underlying objective factual elements to reality, and strong social constructionists see everything as, in some way, a social construction. This is not to say that strong social constructionists (or weak social constructionists, for that matter) necessarily see the world as ...

See also:

Social constructionism, Social constructionism - Early precursors to social constructionism, Social constructionism - Social constructionism in sociology and cultural studies, Social constructionism - Social constructionism and postmodernism, Social constructionism - Degrees of social construction, Social constructionism - Weak social constructionism, Social constructionism - Strong social constructionism, Social constructionism - The anatomy of a social constructionist analysis, Social constructionism - Notes

Read more here: » Social constructionism: Encyclopedia II - Social constructionism - Degrees of social construction

Social construction" may mean many things to many people. Hacking, having examined a wide range of books and articles with titles of the form "The social construction of X" or "Constructing X", argues that when something is said to be "socially constructed", this is shorthand for at least the following two claims: (0) In the present state of affairs, X is taken for granted; X appears to be inevitable. (Hacking 1999, p. 12) (1) X need not have existed, or need not be at all as it is. X, or X as i ...

See also:

Social constructionism, Social constructionism - Early precursors to social constructionism, Social constructionism - Social constructionism in sociology and cultural studies, Social constructionism - Social constructionism and postmodernism, Social constructionism - Degrees of social construction, Social constructionism - Weak social constructionism, Social constructionism - Strong social constructionism, Social constructionism - The anatomy of a social constructionist analysis, Social constructionism - Notes

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[1] Numbering begins with 0 for consistency with Hacking's usage. [2] The distinction between "quarks themselves" and "our idea (or conceptualization, or understanding) of quarks" will undoubtedly trouble some with a philosophical bent. Hacking's distinction is based on an intuitive metaphysics, with a split between things out in the world, on one hand, and ideas thereof in our minds, on the other. Hacking is less advocating a serious, particular metaphysics than suggesting a useful way to analyze claims about "soci ...

See also:

Social constructionism, Social constructionism - Early precursors to social constructionism, Social constructionism - Social constructionism in sociology and cultural studies, Social constructionism - Social constructionism and postmodernism, Social constructionism - Degrees of social construction, Social constructionism - Weak social constructionism, Social constructionism - Strong social constructionism, Social constructionism - The anatomy of a social constructionist analysis, Social constructionism - Notes

Read more here: » Social constructionism: Encyclopedia II - Social constructionism - Notes

"Social construction" may mean many things to many people. Hacking, having examined a wide range of books and articles with titles of the form "The social construction of X" or "Constructing X", argues that when something is said to be "socially constructed", this is shorthand for at least the following two claims: (0) In the present state of affairs, X is taken for granted; X appears to be inevitable. (Hacking 1999, p. 12) (1) X need not have existed, or need not be at all as it is. X, or X as ...

See also:

Social constructionism, Social constructionism - Early precursors to social constructionism, Social constructionism - Social constructionism in sociology and cultural studies, Social constructionism - Social constructionism and postmodernism, Social constructionism - Degrees of social construction, Social constructionism - Weak social constructionism, Social constructionism - Strong social constructionism, Social constructionism - The anatomy of a social constructionist analysis, Social constructionism - Notes

Read more here: » Social constructionism: Encyclopedia II - Social constructionism - The anatomy of a social constructionist analysis