posthumous name

He had: Wende-shunsheng Empress (文德順聖皇后), Zhangsun-shi (長孫氏) Xian Consort (賢妃), Xu Hui (徐惠) Consort Yang I (楊妃) Consort Yang II (楊妃) Yang-shi (楊氏) Consort Yin (陰妃) Consort Yan (燕妃) Secondary Consort Wei (韋貴妃) Wang-shi (王氏) He had fourteen sons (in order): Crown Prince Li Chengqian: son of Wende Empress Prince Chu, Li Kuan (楚王寬): son of one from the harem　　See also:

Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Early Achievements, Emperor Taizong of Tang - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Family, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Literature, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Chinese popculture

Read more here: » Emperor Taizong of Tang: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Taizong of Tang - Family

He was the subject of a 64-chapter (in eight volumes) The Novel of the Prince of Qin of the Great Tang (大唐秦王詞話 Datang Qin Wang Cihua) by Zhu Shenglin (諸聖鄰) of the Ming Dynasty. The novel is also known as The Biography of the Prince of Qin of the Tang Dynasty (唐秦王本傳 Tang Qin Wang Benzhuan), Romance of Tang (唐傳演義 Tang Chuan Yiyan), and Romance of the Prince o ...

See also:

Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Early Achievements, Emperor Taizong of Tang - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Family, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Literature, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Chinese popculture

Read more here: » Emperor Taizong of Tang: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Taizong of Tang - Literature

For the next forty-seven years until her death in 1908, Cixi assumed the regency of the Empire of the Great Qing, along with co-regent Ci'an, first during the minority of the Tongzhi Emperor, then during the minority of the Guangxu Emperor after the premature death of Tongzhi in January 1875. Although in theory Ci'an had precedence over her, Cixi was the actual master of China. Ci'an seldom intervened in politics but inserted her will in what may have caused her death when she intervened in Cixi's politics in 1869. The most feared grand eunu ...

See also:

Empress Dowager Cixi, Empress Dowager Cixi - Youth, Empress Dowager Cixi - Names, Empress Dowager Cixi - Road to power, Empress Dowager Cixi - Regency under Tongzhi, Empress Dowager Cixi - Securing absolute power, Empress Dowager Cixi - Crisis with Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi - Overview of politics, Empress Dowager Cixi - Tomb, Empress Dowager Cixi - Historical opinion, Empress Dowager Cixi - Reference

Read more here: » Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia II - Empress Dowager Cixi - Regency under Tongzhi

Mi Xin was a descendant of the royalty of Chu, one of the major states in the Warring States period. Specifically, he was the grandson of Mi Huai (羋槐), Prince Huai of Chu, but he was not in the main line of succession; there were four intervening princes of Chu before its destruction by Qin in 212 BC. Prince Huai had been remembered with deep affection by the people of Chu because of his tragic death; in 299 BC, he was tricked by Qin to an international conference with its prince and was kidnapped at that conference, and while he would l ...

See also:

Emperor Yi of Chu, Emperor Yi of Chu - Early life, Emperor Yi of Chu - As Prince of Chu, Emperor Yi of Chu - Downfall and death

Read more here: » Emperor Yi of Chu: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Yi of Chu - Early life

Liu Xiu eventually broke away from Emperor Gengshi, and he proclaimed himself emperor of Han in 25 (as Emperor Guangwu). Later that year, when he captured Luoyang to be his capital, he dispatched subordinates to bring Yin to the capital and created her an imperial consort. At that time, however, he was also married to Guo Shengtong, the niece of the regional warlord (劉楊), the Prince of Zhendi ...

See also:

Empress Yin Lihua, Empress Yin Lihua - Family background and marriage to Liu Xiu, Empress Yin Lihua - As imperial consort, Empress Yin Lihua - As empress, Empress Yin Lihua - As empress dowager

Read more here: » Empress Yin Lihua: Encyclopedia II - Empress Yin Lihua - As imperial consort

By 41, Empress Guo had long lost the emperor's favor. She continously complained about that fact, and this angered Emperor Guangwu. In 41, he deposed her and created Consort Yin empress instead. Rather than imprisoning Guo (as is often the fate of deposed empresses), however, he created her son Liu Fu (劉輔) the Prince of Zhongshan and created her the Princess Dowager of Zhongshan. He made her brother Guo Kuang (郭況) an important official and, perhaps as a ...

See also:

Empress Yin Lihua, Empress Yin Lihua - Family background and marriage to Liu Xiu, Empress Yin Lihua - As imperial consort, Empress Yin Lihua - As empress, Empress Yin Lihua - As empress dowager

Read more here: » Empress Yin Lihua: Encyclopedia II - Empress Yin Lihua - As empress

Information concerning Nurhaci can be found in later, propagandistic works such as the Manchu Veritable Records (in Chinese Manzhou Shilu 滿洲實錄, in Manchu the Yarkiyang Kooli.) Good contemporary sources are also available. For instance, much material concerning Nurhaci's rise is preserved within Korean sources such as the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (Joseon Wangjo Sillok朝鮮王朝實錄), especially the Seonjo Sillok and the Gwanghaegun Ilgi. Indeed, the record of Sin Chungil's trip to Jianzho ...

See also:

Nurhaci, Nurhaci - Background, Nurhaci - Primary Sources, Nurhaci - Trivia

Read more here: » Nurhaci: Encyclopedia II - Nurhaci - Primary Sources

Naming is the process of assigning a particular word or phrase to a particular object or property. This can be quite deliberate or a natural process that occurs in the flow of life as some phenomenon comes to the attention of the users of a language. Many new words or phrases come into existence during translation as attempts are made to express concepts from one language in another. Either as a part of the naming process, or later as usage is observed and studied by lexicographers, the word can be defined by a des ...

See also:

Name, Name - Use of names, Name - Kinds of names, Name - Philosophical accounts of names, Name - Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Name - Whitman's Mannahatta, Name - Technical names for names, Name - Naming convention

Read more here: » Name: Encyclopedia II - Name - Use of names

The epitaph explains that Princess Zhenxiao is the fourth daughter of King Mun, Dae Hungmu. Princess Zhenxiao was also the younger sister of Princess Zhenhui (貞惠). The Princess died in 793, and was buried in the winter. She was given the posthumous name Zhenhui to qualify her as virtuous and filial. She was likely a horse-rider, as a horse remain was in the chamber. The skeletal remains are scattered all over the chamber when discovered by archaeologists, due to previous lootings. However, the looters missed several golden copper ...

See also:

Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao, Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao - Burial chamber, Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao - Mural, Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao - The princess and companions, Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao - Other structures

Read more here: » Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao: Encyclopedia II - Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao - The princess and companions

Ran Min's father Ran Liang (冉良), who later changed his name to Ran Zhan (冉瞻), was ethnically Han and from Wei Commandery (魏郡, roughly modern Handan, Hebei) and was a descendant of an aristocratic family, but one who must have, in the serious famines circa 310, joined a group of refugees led by Chen Wu (陳午). When Later Zhao's founder Shi Le defeated Chen in 311, he captured the 11-year-old Ran Zhan as well, and for reasons unknown, he had his nephew Shi Hu adopt Ran Zhan as his son and change his name accordingly to Shi Zhan. Ran Min's mother was named Wang (王). It is not known when he was b ...

See also:

Ran Min, Ran Min - Family background, Ran Min - During Shi Hu's reign, Ran Min - During the confusion after Shi Hu's death, Ran Min - As emperor of Ran Wei, Ran Min - Ran Wei, Ran Min - Personal information

Read more here: » Ran Min: Encyclopedia II - Ran Min - Family background

As Shi Min grew in age, Shi Hu became impressed at him for his bravery in battle and battlefield tactics, and he treated Shi Min as a biological grandson. The first mention in history of him as a general was in 338, when Shi Hu unsuccessfully tried to destroy the rival state Former Yan but saw his army collapse after sieging the Former Yan capital Jicheng (棘城, in modern Jinzhou, Liaoning) for about 20 days but failing to capture it. The only army group that ...

See also:

Ran Min, Ran Min - Family background, Ran Min - During Shi Hu's reign, Ran Min - During the confusion after Shi Hu's death, Ran Min - As emperor of Ran Wei, Ran Min - Ran Wei, Ran Min - Personal information

Read more here: » Ran Min: Encyclopedia II - Ran Min - During Shi Hu's reign

Ran Min honored his mother Lady Wang as empress dowager. He created his wife Lady Dong empress, and his oldest son Ran Zhi crown prince. His other sons were created princes, as was his ally Li Nong, whose sons were created dukes. He sent out a general pardon, hoping to have the generals who had effectively become independent powers abide by his edicts, but few accepted, even though the Han generals mostly did not outwardly defy him either. He soon, for reasons unknown, killed Li. He sent a letter to Emperor Mu of Jin's court with mixed messa ...

See also:

Ran Min, Ran Min - Family background, Ran Min - During Shi Hu's reign, Ran Min - During the confusion after Shi Hu's death, Ran Min - As emperor of Ran Wei, Ran Min - Ran Wei, Ran Min - Personal information

Read more here: » Ran Min: Encyclopedia II - Ran Min - As emperor of Ran Wei

Two books called The Tao of Pooh and The Te of Piglet by Benjamin Hoff use the characters and style of Winnie the Pooh to explain Taoism. In the video game True Crime, developed by Activision, the character ancient Wu says: "Laozi says, if you do not know the plans of your competitors, you cannot make informed alliances". In Chris Crutcher's Whale Talk, the protagonist's full name is "The Tao Jones". On the TV show Xena: Warrior Princess, the two-part episode "The Debt" hinged on the conceit that the Dao De Jing was actually written by Laozi' ...

See also:

Laozi, Laozi - His life, Laozi - Taoism, Laozi - Influences, Laozi - Names, Laozi - Popular culture, Laozi - Bibliography

Read more here: » Laozi: Encyclopedia II - Laozi - Popular culture

While seeking China's "self-strengthening" through weak and regionalized industrial and military growth, she opposed attempts at political modernization, staging a coup d'etat (September 21, 1898) against the political influence of the Guangxu Emperor to end the Hundred Days' Reform. She opposed the creation of a national army or navy. Cixi's contribution to the self-strengthening movement, though, could be frustratingly two-sided. Whilst she supported economic and military modernization, approving the construction of railways and fac ...

See also:

Empress Dowager Cixi, Empress Dowager Cixi - Youth, Empress Dowager Cixi - Names, Empress Dowager Cixi - Road to power, Empress Dowager Cixi - Regency under Tongzhi, Empress Dowager Cixi - Securing absolute power, Empress Dowager Cixi - Crisis with Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi - Overview of politics, Empress Dowager Cixi - Tomb, Empress Dowager Cixi - Historical opinion, Empress Dowager Cixi - Reference

Read more here: » Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia II - Empress Dowager Cixi - Overview of politics

Sima Yi was born in 342, to Emperor Cheng and his concubine Consort Zhou, who was also the mother of his only brother, Sima Pi, who was one year older than he was. Later in 342, Emperor Cheng grew gravely ill. Typically, the throne would be passed down to a son, but Emperor Cheng's uncle Yu Bing (庾冰), who wanted to control the government a little longer, suggested that, because Jin was then facing the threat of Later Zhao, that an older emperor was needed, and so persuaded Emperor Cheng to pass the throne to his younger brother Sima Yue ...

See also:

Emperor Fei of Jin, Emperor Fei of Jin - Early life, Emperor Fei of Jin - Reign, Emperor Fei of Jin - After removal, Emperor Fei of Jin - Era name, Emperor Fei of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Fei of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Fei of Jin - Early life

Huan Wen, however, wanted to further reduce the former emperor's rank, and he proposed that the prince be reduced to commoner status. Empress Dowager Chu resisted, and only reduced his rank to Duke of Haixi. Huan, apprehensive that the former emperor may try to return to the throne, had him exiled to Wu (吳縣, in modern Suzhou, Jiangsu) and put under heavy guard. In winter 372, the Taoist agrarian rebel Lu Song (盧悚) claimed to have an edict from Empress Dowager Chu to restore Emperor Fei, and he sent a messenger to the duke to p ...

See also:

Emperor Fei of Jin, Emperor Fei of Jin - Early life, Emperor Fei of Jin - Reign, Emperor Fei of Jin - After removal, Emperor Fei of Jin - Era name, Emperor Fei of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Fei of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Fei of Jin - After removal

A naming convention is an attempt to systematize names in a field so they unambiguously convey similar information in a similar manner. Several major naming conventions include: In computer programming, identifier naming conventions In the sciences, systematic names for a variety of things In astronomy, planetary nomenclature In classics, Roman naming conventions Naming conventions are useful in many aspects of everyday life, enabling the ca ...

See also:

Name, Name - Use of names, Name - Kinds of names, Name - Philosophical accounts of names, Name - Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Name - Whitman's Mannahatta, Name - Technical names for names, Name - Naming convention

Read more here: » Name: Encyclopedia II - Name - Naming convention

The name "Laozi" is an honorific. Lao (老) means "venerable" or "old". Zi or Tsu (子) translates literally as "boy", but it was also a term for a rank of nobleman equivalent to viscount, as well as a term of respect attached to the names of revered masters. Thus, "Laozi" can be translated roughly as "the old master". Laozi's personal name may have been Li Er (李耳, Lǐ Ěr or Li Ehr), his courtesy name may have been Boyang (伯陽), and his posthumous name was Dān, ...

See also:

Laozi, Laozi - His life, Laozi - Taoism, Laozi - Influences, Laozi - Names, Laozi - Popular culture, Laozi - Bibliography

Read more here: » Laozi: Encyclopedia II - Laozi - Names

Laozi's work, titled Dao De Jing, is the most significant treatises in Chinese philosophy. It is Laozi's magnum opus, covering many areas of philosophy from individual spirituality and inter-personal dynamics to political techniques. Laozi developed the concept of "Dao", often translated as "the Way", and widened its meaning to an inherent order or property of the universe: "The way Nature is". He highlighted the concept of wei-wu-wei, or "action through inaction". This does not mean that one should sit around and do not ...

See also:

Laozi, Laozi - His life, Laozi - Taoism, Laozi - Influences, Laozi - Names, Laozi - Popular culture, Laozi - Bibliography

Read more here: » Laozi: Encyclopedia II - Laozi - Taoism

Joseon was the name of Korea during most the Joseon Dynasty, which ruled from the fall of Goryeo in 1392 until the beginning of the Republic of Korea in 1919. In 1897, the country became the Korean Empire. Some of the kings were posthumously raised to the rank of emperors. Joseon Dynasty kings/emperors had temple names ending in jo or jong. Jo was given to the first kings/emperors of new lines within the dynasty, with the first king/emperor having the special name (Taejo), which means "great progenitor" (see also ...

See also:

Rulers of Korea, Rulers of Korea - Gojoseon c.2333 BCE–c.239 BCE, Rulers of Korea - Buyeo c.239 BCE–494 CE, Rulers of Korea - Bukbuyeo c.108 BCE–c.58 BCE, Rulers of Korea - Dongbuyeo c.86 BCE–22 CE, Rulers of Korea - Gaya Garak 42-532, Rulers of Korea - Baekje 18 BCE–660 CE, Rulers of Korea - Goguryeo 37 BCE–668 CE, Rulers of Korea - Legendary line, Rulers of Korea - Great King line, Rulers of Korea - Hwando-Guknae line, Rulers of Korea - P'yŏngyang line, Rulers of Korea - Silla 57 BCE–935 CE, Rulers of Korea - Balhae Bohai 669–926, Rulers of Korea - Goryeo 918–1392, Rulers of Korea - Joseon 1392–1897, Rulers of Korea - Korean Empire 1897–1919, Rulers of Korea - Presidents of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1919–1948, Rulers of Korea - Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1948–present, Rulers of Korea - Republic of Korea 1948–present

Read more here: » Rulers of Korea: Encyclopedia II - Rulers of Korea - Joseon 1392–1897

In ancient times, people in Japan were considered the property of the Emperor and their surname reflected the role in the government they served. An example is Otomo. Names would also be given in the recognition of a great achievement and contribution. Many surnames originated from Chinese and Korean names. Examples are Kaneshiro (金城) (Chinese) and Chan (Korean). Until the Meiji restoration, Japanese common people (people other than kuge and samurai) had no surnames, and when necessary, used a substitute such as the name of their ...

See also:

Japanese name, Japanese name - Structure, Japanese name - Characters, Japanese name - Difficulty of reading names, Japanese name - Regulations, Japanese name - Customs, Japanese name - Titles, Japanese name - Nicknames, Japanese name - Names from other ethnic groups in Japan, Japanese name - Imperial names, Japanese name - Historical names, Japanese name - Professional names, Japanese name - Japanese names in English, Japanese name - Citations

Read more here: » Japanese name: Encyclopedia II - Japanese name - Customs

Structurally, Japanese names are simple compared with names in many other cultures. All Japanese people have one surname and one given name with no middle name, except for the royal family whose members bear no surname. The given name in Japanese is called the "name" (名前 namae) or "lower name" (下の名前 shita no namae). The surname is called myōji (苗字 or 名字). When written in Japanes ...

See also:

Japanese name, Japanese name - Structure, Japanese name - Characters, Japanese name - Difficulty of reading names, Japanese name - Regulations, Japanese name - Customs, Japanese name - Titles, Japanese name - Nicknames, Japanese name - Names from other ethnic groups in Japan, Japanese name - Imperial names, Japanese name - Historical names, Japanese name - Professional names, Japanese name - Japanese names in English, Japanese name - Citations

Read more here: » Japanese name: Encyclopedia II - Japanese name - Structure