posthumous name

The original crown prince was Taizong's elder brother Li Jiancheng (李建成) although their father had promised the throne to Taizong more than once for his contributions to Tang. The situation was very similar to that of the Sui Dynasty where an ordinary crown prince would feel his future throne threatened by a more capable younger brother. Fearful of losing his throne, Li Jiancheng colluded with his fourth brother, Li Yuanji (李元吉 aka Prince Qi 齊王), to eliminate Taizong. They attempted to poison Taizong during a feast and at ano ...

See also:

Emperor Taizong of Tang China, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Early Achievements, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Family, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Literature, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Chinese popculture

Read more here: » Emperor Taizong of Tang China: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Taizong of Tang China - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate

Even though Emperor Fei was an adult, he did not have actual power, as not only were governmental matters largely in the hands of his granduncle Sima Yu the Prince of Kuaiji, but Sima Yu himself was not fully able to make decisions, as the paramount general Huan Wen imposed many of his own decisions on the imperial government, which had no choice but to accept. Immediately after Emperor Fei took the throne, the important city Luoyang (which had served as Jin's capital early in the dynasty's history) fell to Former Yan, because Emperor Ai's death pre ...

See also:

Emperor Fei of Jin, Emperor Fei of Jin - Early life, Emperor Fei of Jin - Reign, Emperor Fei of Jin - After removal, Emperor Fei of Jin - Era name, Emperor Fei of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Fei of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Fei of Jin - Reign

Little is known about Laozi's life. His historical existence is strongly debated, as is his authorship of the Dao De Jing. Laozi has become an important culture hero to subsequent generations of Chinese people. Tradition says he was born in Ku Prefecture (苦縣 Kǔ Xiàn) of the state of Chǔ (楚), which today is Lùyì County (鹿邑) of Henan province, in the later years of Spring and Autumn Period. Some legends say he was born with white hair, having spent eight or eighty years in his mother's womb, which is given as an explanation for his title, which can be both read as "th ...

See also:

Laozi, Laozi - His life, Laozi - Taoism, Laozi - Influences, Laozi - Names, Laozi - Popular culture, Laozi - Bibliography

Read more here: » Laozi: Encyclopedia II - Laozi - His life

in summer 208 BC, Xiang made Mi Xin prince, with the title "Prince Huai of Chu," deliberately using the same title as his grandfather in order to attract the people of Chu to him (even though "Prince Huai" is a posthumous name and therefore otherwise inappropriate for a living monarch). Initially, he was effectively Xiang's puppet, but after Xiang's death in battle in winter 208 BC while fighting the Qin general Zhang Han (章邯), Prince Huai asserted himself on a greater scale and basically ruled in a collective leadership with the major g ...

See also:

Emperor Yi of Chu, Emperor Yi of Chu - Early life, Emperor Yi of Chu - As Prince of Chu, Emperor Yi of Chu - Downfall and death

Read more here: » Emperor Yi of Chu: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Yi of Chu - As Prince of Chu

Being a member of the Gioro (clan) of the Suksuhu River tribe, Nurhaci also claimed descent from Mönke Timur, a Jurchen headman who lived some two centuries earlier. He named his clan Aisin Gioro around 1612, when he formally ascended the throne. In 1582 his father Taksi and grandfather Giocangga were killed in an attack on Gure (see Jianzhou Jurchens) by the Ming Dynasty General Li Chengliang. The Aisin Gioro family originated in present day North Korea. According to Chinese sources, the young man grew up as a royal in the household of Li Chengliang in Fushun ...

See also:

Nurhaci, Nurhaci - Background, Nurhaci - Primary Sources, Nurhaci - Trivia

Read more here: » Nurhaci: Encyclopedia II - Nurhaci - Background

Proper names function in the same way as common nouns do in many natural languages. Philosophers have thus often treated the two as similar in meaning. In the late nineteenth century, Frege argued that certain puzzling features of both names and nouns could be resolved if we recognized two aspects to the meaning of a name (and, by extension, other nouns): a sense, which is equivalent to some sort of description, and a referent, the thing or things that meet that description. So the sense of dog might be "domestic canine ...

See also:

Name, Name - Use of names, Name - Kinds of names, Name - Philosophical accounts of names, Name - Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Name - Whitman's Mannahatta, Name - Technical names for names, Name - Naming convention

Read more here: » Name: Encyclopedia II - Name - Philosophical accounts of names

Main article: Confucianism Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, argument continues over whether to refer to it as a religion because it makes little reference to theological or spiritual matters (God(s), the afterlife, etc.). Confucius's principles gained wide acceptance primarily because of their basis in common Chinese opinion. He championed strong familial loyalty, ancestor worship, and respect of elders by their children and of husbands by their wives, and used the family as a ...

See also:

Confucius, Confucius - His life, Confucius - Teachings, Confucius - Philosophy, Confucius - Ethics, Confucius - Politics, Confucius - Disciples, Confucius - Names, Confucius - Family and descendants, Confucius - Home town

Read more here: » Confucius: Encyclopedia II - Confucius - Philosophy

In 1318, upon the abdication of the Jimyōin-tō Emperor Hanazono (his second cousin), Emperor Go-Daigo became emperor at the age of 29, in the prime of his life. In 1324, with the discovery of Emperor Go-Daigo's plans to overthrow the Kamakura Shogunate, the Rokuhara Tandai disposed of his close associate Hino Suketomo in the Shōchū Incident. In the Genkō Incident of 1331, Emperor Go-Daigo's plans were again discovered, this time by a betrayal by his close associate Yoshida Sadafusa. He quickly hid the Sacred Treasures in a seclud ...

See also:

Emperor Go-Daigo, Emperor Go-Daigo - Genealogy, Emperor Go-Daigo - Name, Emperor Go-Daigo - Life, Emperor Go-Daigo - Eras during his reign, Emperor Go-Daigo - Northern Court Rivals

Read more here: » Emperor Go-Daigo: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Go-Daigo - Life

Recent biographies of Cixi usually state that she was the daughter of a low-ranking Manchu official, Huizheng (惠征), of the Yehe-Nara clan, serving in Shanxi province and then in Anhui province. Her mother, the principal wife of Huizheng, was the Lady Fuca, of the Manchu Fuca clan. Recent biographies are unable to decide where exactly Cixi was born. She is supposed to have spent most of her early life in Anhui (after a brief period in Shanxi), and then moved to Peking at an unknown age between her third and her fifteenth birthday. Accordi ...

See also:

Empress Dowager Cixi, Empress Dowager Cixi - Youth, Empress Dowager Cixi - Names, Empress Dowager Cixi - Road to power, Empress Dowager Cixi - Regency under Tongzhi, Empress Dowager Cixi - Securing absolute power, Empress Dowager Cixi - Crisis with Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi - Overview of politics, Empress Dowager Cixi - Tomb, Empress Dowager Cixi - Historical opinion, Empress Dowager Cixi - Reference

Read more here: » Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia II - Empress Dowager Cixi - Youth

Goguryeo was the only one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea described as an empire, its vassals using the title "king". Goguryeo rulers had the title of Taewang, which means "the greatest of the kings" or "emperor". List of Korean monarchs - Legendary line. Note: These are the names and dates given in the Samguk Sagi. The Wei shu (History of the Wei dynasty) gives the following names: 朱蒙 Zhūméng, 閭達 Lǘdá, 始閭諧 Shǐlǘxié, 如栗 Rúlí, and 莫來 Mòlái. The legendary ...

See also:

List of Korean monarchs, List of Korean monarchs - Gojoseon c.2333 BC - 108 BC, List of Korean monarchs - Buyeo c.239 BC - 494 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Bukbuyeo c.108 BCE–c.58 BCE, List of Korean monarchs - Dongbuyeo c.86 BCE–22 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Gaya confederacy 42-532, List of Korean monarchs - Geumgwan Gaya, List of Korean monarchs - Baekje 18 BC - 660 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Goguryeo 37 BC - 668 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Legendary line, List of Korean monarchs - Great King line, List of Korean monarchs - Hwando-Guknae line, List of Korean monarchs - P'yŏngyang line, List of Korean monarchs - Silla 57 BC - 935 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Balhae 669 - 926, List of Korean monarchs - Goryeo 918 - 1392, List of Korean monarchs - Joseon 1392 - 1897, List of Korean monarchs - Korean Empire 1897 - 1919, List of Korean monarchs - Post-monarchy

Read more here: » List of Korean monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Korean monarchs - Goguryeo 37 BC - 668 CE

All rulers of Gaya bore the title Wang ("King"). List of Korean monarchs - Geumgwan Gaya. This list is of the Kim Dynasty of Geumgwan Gaya. King Suro (42-199) King Geodeung (199-259) King Mapum (259-291) King Geojilmi (291-346) King Isipum (346-407) King Jwaji (407-421) King Chwiheui (421-451) King Jilji (451-492)See also:

List of Korean monarchs, List of Korean monarchs - Gojoseon c.2333 BC - 108 BC, List of Korean monarchs - Buyeo c.239 BC - 494 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Bukbuyeo c.108 BCE–c.58 BCE, List of Korean monarchs - Dongbuyeo c.86 BCE–22 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Gaya confederacy 42-532, List of Korean monarchs - Geumgwan Gaya, List of Korean monarchs - Baekje 18 BC - 660 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Goguryeo 37 BC - 668 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Legendary line, List of Korean monarchs - Great King line, List of Korean monarchs - Hwando-Guknae line, List of Korean monarchs - P'yŏngyang line, List of Korean monarchs - Silla 57 BC - 935 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Balhae 669 - 926, List of Korean monarchs - Goryeo 918 - 1392, List of Korean monarchs - Joseon 1392 - 1897, List of Korean monarchs - Korean Empire 1897 - 1919, List of Korean monarchs - Post-monarchy

Read more here: » List of Korean monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Korean monarchs - Gaya confederacy 42-532

Buyeo (Fuyu in Chinese) claimed the inheritance of Gojoseon, and the rulers continued to use the titles of Tanje ("Emperor"). According to some accounts, Buyeo was divided into two countries, Bukbuyeo and Dongbuyeo. Emperor Haemosu (239 - 195 BCE) Emperor Morisu (195 - 170 BCE) Emperor Gohaesa (170 - 121 BCE) Emperor Gowuru (121 - 86 BCE) List of Korean monarchs - Bukbuyeo c.108 BCE–c.58 BCE. Emperor Godumak (108 - 60 BCE) Emperor Gomuseu (60 - 58 BCE) See also:

List of Korean monarchs, List of Korean monarchs - Gojoseon c.2333 BC - 108 BC, List of Korean monarchs - Buyeo c.239 BC - 494 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Bukbuyeo c.108 BCE–c.58 BCE, List of Korean monarchs - Dongbuyeo c.86 BCE–22 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Gaya confederacy 42-532, List of Korean monarchs - Geumgwan Gaya, List of Korean monarchs - Baekje 18 BC - 660 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Goguryeo 37 BC - 668 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Legendary line, List of Korean monarchs - Great King line, List of Korean monarchs - Hwando-Guknae line, List of Korean monarchs - P'yŏngyang line, List of Korean monarchs - Silla 57 BC - 935 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Balhae 669 - 926, List of Korean monarchs - Goryeo 918 - 1392, List of Korean monarchs - Joseon 1392 - 1897, List of Korean monarchs - Korean Empire 1897 - 1919, List of Korean monarchs - Post-monarchy

Read more here: » List of Korean monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Korean monarchs - Buyeo c.239 BC - 494 CE

Goryeo was ruled by the Wang Dynasty. The first king had the temple name Taejo, which means "great progenitor", and was applied to the first kings of both Goryeo and Joseon, as they were also the founders of the Wang and Yi Dynasties respectively. The next twenty-three emperors (until Wonjong) are also referred to by their temple names, ending in jong. Beginning with Chungnyeol (the twenty-fifth king), all the remaining kings of Goryeo had the title Wang ("King") as part of their temple names. Era names are in bra ...

See also:

List of Korean monarchs, List of Korean monarchs - Gojoseon c.2333 BC - 108 BC, List of Korean monarchs - Buyeo c.239 BC - 494 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Bukbuyeo c.108 BCE–c.58 BCE, List of Korean monarchs - Dongbuyeo c.86 BCE–22 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Gaya confederacy 42-532, List of Korean monarchs - Geumgwan Gaya, List of Korean monarchs - Baekje 18 BC - 660 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Goguryeo 37 BC - 668 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Legendary line, List of Korean monarchs - Great King line, List of Korean monarchs - Hwando-Guknae line, List of Korean monarchs - P'yŏngyang line, List of Korean monarchs - Silla 57 BC - 935 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Balhae 669 - 926, List of Korean monarchs - Goryeo 918 - 1392, List of Korean monarchs - Joseon 1392 - 1897, List of Korean monarchs - Korean Empire 1897 - 1919, List of Korean monarchs - Post-monarchy

Read more here: » List of Korean monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Korean monarchs - Goryeo 918 - 1392

In 1897, Korea became the Korean Empire. Some of the kings were posthumously raised to the rank of emperors. Joseon kings/emperors had temple names ending in jo or jong. Jo was given to the first kings/emperors of new lines within the dynasty, with the first king/emperor having the special name (Taejo), which means "great progenitor" (see also Goryeo). Jong was given to all other kings/emperors. Two kings, Yeonsangun and Gwanghaegun, ...

See also:

List of Korean monarchs, List of Korean monarchs - Gojoseon c.2333 BC - 108 BC, List of Korean monarchs - Buyeo c.239 BC - 494 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Bukbuyeo c.108 BCE–c.58 BCE, List of Korean monarchs - Dongbuyeo c.86 BCE–22 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Gaya confederacy 42-532, List of Korean monarchs - Geumgwan Gaya, List of Korean monarchs - Baekje 18 BC - 660 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Goguryeo 37 BC - 668 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Legendary line, List of Korean monarchs - Great King line, List of Korean monarchs - Hwando-Guknae line, List of Korean monarchs - P'yŏngyang line, List of Korean monarchs - Silla 57 BC - 935 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Balhae 669 - 926, List of Korean monarchs - Goryeo 918 - 1392, List of Korean monarchs - Joseon 1392 - 1897, List of Korean monarchs - Korean Empire 1897 - 1919, List of Korean monarchs - Post-monarchy

Read more here: » List of Korean monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Korean monarchs - Joseon 1392 - 1897

Cixi had different names at different stages of her life, which could be quite confusing. Moreover, most of her Western biographers, who in general do not read Chinese, frequently confuse these names. The name of Cixi at birth is still unresolved (see Youth section above). Upon her entrance into the Forbidden City, Cixi was registered as "the Lady Yehenara, daughter of Huizheng" (惠征). Thus she was called by the name of her clan, the Yehe-Nara, as was customary for Manchu girls. Cixi was a secretive person, and she seldom talked ab ...

See also:

Empress Dowager Cixi, Empress Dowager Cixi - Youth, Empress Dowager Cixi - Names, Empress Dowager Cixi - Road to power, Empress Dowager Cixi - Regency under Tongzhi, Empress Dowager Cixi - Securing absolute power, Empress Dowager Cixi - Crisis with Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi - Overview of politics, Empress Dowager Cixi - Tomb, Empress Dowager Cixi - Historical opinion, Empress Dowager Cixi - Reference

Read more here: » Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia II - Empress Dowager Cixi - Names

Legend has it that Yagyū Jūbei had the use of only one eye; most legends state that he lost it in a sword sparring session where his father, Yagyū Munenori, struck him accidentally. However, the truth is unknown and several authors of recent have chosen to portray Jūbei as having both eyes, though the classical "eyepatch" look remains standard. In popular culture, Jūbei's eye patch is usually just a sword guard with leather wrapped through it. An exception to this is found in the manga Samurai Legend, in which a swordsman ...

See also:

Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi, Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi - Yagyū Jūbei in Japanese Pop Culture, Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi - The Eyepatch Legend, Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi - Jubei as a ninja

Read more here: » Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi: Encyclopedia II - Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi - The Eyepatch Legend

Technically, the emperors should be referred to by their era names rather than their temple names, but the latter are commonly used. Emperor Gojong's reign was given the era name "Gwangmu". while Sunjong's reign had the era name "Yunghui". Emperor Gojong (Kwangmu) (1897–1907) Emperor Sunjong (Yeonghui) (1907–1919) ...

See also:

List of Korean monarchs, List of Korean monarchs - Gojoseon c.2333 BC - 108 BC, List of Korean monarchs - Buyeo c.239 BC - 494 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Bukbuyeo c.108 BCE–c.58 BCE, List of Korean monarchs - Dongbuyeo c.86 BCE–22 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Gaya confederacy 42-532, List of Korean monarchs - Geumgwan Gaya, List of Korean monarchs - Baekje 18 BC - 660 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Goguryeo 37 BC - 668 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Legendary line, List of Korean monarchs - Great King line, List of Korean monarchs - Hwando-Guknae line, List of Korean monarchs - P'yŏngyang line, List of Korean monarchs - Silla 57 BC - 935 CE, List of Korean monarchs - Balhae 669 - 926, List of Korean monarchs - Goryeo 918 - 1392, List of Korean monarchs - Joseon 1392 - 1897, List of Korean monarchs - Korean Empire 1897 - 1919, List of Korean monarchs - Post-monarchy

Read more here: » List of Korean monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Korean monarchs - Korean Empire 1897 - 1919

The young Lady Yehenara was registered by her parents with the Imperial Court, as was required for all the Manchu girls of the empire, in order to keep track of potential concubines for the emperor. In September 1851 (or June 1852, depending on sources), she was summoned to the Forbidden City with other Manchu girls to undergo a selection process, in order to provide concubines for the new emperor Xianfeng, under the supervision of Concubine Dowager Kangci (康慈皇貴太妃) (1812-1855). Lady Yehenara was one of the few girls selected by C ...

See also:

Empress Dowager Cixi, Empress Dowager Cixi - Youth, Empress Dowager Cixi - Names, Empress Dowager Cixi - Road to power, Empress Dowager Cixi - Regency under Tongzhi, Empress Dowager Cixi - Securing absolute power, Empress Dowager Cixi - Crisis with Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi - Overview of politics, Empress Dowager Cixi - Tomb, Empress Dowager Cixi - Historical opinion, Empress Dowager Cixi - Reference

Read more here: » Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia II - Empress Dowager Cixi - Road to power

While seeking China's "self-strengthening" through strictly-controlled industrial and military growth, she opposed attempts at political modernization, staging a coup d'etat (September 21, 1898) against the political influence of the Guangxu Emperor to end the Hundred Days' Reform. Cixi's contribution to the self-strengthening movement, though, could be frustratingly two-sided. Whilst she supported economic and military modernisation, approving the construction of railways and factories and encouraging use of Western weapons and tacti ...

See also:

Empress Dowager Cixi, Empress Dowager Cixi - Youth, Empress Dowager Cixi - Names, Empress Dowager Cixi - Road to power, Empress Dowager Cixi - Regency under Tongzhi, Empress Dowager Cixi - Securing absolute power, Empress Dowager Cixi - Crisis with Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi - Overview of politics, Empress Dowager Cixi - Tomb, Empress Dowager Cixi - Historical opinion, Empress Dowager Cixi - Reference

Read more here: » Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia II - Empress Dowager Cixi - Overview of politics

Taizong was born in Lunghsi (in present-day Kansu. Taizong was known as a Hojen (胡人).) as the second son of Li Yuan, and was of one-quarter Xianbei (a people related to modern-day Turks) blood. The most capable and militarily inclined of Li Yuan's many sons, Taizong showed his promise at an early age, helping to rescue Emperor Yang from a Turkic ambush and besiegement at the age of sixteen. In 616, the eighteen-year-old Taizong followed his general-father to his garrison-post at Jinyang, Shanxi, where he instigated his father to stage a ...

See also:

Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Early Achievements, Emperor Taizong of Tang - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Family, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Literature, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Chinese popculture

Read more here: » Emperor Taizong of Tang: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Taizong of Tang - Early Achievements

Like many other Chinese historical figures, Sun Yat-sen used several names throughout his life, and he is known under several of these names, which can be quite confusing for the Westerner. Names, which are not taken lightly in China, are central to Chinese culture. This reverence goes as far back as Confucius and his insistence on using correct names. This can be confusing to foreigners. In addition to the names and aliases listed below, Sun also used many other aliases while ...

See also:

Sun Yat-sen, Sun Yat-sen - Biography, Sun Yat-sen - Early years, Sun Yat-sen - Transformation into a revolutionary, Sun Yat-sen - From exile to Wuchang Uprising, Sun Yat-sen - Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen - Guangzhou militarist government, Sun Yat-sen - Way to Northern Expedition and death, Sun Yat-sen - Sun Yat-sen's early influence by Western ideology, Sun Yat-sen - Legacy, Sun Yat-sen - Power struggle, Sun Yat-sen - National Father, Sun Yat-sen - Sun's posthumous popularity on Mainland China, Sun Yat-sen - Sun and the overseas Chinese, Sun Yat-sen - Names

Read more here: » Sun Yat-sen: Encyclopedia II - Sun Yat-sen - Names