posthumous name - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia - Empress Dowager Cixi
The Empress Dowager Cixi (Chinese: 慈禧太后; Hanyu Pinyin: Cíxǐ; Wade-Giles: Tz'u-hsi) (November 29, 1835 –November 15, 1908), po...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laozi: Encyclopedia - Laozi
Lao Zi (Chinese 老子, also spelled Lao Tzu) is a major figure in Chinese philosophy whose historical existence is debated. Chinese trad...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1: Encyclopedia - 1
1 - Births. Jesus, according to the anno Domini era created by Dionysius Exiguus in 525 as argued by one scholar, Georges Declercq, in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confucius: Encyclopedia - Confucius
Confucius The original member of "Massachusetts Most Wanted"(originally K'ung Fu-Tzu, traditionally September 28 551 BCE–479 BCE) was ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Name: Encyclopedia - Name
A name is a label for a thing, person, place, product (as in a brand name) and even an idea or concept, normally used to distinguish one ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regnal Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Regnal Name - Roman Catholic Church
Immediately after a new pope is elected, and accepts the election, the man is asked by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, "By what nam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rulers Of Korea: Encyclopedia Ii - Rulers Of Korea - Gojoseon C.2333 Bce–c.239 Bce
The legendary founder of Gojoseon was Dangun Wanggeom. Dangun is thought to be a title meaning Emperor, although frequently used to refer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Japanese Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Japanese Name - Characters
Japanese names are usually written in kanji (Chinese characters), although some names use hiragana or even katakana, or a mixture of kanj...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Of Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Of Japan - History
Although the emperor has been a symbol of continuity with the past, the degree of power exercised by the emperor of Japan has varied cons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sun Yat-sen: Encyclopedia Ii - Sun Yat-sen - Transformation Into A Revolutionary
Sun, who had grown increasingly troubled by the conservative Qing government and its refusal to adopt learn from the more technologically...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Taizong Of Tang: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Taizong Of Tang - The Palace Coup At The Xuanwu Gate
The original crown prince was Taizong's elder brother Li Jiancheng (李建成) although their father had promised the throne to Taizong m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laozi: Encyclopedia Ii - Laozi - His Life
Little is known about Lao Tsu's life. His historical existence is strongly debated, as is his authorship of the Dao De Jing. Lao Tsu has ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Empress Yin Lihua: Encyclopedia Ii - Empress Yin Lihua - Family Background And Marriage To Liu Xiu
Yin Lihua was born and grew up in Nanyang Commandery (roughly modern Nanyang, Henan) -- the same commandery that her eventual husband cam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ran Min: Encyclopedia Ii - Ran Min - During The Confusion After Shi Hu's Death
After Shi Hu's death in 349, his youngest son and crown prince Shi Shi became emperor, but the government was controlled by Shi Shi's mot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sun Yat-sen: Encyclopedia Ii - Sun Yat-sen - Transformation Into A Revolutionary
Sun, who had grown increasingly troubled by the conservative Qing government and its refusal to adopt knowledge from the more technologic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tongyeong: Encyclopedia Ii - Tongyeong - Famous People
Famous people associated with the city include Yi Sun-sin, whose headquarters were located there, and Yun I-sang, a noted 20th-century co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi: Encyclopedia Ii - Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi - Yagyū Jūbei In Japanese Pop Culture
Yagyū Jūbei Mitsuyoshi might likely have been relegated to obscurity in Japanese history were it not for the mythos his name developed ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nurhaci: Encyclopedia Ii - Nurhaci - Background
Being a member of the Gioro (clan) of the Suksuhu River tribe, Nurhaci also claimed descent from Mönke Timur, a Jurchen headman who live...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mausoleum Of Princess Zhenxiao: Encyclopedia Ii - Mausoleum Of Princess Zhenxiao - Burial Chamber
Excavated in October 1980, the burial chamber is underground. The 105-metre-high chamber is rectangular: 50 × 26-m, and is covered with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Korean Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Korean Monarchs - Gojoseon C.2333 Bc - 108 Bc
Gojoseon cultural artifacts and walled cities are found throughout northern Korea and Manchuria, but it is not clear from archeological e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Taizong Of Tang China: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Taizong Of Tang China - The Palace Coup At The Xuanwu Gate
The original crown prince was Taizong's elder brother Li Jiancheng (李建成) although their father had promised the throne to Taizong m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Fei Of Jin: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Fei Of Jin - Reign
Even though Emperor Fei was an adult, he did not have actual power, as not only were governmental matters largely in the hands of his gra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laozi: Encyclopedia Ii - Laozi - His Life
Little is known about Laozi's life. His historical existence is strongly debated, as is his authorship of the Dao De Jing. Laozi has beco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Yi Of Chu: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Yi Of Chu - As Prince Of Chu
in summer 208 BC, Xiang made Mi Xin prince, with the title "Prince Huai of Chu," deliberately using the same title as his grandfather in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nurhaci: Encyclopedia Ii - Nurhaci - Background
Being a member of the Gioro (clan) of the Suksuhu River tribe, Nurhaci also claimed descent from Mönke Timur, a Jurchen headman who live...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Name - Philosophical Accounts Of Names
Proper names function in the same way as common nouns do in many natural languages. Philosophers have thus often treated the two as simil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confucius: Encyclopedia Ii - Confucius - Philosophy
Main article: Confucianism Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, argument continues over whether ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Go-daigo: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Go-daigo - Life
In 1318, upon the abdication of the Jimyōin-tō Emperor Hanazono (his second cousin), Emperor Go-Daigo became emperor at the age of 29, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia Ii - Empress Dowager Cixi - Youth
Recent biographies of Cixi usually state that she was the daughter of a low-ranking Manchu official, Huizheng (惠征), of the Yehe-Nara ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Korean Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Korean Monarchs - Goguryeo 37 Bc - 668 Ce
Goguryeo was the only one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea described as an empire, its vassals using the title "king". Goguryeo rulers had ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Korean Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Korean Monarchs - Gaya Confederacy 42-532
All rulers of Gaya bore the title Wang ("King"). List of Korean monarchs - Geumgwan Gaya. This list is of the Kim Dynasty of Geumgwan G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Korean Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Korean Monarchs - Buyeo C.239 Bc - 494 Ce
Buyeo (Fuyu in Chinese) claimed the inheritance of Gojoseon, and the rulers continued to use the titles of Tanje ("Emperor"). According t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Korean Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Korean Monarchs - Goryeo 918 - 1392
Goryeo was ruled by the Wang Dynasty. The first king had the temple name Taejo, which means "great progenitor", and was applied to the fi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Korean Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Korean Monarchs - Joseon 1392 - 1897
In 1897, Korea became the Korean Empire. Some of the kings were posthumously raised to the rank of emperors. Joseon kings/emperors had te...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia Ii - Empress Dowager Cixi - Names
Cixi had different names at different stages of her life, which could be quite confusing. Moreover, most of her Western biographers, who ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi: Encyclopedia Ii - Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi - The Eyepatch Legend
Legend has it that Yagyū Jūbei had the use of only one eye; most legends state that he lost it in a sword sparring session where his fa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Korean Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Korean Monarchs - Korean Empire 1897 - 1919
Technically, the emperors should be referred to by their era names rather than their temple names, but the latter are commonly used. Empe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia Ii - Empress Dowager Cixi - Road To Power
The young Lady Yehenara was registered by her parents with the Imperial Court, as was required for all the Manchu girls of the empire, in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia Ii - Empress Dowager Cixi - Overview Of Politics
While seeking China's "self-strengthening" through strictly-controlled industrial and military growth, she opposed attempts at political ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Taizong Of Tang: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Taizong Of Tang - Early Achievements
Taizong was born in Lunghsi (in present-day Kansu. Taizong was known as a Hojen (胡人).) as the second son of Li Yuan, and was of one-q...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sun Yat-sen: Encyclopedia Ii - Sun Yat-sen - Names
Like many other Chinese historical figures, Sun Yat-sen used several names throughout his life, and he is known under several of these na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Taizong Of Tang: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Taizong Of Tang - Family
He had: Wende-shunsheng Empress (文德順聖皇后), Zhangsun-shi (長孫氏) Xian Consort (賢妃), Xu Hui (徐惠) Consort Yang I (�...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Taizong Of Tang: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Taizong Of Tang - Literature
He was the subject of a 64-chapter (in eight volumes) The Novel of the Prince of Qin of the Great Tang (大唐秦王詞話 Datang Qin Wan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia Ii - Empress Dowager Cixi - Regency Under Tongzhi
For the next forty-seven years until her death in 1908, Cixi assumed the regency of the Empire of the Great Qing, along with co-regent Ci...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Yi Of Chu: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Yi Of Chu - Early Life
Mi Xin was a descendant of the royalty of Chu, one of the major states in the Warring States period. Specifically, he was the grandson of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Empress Yin Lihua: Encyclopedia Ii - Empress Yin Lihua - As Imperial Consort
Liu Xiu eventually broke away from Emperor Gengshi, and he proclaimed himself emperor of Han in 25 (as Emperor Guangwu). Later that year,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Empress Yin Lihua: Encyclopedia Ii - Empress Yin Lihua - As Empress
By 41, Empress Guo had long lost the emperor's favor. She continously complained about that fact, and this angered Emperor Guangwu. In 41...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nurhaci: Encyclopedia Ii - Nurhaci - Primary Sources
Information concerning Nurhaci can be found in later, propagandistic works such as the Manchu Veritable Records (in Chinese Manzhou Shilu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Name - Use Of Names
Naming is the process of assigning a particular word or phrase to a particular object or property. This can be quite deliberate or a natu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mausoleum Of Princess Zhenxiao: Encyclopedia Ii - Mausoleum Of Princess Zhenxiao - The Princess And Companions
The epitaph explains that Princess Zhenxiao is the fourth daughter of King Mun, Dae Hungmu. Princess Zhenxiao was also the younger sister...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ran Min: Encyclopedia Ii - Ran Min - Family Background
Ran Min's father Ran Liang (冉良), who later changed his name to Ran Zhan (冉瞻), was ethnically Han and from Wei Commandery (魏郡,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ran Min: Encyclopedia Ii - Ran Min - During Shi Hu's Reign
As Shi Min grew in age, Shi Hu became impressed at him for his bravery in battle and battlefield tactics, and he treated Shi Min as a bio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ran Min: Encyclopedia Ii - Ran Min - As Emperor Of Ran Wei
Ran Min honored his mother Lady Wang as empress dowager. He created his wife Lady Dong empress, and his oldest son Ran Zhi crown prince. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laozi: Encyclopedia Ii - Laozi - Popular Culture
Two books called The Tao of Pooh and The Te of Piglet by Benjamin Hoff use the characters and style of Winnie the Pooh to explain Taoism....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia Ii - Empress Dowager Cixi - Overview Of Politics
While seeking China's "self-strengthening" through weak and regionalized industrial and military growth, she opposed attempts at politica...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Fei Of Jin: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Fei Of Jin - Early Life
Sima Yi was born in 342, to Emperor Cheng and his concubine Consort Zhou, who was also the mother of his only brother, Sima Pi, who was o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Fei Of Jin: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Fei Of Jin - After Removal
Huan Wen, however, wanted to further reduce the former emperor's rank, and he proposed that the prince be reduced to commoner status. Emp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Name - Naming Convention
A naming convention is an attempt to systematize names in a field so they unambiguously convey similar information in a similar manner. S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laozi: Encyclopedia Ii - Laozi - Names
The name "Laozi" is an honorific. Lao (老) means "venerable" or "old". Zi or Tsu (子) translates literally as "boy", but it was also a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laozi: Encyclopedia Ii - Laozi - Taoism
Laozi's work, titled Dao De Jing, is the most significant treatises in Chinese philosophy. It is Laozi's magnum opus, covering many areas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rulers Of Korea: Encyclopedia Ii - Rulers Of Korea - Joseon 1392–1897
Joseon was the name of Korea during most the Joseon Dynasty, which ruled from the fall of Goryeo in 1392 until the beginning of the Repub...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Japanese Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Japanese Name - Customs
In ancient times, people in Japan were considered the property of the Emperor and their surname reflected the role in the government they...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Japanese Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Japanese Name - Structure
Structurally, Japanese names are simple compared with names in many other cultures. All Japanese people have one surname and one given na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Japanese Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Japanese Name - Names From Other Ethnic Groups In Japan
Many ethnic minorities, mostly Korean and Chinese, living in Japan adopt Japanese names to ease communication and, more importantly, to a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Japanese Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Japanese Name - Imperial Names
The Japanese emperor and Crown Prince have no surname for historical reasons, only a given name such as Hirohito (裕仁), which is rarel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Japanese Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Japanese Name - Japanese Names In English
As is the case for other transliterations, writing Japanese names in English poses several issues, mainly romanization and name order iss...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Japanese Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Japanese Name - Professional Names
Actors and actresses in Western and Japanese dramatic forms, comedians, sumo wrestlers, and practitioners of traditional crafts often use...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Japanese Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Japanese Name - Historical Names
The current structure (family name + given name) did not materialize until the 1870s when the government made the new family registration...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sun Yat-sen: Encyclopedia Ii - Sun Yat-sen - Legacy
A struggle for Sun's power between Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei broke out immediately after Sun's death. This created much inefficien...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Go-daigo: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Go-daigo - Eras During His Reign
With 8 era changes, Emperor Go-Daigo is tied with Emperor Go-Hanazono for the most eras in a single reign. Bumpō Gen'ō Genkyō Shōch�...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Taizong Of Tang China: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Taizong Of Tang China - Early Achievements
Taizong was born in Lunghsi (in present-day Kansu. Taizong was known as a Hojen (胡人).) as the second son of Li Yuan, and was of one-q...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Of Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Of Japan - Roles
The emperor's role is defined in Chapter I of the 1947 Constitution of Japan. Article 1 defines the emperor as the symbol of state and th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Taizong Of Tang China: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Taizong Of Tang China - Literature
He was the subject of a 64-chapter (in eight volumes) The Novel of the Prince of Qin of the Great Tang (大唐秦王詞話 Datang Qin Wan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Of Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Of Japan - Naming
Due to linguistic and cultural differences between Japan and the Western world, naming the emperors of Japan is often troublesome. While ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sun Yat-sen: Encyclopedia Ii - Sun Yat-sen - Biography
Sun Yat-sen - Early years. On November 12, 1866, Sun Yat-sen was born to a Cantonese peasant family in the village of Cuiheng, Xiangsha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Of Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Of Japan - Succession
Millennia ago, the Japanese imperial family developed its own peculiar system of hereditary succession. It has been non-primogenitural, m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confucius: Encyclopedia Ii - Confucius - Family And Descendants
Confucius' descendants were repeatedly identified and honored by successive imperial governments. They were honored with the rank of a ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laozi: Encyclopedia Ii - Laozi - His Work
Lao Tsu's work, titled Dao De Jing, is one of the most significant treatise in China's philosophy, a magnum opus covering many area of ph...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rulers Of Korea: Encyclopedia Ii - Rulers Of Korea - Baekje 18 Bce–660 Ce
Baekje was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in the 1st millennium CE (along with Goguryeo and Silla), and fell to Silla in 660. All the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rulers Of Korea: Encyclopedia Ii - Rulers Of Korea - Gaya Garak 42-532
Gaya (also called "Garak") was a minor state (that is, not one of the three major kingdoms) during the Three Kingdoms Period. Gaya was ab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rulers Of Korea: Encyclopedia Ii - Rulers Of Korea - Buyeo C.239 Bce–494 Ce
Buyeo (state) (Fuyu in Chinese) occupied the former territories of Gojoseon in the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. They claimed the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rulers Of Korea: Encyclopedia Ii - Rulers Of Korea - Goguryeo 37 Bce–668 Ce
Goguryeo was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in the first millennium CE (along with Baekje and Silla), and fell to Silla and Tang of C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rulers Of Korea: Encyclopedia Ii - Rulers Of Korea - Silla 57 Bce–935 Ce
Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in the 1st millennium CE, along with Baekje (which it conquered in 660) and Goguryeo (which ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emperor Taizong Of Tang China: Encyclopedia Ii - Emperor Taizong Of Tang China - Family
He had: Wende-shunsheng Empress (文德順聖皇后), Zhangsun-shi (長孫氏) Xian Consort (賢妃), Xu Hui (徐惠) Consort Yang I (�...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rulers Of Korea: Encyclopedia Ii - Rulers Of Korea - Goryeo 918–1392
The kingdom of Goryeo was founded in 918 and defeated Silla in 935–936, making "Goryeo" the name of Korea ("Goryeo" is the source of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia Ii - Empress Dowager Cixi - Tomb
Cixi was interred amidst the Eastern Qing Tombs (清東陵), 125 km (75 miles) east of Beijing, in the Dingdongling (定東陵) tomb comp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regnal Name: Encyclopedia Ii - Regnal Name - United Kingdom
The monarchs in the United Kingdom have on three occasions used regnal names different from their first baptismal names. Queen Victoria w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confucius: Encyclopedia Ii - Confucius - Disciples
See main article : Disciples of Confucius Confucius' philosophical school was first continued by his direct disciples and by his onl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laozi: Encyclopedia Ii - Laozi - Popular Culture
Two books called The Tao of Pooh and The Te of Piglet by Benjamin Hoff use the characters and style of Winnie the Pooh to explain Taoism....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laozi: Encyclopedia Ii - Laozi - Names
The name Lao Tsu is an honorific title. Lao (老) means "venerable" or "old." Tsu or Zi (子) translates literally as "boy," but it was a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confucius: Encyclopedia Ii - Confucius - Teachings
In the Analects, where one can find the most intimate descriptions of him, Confucius (孔夫子) presents himself as a transmitter who in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confucius: Encyclopedia Ii - Confucius - His Life
According to traditional belief, Confucius was born in 551 BCE (during the Spring and Autumn Period, at the beginning of the Hundred Scho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Empress Dowager Cixi: Encyclopedia Ii - Empress Dowager Cixi - Historical Opinion
The traditional view is that Cixi was a devious despot who maintained a deathgrip on what little power she had until that power faded out...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sun Yat-sen: Encyclopedia Ii - Sun Yat-sen - Names
Like many other Chinese historical figures, Sun Yat-sen used several names throughout his life, and he is known under several of these na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rulers Of Korea: Encyclopedia Ii - Rulers Of Korea - Korean Empire 1897–1919
In 1897, Korea was renamed Daehan Jeguk (Korean Empire, or literally, "Great Han Empire"). King Gojong of the Joseon Dynasty became the f...   » Read the article