Although living in the seclusion of the cloister, Peter Damian watched closely the fortunes of the Church, and like his friend Hildebrand, the future Gregory VII, he strove for reforms in a deplorable time. In 1045 when Benedict IX resigned the pontificate into the hands of the archpriest John Gratian (Gregory VI), Peter hailed the change with joy and wrote to the new pope, urging him to deal with the scandals of the church in Italy, singling out the wicked bishops of ...

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Pietro Damiani, Pietro Damiani - Early life, Pietro Damiani - Religious life, Pietro Damiani - Reformer, Pietro Damiani - Liber Gomorrhianus and Hildebrand's reforms, Pietro Damiani - Papal envoy and Cardinal, Pietro Damiani - Milan, Pietro Damiani - Writings

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St. Angela spent 17 years leading a group of women known as The Company of St. Ursula, who regularly met for conferences and devotional practices, but did not live together. They were recognized in 1544 by Pope Paul III; in 1572 Pope Gregory XIII, at the instance of St. Charles Borromeo, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan, declared it a religious order with enclosure under the rule of St. Augustine. In the following century, the Ursulines were powerfully encouraged and supported by St. Francis de Sales. In most cases, especially in F ...

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Ursulines, Ursulines - History, Ursulines - Role in education, Ursulines - External link

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Ratti himself was less easy to categorise in terms of the conservative/liberal divide than most of his immediate predecessors. Most regarded him as a moderate conservative, to the right of Pope Benedict but to the left of Popes Gregory XV, Pius IX (at the end of his reign) and Pius X. He was also strikingly different to his predecessor. Whereas Benedict was an aristocratic diplomat in poor health, Ratti was an unusual combination of a scholar, ...

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Papal conclave 1922, Papal conclave 1922 - Context, Papal conclave 1922 - Conclave - election of the Archbishop of Milan, Papal conclave 1922 - Aftermath, Papal conclave 1922 - Conclave details

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Propaganda - Etymology. In late Latin, propaganda meant "things to be propagated". In 1622, shortly after the start of the Thirty Years' War, Pope Gregory XV founded the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide ("Congregation for Propagating the Faith"), a committee of Cardinals with the duty of overseeing the propagation of Christianity by missionaries sent to non-Catholic countries. Therefore, the term itself originates with this Roman Catholic Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (See also:

Propaganda, Propaganda - Purpose of propaganda, Propaganda - Types of propaganda, Propaganda - History of propaganda, Propaganda - Etymology, Propaganda - 19th and 20th centuries' propaganda, Propaganda - Russian revolution, Propaganda - Nazi Germany, Propaganda - Cold War propaganda, Propaganda - Afghanistan, Propaganda - Iraq, Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda generation, Propaganda - Techniques of propaganda transmission

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Gerson's chief work was what he did to the great schism. Gregory XI had died in 1378, one year after Gerson went to the college of Navarre, and since his death the church had had two popes, which to the medieval mind meant two churches and a divided Christ. The schism had practically been brought about by France. The popes had been under French influence so long that it appeared to France a political necessity to have her own pope, and pious Frenchmen felt themselves somewhat responsible for the sins and scandals of the schism. Hence the mel ...

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Jean Gerson, Jean Gerson - Gerson and the University of Paris, Jean Gerson - Gerson's writings, Jean Gerson - Gerson and the Great Schism, Jean Gerson - Retirement

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Halloween - Christian festival. Pope Boniface IV established an anniversary dedicated to the Virgin Mary and the martyrs when he consecrated the Pantheon on May 13, 609 (or 610). This Christian feast day was moved to November 1st from May 13th by Pope Gregory III in the eighth century in order to mark the dedication of the All Saints Chapel in Rome--establishing November 1st as All Saints Day and October 31st as All Hallows' Eve. Initially this change of date only applied to the diocese of Rome, but was extended to the rest of Christendom a century later by Pope Gregory IV i ...

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Halloween, Halloween - Symbols, Halloween - Trick-or-treating and guising, Halloween - Games and other activities, Halloween - Foods, Halloween - Cultural history, Halloween - Christian festival, Halloween - Halloween's Origin: Celtic observation of Samhain, Halloween - Norse Elven Blót, Halloween - Halloween customs, Halloween - Punkie Night, Halloween - Mischief Night, Halloween - Religious viewpoints

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It was the issue of the government of the Papal States that was to prove central to the 1846 conclave. The College of Cardinals was split into two factions. The conservatives wished to see a continuation of papal absolutism in the governance of the Papal States, a continuation of the hardline policies of Pope Gregory XVI and his infamous right-wing Secretary of State, Luigi Emmanuele Nicolo Ca ...

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Papal conclave 1846, Papal conclave 1846 - Conclave divided over how to rule the Papal States, Papal conclave 1846 - Failed attempt to veto Ferretti, Papal conclave 1846 - Aftermath, Papal conclave 1846 - Conclave factfile

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1271 - Europe. July 2 - Kings Otakar II of Bohemia and Stephen V of Hungary sign the first Peace of Pressburg, settling territorial claims following the failed invasion of Hungary by Otakar II. September 1 - Pope Gregory X is elected pope by compromise between French and Italian cardinals, ending a three-year conclave, the longest ever. The County of Toulouse is returned to the crown of France. Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle on his famous journey to Kubla ...

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1271, 1271 - Events, 1271 - Europe, 1271 - North Africa and the Middle East, 1271 - Asia, 1271 - Births, 1271 - Deaths

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History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates. 480: St Benedict begins his Monastic Rule, setting out regulations for the establisment of monasteries. 496: Clovis I pagan King of the Franks, converts to the Catholic faith. 502: Pope Symmachus ruled that laymen should no longer vote for the popes and that only higher clergy should be considered eligible. 590: Pope Gregory the Great. Reforms church structure and administration. Establishes Gregori ...

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History of the Roman Catholic Church, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Prologue: the ministry of Jesus of Nazareth c 4 BC – 33 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Early Catholic Church 34 AD – 313 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Roman Empire 313 AD – 476 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Dark Ages 476 AD – 850 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Middle Ages 800 AD – 1499 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Renaissance 1500 AD – 1629 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Age of Reason 1630 AD – 1799 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - 19th Century Catholic Church 1800 AD – 1899 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - 20th Century Catholic Church 1901 AD – 2000 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - 21st Century Catholic Church 2001 AD – PRESENT, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates

Read more here: » History of the Roman Catholic Church: Encyclopedia II - History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Dark Ages 476 AD – 850 AD

History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates. 480: St Benedict begins his Monastic Rule, setting out regulations for the establisment of monasteries. 496: Clovis I pagan King of the Franks, converts to the Catholic faith. 502: Pope Symmachus ruled that laymen should no longer vote for the popes and that only higher clergy should be considered eligible. 590: Pope Gregory the Great. Reforms church structure and administration. Establishes Gregori ...

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History of the Roman Catholic Church, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Prologue: The ministry of Jesus of Nazareth c. 4 BC – AD 33, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Early Catholic Church 34 AD – 313 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Roman Empire 313 AD – 476 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Dark Ages 476 AD – 850 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Middle Ages 800 AD – 1499 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Renaissance 1500 AD – 1629 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Age of Reason 1630 AD – 1799 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - 19th Century Catholic Church 1800 AD – 1899 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - 20th Century Catholic Church 1901 AD – 2000 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - 21st Century Catholic Church 2001 AD – PRESENT, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates

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When the number of students had risen rapidly to one hundred and twenty, the Pope summoned Allen to Rome to establish a similar college there. In 1575 Allen made a second journey to Rome, where he helped Pope Gregory XIII to found another college For this purpose possession was obtained of the ancient English hospice in Rome, now turned into a seminary to send missionaries to England and Jesuits were placed there to help Dr Maurice Clennock, the rector. The pope appointed Allen to a canonry in Kortrijk and sent him back to Douai in July 1576 ...

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William Cardinal Allen, William Cardinal Allen - The Great Enterprise, William Cardinal Allen - Rome and Rheims, William Cardinal Allen - Political Involvements, William Cardinal Allen - Last Years, William Cardinal Allen - Printed Works, William Cardinal Allen - Some Studies, William Cardinal Allen - Reference

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The development of conditions at the University of Prague depended to a great extent on the question of the papal schism. King Wenceslaus, who was on the point of assuming the reins of government, but whose plans were in no way furthered by Gregory XII, renounced the latter and ordered his prelates to observe a strict neutrality toward both popes, and he expected the same of the university. The archbishop remained faithful to Gregory, and at the university it was only the Bohemian nation, with Hus as its spokesman, which avowed neutrality. I ...

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Jan Hus, Jan Hus - Early life and studies, Jan Hus - Influence of Wyclif in Bohemia, Jan Hus - Papal schism, Jan Hus - Indulgences, Jan Hus - Further dissentions, Jan Hus - Council of Constance, Jan Hus - Trial of Hus, Jan Hus - Condemnation and execution, Jan Hus - Hus' character writings and teachings, Jan Hus - Source of his influence, Jan Hus - Reference

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Up to the early 20th century, the Eastern Orthodox Church used the Julian Calendar universally, not accepting the calendar reforms of the Roman Catholic Council of Trent (1545-1563) and the then-current Roman Pope Gregory XIII. (By then, the Orthodox Church had been out of communion with the Roman Catholic Church for several centuries.) Traditionally Orthodox Christian countries, including Russia, Greece, and Romania, did not use the Gregorian Calendar for civil and governmental affairs up through the first decade of the 20th century. The Gr ...

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Greek Old Calendarists, Greek Old Calendarists - History, Greek Old Calendarists - Doctrine

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Cluny was not known for its severity or asceticism, nor for embracing apostolic poverty, but the abbots of Cluny supported the revival of the papacy and the reforms of Pope Gregory VII that led to unprecedented papal authority. The Cluniac establishment found itself closely identified with the Papacy, rich and dignified and worldly. In the early 12th century, the order lost momentum under poor government. It was subsequently revitalized under Abbot Peter the Venerable (died 1156), who brought lax priories back into line and returned to stric ...

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Abbey of Cluny, Abbey of Cluny - Founding, Abbey of Cluny - Organisation, Abbey of Cluny - Cluny and the Arts, Abbey of Cluny - The Famous Library, Abbey of Cluny - Cluny's influence, Abbey of Cluny - Cluny and the Gregorian reforms, Abbey of Cluny - Cluniac Houses in England, Abbey of Cluny - The Cluniac Prayer

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Posthumously, Llull became celebrated as a great alchemist, although he had been opposed to occult beliefs. At some time he was credited with having discovered ether, in about 1275, although there is no contemporary evidence for this. Chairs for the propagation of the theories of Llull were set up at the University of Barcelona and the University of Valencia. His rationalistic mysticism was formally condemned by Pope Gregory XI in ...

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Ramon Llull, Ramon Llull - Early life, Ramon Llull - Ars generalis ultima, Ramon Llull - First mission, Ramon Llull - Second mission, Ramon Llull - Third mission, Ramon Llull - Reputation after death, Ramon Llull - Mathematics and statistics, Ramon Llull - Other recent coverage, Ramon Llull - Bibliography, Ramon Llull - Notes

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