Gregory, among the first to assert the primacy of the papal office, though he did not employ the term "pope", summed up the responsibilities of the bishop of Rome in his official appellation, as "servant of the servants of God". As Benedict of Nursia had justified the absolute authority of the abbot over the souls in his charge, so Gregory expressed the hieratic principle that he was responsible directly to God for his ministry. Gregory's pontificate saw the development of the concepts of penance that became institutionalized in the l ...

See also:

Pope Gregory I, Pope Gregory I - Confrontation with Eutychius, Pope Gregory I - Gregory as pope, Pope Gregory I - Lombards, Pope Gregory I - Servus servorum Dei, Pope Gregory I - Works, Pope Gregory I - Bibliography

Read more here: » Pope Gregory I: Encyclopedia II - Pope Gregory I - Servus servorum Dei

Assocates of Siri later claimed that the cardinal had actually achieved the two-thirds majority necessary to be pope, that he was offered the papacy and accepted, announcing that his regnal name would be Pope Gregory XVII, only to be forced to change his mind after the delivery of an ultimatum from the Communist Bloc to the effect that his election would lead to widespread persecution of Catholics. The then priest and later author Father Malachi Martin even claimed to have been the conduit of the info ...

See also:

Papal conclave 1958, Papal conclave 1958 - Background, Papal conclave 1958 - The Case of Giovanni Montini, Papal conclave 1958 - Papal Conclave, Papal conclave 1958 - The mysterious case of 'Pope Gregory XVII', Papal conclave 1958 - Choosing Roncalli, Papal conclave 1958 - Footnotes

Read more here: » Papal conclave 1958: Encyclopedia II - Papal conclave 1958 - The mysterious case of 'Pope Gregory XVII'

Domínguez claimed that he was visited by Christ, along with St. Peter and Saint Paul, who told him The reign of the Glory of the Olives1 has begun... A great day today, in which you are vested with the Office of Pope, on this feast of the Transfiguration on Mount Thabor,—Feastday of the Holy Face, of the Order of which you are the Founder and Father General. The great Pontificate of the Glory of the Olives begins: the Pope foretold by many mystics and in many prophecies; the Pope who unites in his ...

See also:

Clemente Domínguez y Gómez, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Controversially ordained, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Claim to the Papacy, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Other claimants to the name 'Pope Gregory XVII', Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Palmarian heresy, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Notes

Read more here: » Clemente Domínguez y Gómez: Encyclopedia II - Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Claim to the Papacy

In December 1975, Clemente Domínguez founded his own religious order, The Carmelites of the Holy Face, allegedly on instruction from the Virgin Mary. Five people, including Domínguez, who assumed the name Fr. Ferdinand, were ordained bishops by a Catholic archbishop who had travelled from Rome, Ngô Ðình Thuc Pierre Martin, who was subsequently excommunicated for his ordinations, which were deemed "valid but unlawful", for though he had the power to ordain he did not have the authority from Pope Paul VI which is a re ...

See also:

Clemente Domínguez y Gómez, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Controversially ordained, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Claim to the Papacy, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Other claimants to the name 'Pope Gregory XVII', Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Palmarian heresy, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Notes

Read more here: » Clemente Domínguez y Gómez: Encyclopedia II - Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Controversially ordained

Pope Pius XII died on October 9, 1958 in Castel Gandolfo, the papal summer residence in Italy, after a 19-year papacy. Pope Pius had been one of the most controversial popes since his namesakes Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) and Pope Pius X (1903-1914), the latter of whom Pius XII canonised. Pius had initiated a series of liturgical reforms to the Mass that in some ways were the forerunner of Vatican II changes; in one version of the Mass he introduced vocal participation by the congregation that was to become a standard feature of the Novus Ordo ...

See also:

Papal conclave 1958, Papal conclave 1958 - Background, Papal conclave 1958 - The Case of Giovanni Montini, Papal conclave 1958 - Papal Conclave, Papal conclave 1958 - The mysterious case of 'Pope Gregory XVII', Papal conclave 1958 - Choosing Roncalli, Papal conclave 1958 - Footnotes

Read more here: » Papal conclave 1958: Encyclopedia II - Papal conclave 1958 - Background

As with many papal conclaves, the man eventually chosen to reign as pope was not one of the papabili but a mild-mannered former diplomat of working class origins, 77-year old Angelo Cardinal Roncalli, the Cardinal Patriarch of Venice and former nuncio to France. Roncalli's selection was a surprise to all, most particularly Roncalli, who arrived in Rome with a return train-ticket to Venice and who ...

See also:

Papal conclave 1958, Papal conclave 1958 - Background, Papal conclave 1958 - The Case of Giovanni Montini, Papal conclave 1958 - Papal Conclave, Papal conclave 1958 - The mysterious case of 'Pope Gregory XVII', Papal conclave 1958 - Choosing Roncalli, Papal conclave 1958 - Footnotes

Read more here: » Papal conclave 1958: Encyclopedia II - Papal conclave 1958 - Choosing Roncalli

Giovanni Montini had been one of the stars of the Curia in the 1930s and 1940s. A skilled diplomat and the Assistant (sostituto) Secretary of State for Internal (or Ordinary) Affairs, many presumed that he would of course be made a cardinal in one of Pope Pius's consistories. For most of his reign -- with the exception of the five years Luigi Cardinal Maglione was Secretary of State, Pius XII himself acted as his own secretary of state, a position that he had held under the previous pope Pius XI. Unexpectedly in 1955, Pius removed Mon ...

See also:

Papal conclave 1958, Papal conclave 1958 - Background, Papal conclave 1958 - The Case of Giovanni Montini, Papal conclave 1958 - Papal Conclave, Papal conclave 1958 - The mysterious case of 'Pope Gregory XVII', Papal conclave 1958 - Choosing Roncalli, Papal conclave 1958 - Footnotes

Read more here: » Papal conclave 1958: Encyclopedia II - Papal conclave 1958 - The Case of Giovanni Montini

According to Roman Catholic doctrine, Rome can not altogether lose the faith (according to the First Vatican Council). Thus, according to this doctrine, Palmarianism espouses a heresy. Palmarians argue that the example of the Avignon exiles of the Popes in the Middle Ages proves that the Pope may reign outside of Rome. Further, Catholic theologians have always made a distinction between Public Revelation and Private Revelation. Public Revelation includes all the revelation in the Bible as well as the oral tradition transmitted by Jesu ...

See also:

Clemente Domínguez y Gómez, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Controversially ordained, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Claim to the Papacy, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Other claimants to the name 'Pope Gregory XVII', Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Palmarian heresy, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Notes

Read more here: » Clemente Domínguez y Gómez: Encyclopedia II - Clemente Domínguez y Gómez - Palmarian heresy

On July 18, 1216, nineteen cardinals assembled at Perugia (where Innocent had died two days previously) with the purpose of electing a new pope. The troubled state of affairs in Italy, the threatening attitude of the Tatars, and the fear of a schism induced the cardinals to agree to an election by compromise. Cardinals Ugolino of Ostia (afterwards Gregory IX) and Guido of Praeneste were empowered to appoint the new pope. Their choice fell upon Cencio Savelli, who accepted the tiara with reluctance and took the name of Honorius III. He was co ...

See also:

Pope Honorius III, Pope Honorius III - Early Work, Pope Honorius III - Elected Pope, Pope Honorius III - Fifth Crusade, Pope Honorius III - Other Work, Pope Honorius III - Writings

Read more here: » Pope Honorius III: Encyclopedia II - Pope Honorius III - Elected Pope

The conclave of 1846, following the death of Pope Gregory XVI, was one which took place during an unsettled political climate in Italy. Because of this, many foreign cardinals decided not to attend the conclave. At its start, only 46 out of 62 cardinals were present. Moreover, the conclave of 1846 was steeped in a factional division between conservatives and liberals. The conservatives supported Cardinal Luigi Lambruschini, Gregory XVI's secretary of state. Liberals supported two candidates: Cardinal Gizzi and the 54 year-old C ...

See also:

Pope Pius IX, Pope Pius IX - Early life and ministry, Pope Pius IX - Papal election, Pope Pius IX - Pius IX's papacy, Pope Pius IX - Liberalism and conservatism, Pope Pius IX - Treatment of Jews, Pope Pius IX - The end of the Papal States, Pope Pius IX - Church and spirituality, Pope Pius IX - Death and beatification, Pope Pius IX - Legacy

Read more here: » Pope Pius IX: Encyclopedia II - Pope Pius IX - Papal election

The Mass of Repose, a sacred ritual offered to anyone baptized in the Roman Catholic Church, was led by Angelo Cardinal Sodano on April 3, 2005. That Sunday service coincided with the celebration of the Feast of Divine Mercy, a memorial feast instituted by Pope John Paul II. Cardinal Sodano stirred excitement by some devotees of the pope when in his published written homily for the Mass of Repose, he referred to Pope John Paul II as "the Great". This is remarkable as only three Popes in history (Pope Leo I, Pope Gregory I, and Pope Ni ...

See also:

Funeral of Pope John Paul II, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Rite of Papal Death, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Vestments, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Mass of Repose, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Rite of Visitation, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Requiem Mass, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Processional, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Proclamation, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Homily, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Eucharist, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Commendation, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Rite of Interment, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Dignitaries, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Novemdiales, Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Security

Read more here: » Funeral of Pope John Paul II: Encyclopedia II - Funeral of Pope John Paul II - Mass of Repose

Popes-Magicians. There are several such in history; e.g., Pope Sylvester II., the artist who made an "oracular head", like the one fabricated by Albertus Magnus, the learned Bishop of Ratisbon. Pope Sylvester was considered a great "enchanter and sorcerer" by Cardinal Benno, and the "head" was smashed to pieces by Thomas Aquinas, because it talked too much. Then there were Popes Benedict IX., John XX., and the VIth and VIIth Gregory, all regarded by their contemporaries as magicians. The latter Gregory was the famous Hildebrand. As to Bishops and lesser Priests who studied Occultism and became expert in magic arts, they are numberless.

(See also: Popes-Magicians, Theosophy, Spirituality, Body mind and Soul, Spiritual Dictionary, )

An apocrisiarius was a cleric who served as the representative (also described as legate, a less precise term) of a Patriarch. The most famous apocrisiarii were sent from circa 452 till 743, by the Pope, as head of the Catholic Church and (then still only Western) Patriarch of Rome, to the Byzantine "New Rome", Constantinople, the secular capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This post was filled by several notable clergymen; some went on to become pope themselves, including Pope Gregory I, ...

See also:

Apocrisiarius, Apocrisiarius - To posts in the East, Apocrisiarius - In the West after the fall of Rome, Apocrisiarius - Anglican, Apocrisiarius - Sources and References

Read more here: » Apocrisiarius: Encyclopedia II - Apocrisiarius - To posts in the East

Fearing rebellion among the German aristocracy (violence had already broken out at Langensalza a year prior), Henry felt he had to have his excommunication lifted. He arranged to meet with the Pope in Augsburg. Walk to Canossa - Gregory's route. Gregory, however, feared that Henry would bring his army and attempt to remove the Pope from power. He spent some time on his journey northward from Rome in towns in the south o ...

See also:

Walk to Canossa, Walk to Canossa - Historical background, Walk to Canossa - The Walk to Canossa, Walk to Canossa - Gregory's route, Walk to Canossa - Henry's route, Walk to Canossa - At the fortress, Walk to Canossa - Historical impact

Read more here: » Walk to Canossa: Encyclopedia II - Walk to Canossa - The Walk to Canossa

The Great Schism of the West had lasted thirty years (since 1378), and none of the means employed to bring it to an end had been successful. Compromise or arbitral agreement between the two parties had never been seriously attempted; surrender had failed lamentably owing to the obstinacy of the rival popes, all equally convinced of their rights; action, that is the interference of princes and armies, had been without result. During these deplorable divisions Pope Boniface IX, Pope Innocent VII, and Pope Gregory XII had in turn replaced Pope ...

See also:

Council of Pisa, Council of Pisa - Preliminaries, Council of Pisa - Meeting of the Council, Council of Pisa - Judgment of the Council of Pisa

Read more here: » Council of Pisa: Encyclopedia II - Council of Pisa - Preliminaries

A form of papal crown is first mentioned in the vita of Pope Constantine (eighth century) contained in the Liber Pontificalis; there it is called a camelaucum, a folded cap of white linen that was part of Byzantine court dress. A contemporary depiction of Gregory the Great (died 604) shows such a cap. Coins of Pope Sergius III (904-11) and Pope Benedict VII (974-983) depict these popes wearing such a helmet-like-cap augmented at the base with a single coronet-like fillet. The first usage of the Greek word tiara is in the vita of P ...

See also:

Origins of the Papal Tiara, Origins of the Papal Tiara - First mention, Origins of the Papal Tiara - Papal headgear, Origins of the Papal Tiara - Second tier, Origins of the Papal Tiara - Third tier, Origins of the Papal Tiara - Chronology uncertain

Read more here: » Origins of the Papal Tiara: Encyclopedia II - Origins of the Papal Tiara - First mention

Karol Wojtyła was ordained a priest on 1 November 1946, by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha. He then travelled to Rome to begin doctoral studies in the Pontifical Athenaeum of St Thomas Aquinas ("the Angelicum"). There he became well versed in theology and politics. He studied writings of pope Gregory I, the teachings of Saint John of the Cross, the phenomenology of Max Scheler. He also studied Yves Congar, an important theoretician of ecumenism. He lived for two years in Rome in the Belgian College. The college was s ...

See also:

Biography of Pope John Paul II, Biography of Pope John Paul II - Early life, Biography of Pope John Paul II - University, Biography of Pope John Paul II - The Second World War, Biography of Pope John Paul II - The young priest, Biography of Pope John Paul II - Bishop and Cardinal, Biography of Pope John Paul II - A Pope from Poland, Biography of Pope John Paul II - Assassination attempts, Biography of Pope John Paul II - Health, Biography of Pope John Paul II - Death, Biography of Pope John Paul II - World reactions, Biography of Pope John Paul II - John Paul the Great, Biography of Pope John Paul II - Funeral

Read more here: » Biography of Pope John Paul II: Encyclopedia II - Biography of Pope John Paul II - The young priest

In 726 Emperor Leo III published an edict forbidding the use of images in the Church. His soldiers consequently removed images from churches throughout the Byzantine Empire. Germanus, the patriarch of Constantinople, protested the edict. He wrote a letter appealing to Pope Gregory II in Rome in 729. Emperor Leo deposed Germanus as patriarch soon afterwards. Pope Gergory opposed Leo and urged him to retract the edict, which Leo refused to do. ...

See also:

Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople, Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople - Background, Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople - Anastasius's Patriarchate

Read more here: » Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople: Encyclopedia II - Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople - Background

In the Roman Catholic Church, it is the title of certain prelates called prothonotaries apostolic (Latin protonotarii apostolicii). In the Middle Ages the prothonotaries were very high papal officials, and were often raised directly from this office to the cardinalate. Originally numbering seven, Pope Sixtus V (1585-90) increased their number to twelve. Their importance gradually diminished, and at the time of the French Revolution the office had almost entirely disappeared. On 8 February 1838, Pope Gregory XVI re-established t ...

See also:

Prothonotary, Prothonotary - Catholic Church usage, Prothonotary - Etymology

Read more here: » Prothonotary: Encyclopedia II - Prothonotary - Catholic Church usage

In 1075 Pope Gregory VII declared in the Dictatus Papae that as the Roman church was founded by God alone, only the papal power (the auctoritas of Pope Gelasius) was the sole universal power, and that the pope alone could appoint or depose churchmen or move them from see to see. This radical departure from the Early Medieval balance of power, among its other reforms (see Gregorian Reform), eliminated the practice of investiture, the divinely-appointed monarch's right to invest a prelate with the symbols of power, both secular a ...

See also:

Investiture Controversy, Investiture Controversy - Origins, Investiture Controversy - Investiture Controversy, Investiture Controversy - The English investiture controversy of 1103 – 1107, Investiture Controversy - The Concordat of Worms, Investiture Controversy - Significance

Read more here: » Investiture Controversy: Encyclopedia II - Investiture Controversy - Investiture Controversy

When Henry reached Canossa, the Pope ordered that he be refused entry. According to the first-hand accounts of the scene (letters written by both Gregory and Henry in the following years), Henry waited by the gate for three full days. During this time, he allegedy wore only his penitent hair-shirt and fasted. Although no contemporary sources report this, it has since been speculated that Henry spent much of his time during these ...

See also:

Walk to Canossa, Walk to Canossa - Historical background, Walk to Canossa - The Walk to Canossa, Walk to Canossa - Gregory's route, Walk to Canossa - Henry's route, Walk to Canossa - At the fortress, Walk to Canossa - Historical impact

Read more here: » Walk to Canossa: Encyclopedia II - Walk to Canossa - At the fortress

Popes since ancient times had worn some sort of head covering. By the 9th century it would appear that this took the form of a helmet-shaped white head-cap. Pope Gregory the Great (r. 590-604) is shown in contemporary artwork wearing such a headpiece. When exactly it developed its first lower tiara is unclear, though the Catholic Encyclopaedia speculates that it was in or around the 10th century, perhaps to distinguish the ceremonial papal head covering from the ecclesiastical one, the Mitre, which appeared around this era. The first ...

See also:

Origins of the Papal Tiara, Origins of the Papal Tiara - First mention, Origins of the Papal Tiara - Papal headgear, Origins of the Papal Tiara - Second tier, Origins of the Papal Tiara - Third tier, Origins of the Papal Tiara - Chronology uncertain

Read more here: » Origins of the Papal Tiara: Encyclopedia II - Origins of the Papal Tiara - Papal headgear