Their bonding nature vastly differs from element to element and changes according to external criteria such as temperature, pressure and electric current. Titanium and coinage metal hydrides are polymeric. Other transitional metal hydrides are interstitial in nature. In these, molecules of hydrogen dissociate and hydrogen atoms settle in the octahedral or tetrahedral holes in the metal crystal lattice called the interstitial sites. Interstitial hydrides often have non-stoichiometric nature. Hydrogen atoms trapped in the lattice can mi ...

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Hydride, Hydride - Electronegativity convention, Hydride - Ionic hydrides, Hydride - Covalent hydrides, Hydride - Interstitial hydrides of the Transitional metals, Hydride - Usage

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Composite resin fillings are a mixture of powdered glass and plastic resin, and can be made to resemble the appearance of the natural tooth. They are strong and durable and cosmetically superior to silver or dark grey colored amalgam fillings. Composite resin fillings are usually more expensive than silver amalgam fillings. They contain Bisphenol A a known endocrine disrupter chemical. Most modern composite resins are light-cured, causing a polymerization reaction to occur within the material. Once the composite hardens completely, th ...

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Dental fillings, Dental fillings - Amalgam, Dental fillings - Composite resin, Dental fillings - Glass Ionomer Cement, Dental fillings - Resin-Ionomer Cement, Dental fillings - Porcelain ceramic, Dental fillings - Porcelain Fused to Metal, Dental fillings - Nickel or Cobalt-Chrome Alloys, Dental fillings - Gold, Dental fillings - Other historical fillings

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In 1742, Anders Celsius defined the Celsius temperature scale with the freezing point of water at 100 degrees and the boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure at 0 degrees. The scale was reversed in 1744. The first decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, by electrolysis, was done in 1800 by William Nicholson, an English chemist. Gilbert Newton Lewis isolated the first sample of pure heavy water in 1933. Polywater was a hypothetical polymerized form of water that was the subject of much scientific controversy during the late 1960s. Th ...

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Water molecule, Water molecule - Forms of water, Water molecule - A common substance, Water molecule - Water in the Universe, Water molecule - Water on Earth, Water molecule - Water in industry, Water molecule - Physics and chemistry of water, Water molecule - Density of water and ice, Water molecule - Density of saltwater and ice, Water molecule - Triple point, Water molecule - Mpemba effect, Water molecule - Hot ice, Water molecule - Surface tension, Water molecule - Electrical properties, Water molecule - Dipolar nature of water, Water molecule - Water as a solvent, Water molecule - Amphoteric nature of water, Water molecule - Acidity in nature, Water molecule - Hydrogen bonding in water, Water molecule - Quantum properties of Molecular Water, Water molecule - History, Water molecule - Systematic nomenclature and humor

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Amber is a fossil resin much used for the manufacture of ornamental objects. Although not mineralized it is sometimes considered and used as a gemstone. Most of the world's amber is in the range of 30–90 million years old. Amber - History. The name comes from the Arabic عنبر, ʻanbar, probably through Spanish, but this word referred originally to ambergris, which is an animal substance quite distinct from yellow amber. True amber has sometimes been called kahroba, a word of Persian deriv ...

Including:

Amber - History Amber - Composition Amber - Amber in Geology Amber - Amber inclusions Amber - Locations and utilization Amber - Varieties

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Paint is the general term for a family of products used to protect and add color to an object or surface by covering it with a pigmented coating. As a verb, painting is the application of paint. One who paints is called a painter. Paint is very common and is applied to almost every kind of object. It is a method of producing art, an industrial coating, a driving aid (lane markings), a preservative (to prevent corrosion or water damage), and has a myriad of other uses. With art, it has also been used for centuries in the ...

Including:

Paint - Components Paint - Art Paint - Pigment Paint - Application Paint - Product Variants Paint - History

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Large amounts of methyl chloride are produced naturally in the oceans by the action of sunlight on biomass and chlorine in sea foam. However, all methyl chloride that is used in industry is produced synthetically. Most methyl chloride is prepared by reacting methanol with hydrogen chloride, according to the chemical equation CH3OH + HCl → CH3Cl + H2O This can be carried out either by bubbling hydrogen chloride gas through boiling methanol with or without a zinc chloride catalyst, or by passing combined methanol and hydrogen chlorid ...

See also:

Chloromethane, Chloromethane - Production, Chloromethane - Uses, Chloromethane - Safety

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Although amber is found along the shores of a large part of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, the great amber-producing country is the promontory of Samland, now part of Russia. Pieces of amber torn from the sea-floor are cast up by the waves, and collected at ebb-tide. Sometimes the searchers wade into the sea, furnished with nets at the end of long poles, by means of which they drag in the sea-weed containing entangled masses of amber; or they dredge from boats in shallow water and rake up amber from between the boulders. Divers have been ...

See also:

Amber, Amber - History, Amber - Composition, Amber - Amber in Geology, Amber - Amber inclusions, Amber - Locations and utilization, Amber - Varieties

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The Friedel-Crafts reaction[3] is the major use for aluminium chloride, for example in the preparation of anthraquinone (for the dyestuffs industry) from benzene and phosgene.[1] In the general Friedel-Crafts reaction[3] an acyl chloride or alkyl halide reacts with an aromatic system as shown: With benzene derivatives, the major product is the para isomer. The alkylation reaction has many associated problems (see Friedel-Crafts), so it is less widely used than the acylation reaction. For ...

See also:

Aluminium chloride, Aluminium chloride - Chemical Properties, Aluminium chloride - Preparation, Aluminium chloride - Uses, Aluminium chloride - Precautions, Aluminium chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

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Amino acids are the basic structural building units of proteins. They form short polymer chains called peptides or polypeptides which in turn form structures called proteins. Twenty amino acids are encoded by the standard genetic code and are called proteinogenic or standard amino acids. At least two others are also coded by DNA in a non-standard manner as follows: Selenocysteine is incorporated into some proteins at a UGA codon, which is normally a stop codon. Pyrrolysine is used by some methanogens in enzymes that they use to produce methane. It is coded for similarly to selenocysteine ...

See also:

Amino acid, Amino acid - Overview, Amino acid - General structure, Amino acid - Isomerism, Amino acid - Reactions, Amino acid - List of standard amino acids, Amino acid - Structures, Amino acid - Chemical properties, Amino acid - Hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids, Amino acid - Nonstandard amino acids, Amino acid - Uses of substances derived from amino acids

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Also known as "peroxyacetone", Acetone peroxide most commonly refers to the cyclic trimer TCAP (tri-cyclic acetone peroxide, or tri-cyclo), also called triacetone triperoxide (TATP), obtained by mixing hydrogen peroxide with acetone using a small amount of acid (mentioned above) as a catalyst. The cyclic dimer (C6H12O4) and open monomer and dimer are also formed, but under proper conditions the cyclic trimer is the primary product. A tetrameric form was also described.(Not describe ...

See also:

Acetone peroxide, Acetone peroxide - Chemistry, Acetone peroxide - Industrial occurrence, Acetone peroxide - Accidental byproduct

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The main virtue of PET is that it is fully recyclable. Unlike other plastics, its polymer chains can be recovered for additional use. PET has a resin identification code of 1. PET can be semi-rigid to rigid, depending on its thickness, and is very lightweight. It makes a good gas and fair moisture barrier, as well as a good barrier to alcohol (requires additional "Barrier" treatment) and solvents. It is strong and impact-re ...

See also:

Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses, Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity, Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying, Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers, Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals, Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation, Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment, Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

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The amyloid fold is characterized by a cross-beta sheet quaternary structure, that is, a monomeric unit contributes a beta strand to a beta sheet which spans across more than one molecule. While amyloid is usually identified using fluorescent dyes, stain polarimetry, circular dichroism, or FTIR (all indirect measurements), the "gold-standard" test to see if a structure is amyloid is by placing a sample in an X-ray diffraction beam; there are two characteristic scattering bands produced at 4 and 10 angstroms (0.4 nm and 1.0 nm}, corresponding to the inte ...

See also:

Amyloid, Amyloid - Diseases featuring amyloid, Amyloid - Non-disease amyloids, Amyloid - Disease relation disputed, Amyloid - Amyloid biophysics, Amyloid - Histological staining

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There are generally three components to a paint: binder, diluent and additives. However, only the binder is absolutely required. The binder is the part which eventually solidifies to form the dried paint film. The diluent serves to adjust the viscosity of the paint. It is volatile and does not become part of the paint film. Anything else is an additive. Typical binders include synthetic or natural resins such as acrylics, polyurethanes, po ...

See also:

Paint, Paint - Components, Paint - Art, Paint - Pigment, Paint - Application, Paint - Product Variants, Paint - History

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Glass - Float annealed glass. 90% of the world's flat glass is produced by the float glass process invented in the 1950s by Sir Alastair Pilkington of Pilkington Glass, in which molten glass is poured onto one end of a molten tin bath. The glass floats on the tin, and levels out as it spreads along the bath, giving a smooth face to both sides. The glass cools and slowly solidifies as it travels over the molten tin and leaves the tin bath in a continuous ribbon. The glass is annealed by cooling in a temperatured controlled oven called a "lehr". The finishe ...

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Glass, Glass - Properties and Uses, Glass - Glass Ingredients, Glass - Glass as a polymer, Glass - Colors, Glass - History of glass, Glass - Glass tools, Glass - Glass art, Glass - Architectural glass, Glass - Float annealed glass, Glass - Sheet glass, Glass - Plate glass, Glass - Cylinder glass, Glass - Insulated glazing, Glass - Toughened glass, Glass - Laminated glass, Glass - Low-emissivity glass, Glass - Self-cleaning glass, Glass - Evacuated glazing, Glass - Glass as a liquid, Glass - Evidence against glass flow

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Other plastics emerged in the prewar period, though some would not come into widespread use until after the war. By 1936, American, British, and German companies were producing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), better known as "acrylic". Although acrylics are now well known for their use in paints and synthetic fibers, such as "fake furs", in their bulk form they are actually very hard and more transparent than glass, and are sold as glass replacements under trade names such as "Plexiglas" and "Lucite". Plexiglas was used to build aircraft canopies durin ...

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Plastic, Plastic - Natural polymers, Plastic - Cellulose-based plastics: celluloid and rayon, Plastic - Bakelite phenolic, Plastic - Polystyrene and PVC, Plastic - Nylon, Plastic - Synthetic rubber, Plastic - Plastics explosion: acrylic, polyethylene, etc., Plastic - The environment, Plastic - Biodegradable Plastics, Plastic - Price and the future, Plastic - Common plastics and their typical uses, Plastic - Special purpose plastics

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Besides succinite, which is the common variety of European amber, the following varieties also occur: Gedanite, or brittle amber, closely resembling succinite, but much more brittle, not quite so hard, with a lower melting point and containing no succinic acid. It is often covered with a white powder easily removed by wiping. The name comes from Gedanum, the Latin name of Gdańsk at the Baltic Sea. Stantienite, a brittle, deep brownish-black resin, destitute of succinic acid. Beckerite, a rare ...

See also:

Amber, Amber - History, Amber - Composition, Amber - Amber in Geology, Amber - Amber inclusions, Amber - Locations and utilization, Amber - Varieties

Read more here: » Amber: Encyclopedia II - Amber - Varieties

The name comes from the Arabic عنبر, ʻanbar, probably through Spanish, but this word referred originally to ambergris, which is an animal substance quite distinct from yellow amber. True amber has sometimes been called kahroba, a word of Persian derivation signifying "that which attracts straw", in allusion to the power which amber possesses of acquiring an electric charge by friction. This property, first recorded by Thales of Miletus, suggested the word "electricity", from the Greek, elektron, a name applied, howe ...

See also:

Amber, Amber - History, Amber - Composition, Amber - Amber in Geology, Amber - Amber inclusions, Amber - Locations and utilization, Amber - Varieties

Read more here: » Amber: Encyclopedia II - Amber - History

Formerly, methyl chloride was a widely used refrigerant, but due to its toxicity this use has been discontinued. Methyl chloride was also once used for producing lead-based additives for gasoline, but leaded gasoline has been phased out in most of the industrialized world (an important exception being the former Soviet Union). The most important use of methyl chloride today is as an chemical intermediate is the production of silicone polymers. Smaller quantities are used in ...

See also:

Chloromethane, Chloromethane - Production, Chloromethane - Uses, Chloromethane - Safety

Read more here: » Chloromethane: Encyclopedia II - Chloromethane - Uses

Naturally occurring glass, such as obsidian, has been used since the stone age. The first documented instructions for glass making is in Egypt around 1500 BC, when glass was used as a glaze for pottery and other items. In the first century BC the technique of blowing glass was developed and what had once been an extremely rare and valuable item became much more common. During the Roman Empire many forms of glass were created, usually for vases and bottles. Glass was made from sand, plant ash and lime. The earliest use of glass was as a color ...

See also:

Glass, Glass - Properties and Uses, Glass - Glass Ingredients, Glass - Glass as a polymer, Glass - Colors, Glass - History of glass, Glass - Glass tools, Glass - Glass art, Glass - Architectural glass, Glass - Float annealed glass, Glass - Sheet glass, Glass - Plate glass, Glass - Cylinder glass, Glass - Insulated glazing, Glass - Toughened glass, Glass - Laminated glass, Glass - Low-emissivity glass, Glass - Self-cleaning glass, Glass - Evacuated glazing, Glass - Glass as a liquid, Glass - Evidence against glass flow

Read more here: » Glass: Encyclopedia II - Glass - History of glass

One common belief is that glass is a super-cooled liquid of practically infinite viscosity when at room temperature. Supporting evidence for this position is that old windows are often thicker at the bottom than at the top. It is then assumed that the glass was once uniform, but has flowed to its new shape. One possible source of this belief is that when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique that was used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the Crown glass pro ...

See also:

Glass, Glass - Properties and Uses, Glass - Glass Ingredients, Glass - Glass as a polymer, Glass - Colors, Glass - History of glass, Glass - Glass tools, Glass - Glass art, Glass - Architectural glass, Glass - Float annealed glass, Glass - Sheet glass, Glass - Plate glass, Glass - Cylinder glass, Glass - Insulated glazing, Glass - Toughened glass, Glass - Laminated glass, Glass - Low-emissivity glass, Glass - Self-cleaning glass, Glass - Evacuated glazing, Glass - Glass as a liquid, Glass - Evidence against glass flow

Read more here: » Glass: Encyclopedia II - Glass - Glass as a liquid

PET is hygroscopic, meaning that it naturally absorbs water from its surroundings. However, before the resin can be processed in a molding machine, all moisture must be removed from the resin. This is achieved through the use of a dryer. Inside the dryer, the air is run through an after cooler, because it is easier to remove moisture from cold air than hot air. The air is then dispersed into a dessicant bed. The air leaving the dessicant bed is cool and dry. The air then flows through a process heater. After that hot dry air is pumped ...

See also:

Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses, Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity, Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying, Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers, Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals, Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation, Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment, Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

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Even with the availability of common glassware, hand blown or lampworked glassware remains popular for its artistry. Some artists in glass include Lino Tagliapietra, Sidney Waugh, Rene Lalique, Dale Chihuly, and Louis Comfort Tiffany, who were responsible for extraordinary glass objects. The term "crystal glass", derived from rock crystal, has come to denote high-grade colorless glass, often containing lead, and is sometimes ap ...

See also:

Glass, Glass - Properties and Uses, Glass - Glass Ingredients, Glass - Glass as a polymer, Glass - Colors, Glass - History of glass, Glass - Glass tools, Glass - Glass art, Glass - Architectural glass, Glass - Float annealed glass, Glass - Sheet glass, Glass - Plate glass, Glass - Cylinder glass, Glass - Insulated glazing, Glass - Toughened glass, Glass - Laminated glass, Glass - Low-emissivity glass, Glass - Self-cleaning glass, Glass - Evacuated glazing, Glass - Glass as a liquid, Glass - Evidence against glass flow

Read more here: » Glass: Encyclopedia II - Glass - Glass art