polymerization

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polymerization
A Wisdom Archive on polymerization

polymerization A selection of articles related to polymerization

We recommend this article: polymerization - 1, and also this: polymerization - 2.

polymerization, Polymerization, Polymerization - History, Polymerization - Overview, Plasma polymerization, Zieglar-Natta catalyst, Metallocene

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ARTICLES RELATED TO polymerization

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity

One of the most important characteristics of PET is refered to as I.V.(Intrinsic Viscosity) The IV of the material is dependent upon the length of its polymer chains. The longer the chains, the stiffer the material, and therefore the higher the IV. The average chain length of a particular batch of resin can be controlled during polymerization. An IV of about: 0.6 - would be appropriate for fiber 0 ...

See also:

Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses, Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity, Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying, Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers, Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals, Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation, Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment, Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

Read more here: » Polyethylene terephthalate: Encyclopedia II - Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Kevlar - Production

Kevlar is synthesized from the monomers 1,4-phenyl-diamine (para-phenylenediamine) and terephthaloyl chloride. The result is a polymeric aromatic amide (aramid) with alternating benzene rings and amide groups. When they are produced, these polymer strands are aligned randomly. To make Kevlar, they are dissolved and spun, causing the polymer chains to orient in the direction of the fiber. Kevlar has a high price at least partly because of the difficulties caused by the use of concentrated sulfuric acid in its manufacture. These harsh conditions are needed to keep the highly insoluble polymer in solution d ...

See also:

Kevlar, Kevlar - Properties, Kevlar - Production

Read more here: » Kevlar: Encyclopedia II - Kevlar - Production

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Diethyl ether peroxide - Diethyl ether peroxide

Diethyl ether peroxide, also known as ethylidene peroxide, (-CH(CH3)OO-)n is a polymerization product of diethyl ether hydroperoxide. It is a colorless oily liquid that is an extremely brisant and friction sensitive explosive material. Amounts of less than 5 milligrams can damage chemical apparatuses. The dangerous properties of ether peroxides are the reason that diethyl ether and other peroxide forming ethers like tetrahydrofuran (THF) or ethylenglycoldimethylether ( ...

See also:

Diethyl ether peroxide, Diethyl ether peroxide - Diethyl ether hydroperoxide, Diethyl ether peroxide - Diethyl ether peroxide, Diethyl ether peroxide - Tests, Diethyl ether peroxide - Degradation

Read more here: » Diethyl ether peroxide: Encyclopedia II - Diethyl ether peroxide - Diethyl ether peroxide

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Polysulfide - Polysulfide Polymers

In the commercial world, however, polysulfide usually refers to a class of polymers with alternating chains of several sulfur atoms and hydrocarbon. The general formula for the repeat unit is –[(CH2)m-Sx]n– , where x indicates the number of sulfur atoms (or rank), and n indicates the number of repeat units. Polymers containing sulfur atoms separated by hydrocarbon sequences are not polysulfides, e.g. polyphenylene sulfide (C6H4S)n. Polysulfide polymers can be synthesized by condensation polymerization reactions between organic di ...

See also:

Polysulfide, Polysulfide - Polysulfide Polymers, Polysulfide - Polysulfides in Vulcanized Rubber, Polysulfide - Inorganic Polysulfides

Read more here: » Polysulfide: Encyclopedia II - Polysulfide - Polysulfide Polymers

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Photolithography - Technology

A wafer is introduced onto an automated "wafertrack" system. This track consists of handling robots, bake/cool plates, and coat/develop units. The robots are used to transfer wafers from one module to another. The wafer is initially heated to a temperature sufficient to drive off any moisture that may be present on the wafer surface. Hexa-methyl-disilizane (HMDS) is applied in either liquid or vapor form in order to promote better adhesion of the photosensitive polymeric material, called photoresist. Photoresist is dispensed in a liquid form ...

See also:

Photolithography, Photolithography - Technology

Read more here: » Photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Photolithography - Technology

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Olefin metathesis - Metathesis chemistry

The complete family of metathesis chemistry: Cross-metathesis (CM) Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) Enyne metathesis (EM) Ring-opening metathesis (ROM) Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) Alkyne metathesis (AM) Alkane metathesis Alkene metathesis Like most organometallic reactions, the metathesis pathway is usually driven by a thermodynamic imperative; that is, the final products are determined by the energetics of the possible products, with a distribution of products proporti ...

See also:

Olefin metathesis, Olefin metathesis - Overview, Olefin metathesis - Metathesis chemistry, Olefin metathesis - Examples

Read more here: » Olefin metathesis: Encyclopedia II - Olefin metathesis - Metathesis chemistry

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Polystyrene - Toughening

Pure polystyrene is brittle, but hard enough that a fairly high-performance product can be made by giving it some of the properties of a stretchier material, such as polybutadiene rubber. The two materials cannot normally be mixed due to the amplified effect of intermolecular forces on polymer solubility (see plastic recycling), but if polybutadiene is added during polymerization it can become chemically bonded to the polystyrene, forming a graft copolymer which helps to incorporate normal polybutadiene into the final mix, resulting in hi ...

See also:

Polystyrene, Polystyrene - Standard bulk form, Polystyrene - Solid foam, Polystyrene - Standard markings, Polystyrene - Toughening, Polystyrene - Cutting and shaping, Polystyrene - Finishing

Read more here: » Polystyrene: Encyclopedia II - Polystyrene - Toughening

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Complement system - Outline

The three pathways all generate homologous variants of the protease, C3-convertase. C3-convertase cleaves and activates C3, creating C3a and C3b and causing a cascade of further cleavage and activation events. C3b binds to the surface of pathogens leading to greater internalization by phagocytic cells. C5a is an important chemokine, which leads to the recruitment of inflammatory cells. C5b is initiates the membrane attack pathway which results in the membrane attack complex (MAC), consisting of C5b, C6, C7, C8, and polymeric C9. MAC is the cytolytic endproduct of the complement cascade, it forms a transmembrane channel w ...

See also:

Complement system, Complement system - Outline, Complement system - Classical pathway, Complement system - Alternative pathway, Complement system - Lectin pathway, Complement system - Role in disease

Read more here: » Complement system: Encyclopedia II - Complement system - Outline

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Antioxidant - Antioxidants in fuels

Some antioxidants are added to liquid industrial chemicals, most often fuels and lubricants to prevent oxidation, and in gasolines to prevent polymerization leading to gumming. Some examples are: AO-22 (N,N'-di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine), for turbine oils, transformer oils, hydraulic fluids, waxes, and greases AO-24 (mostly N,N'-di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine), blended for low-temperature handling) AO-29 (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), for turbine oils, transformer oils, hydraulic fluids, waxes, greases ...

See also:

Antioxidant, Antioxidant - Types of antioxidants, Antioxidant - Commercial antioxidants, Antioxidant - Antioxidants in fuels

Read more here: » Antioxidant: Encyclopedia II - Antioxidant - Antioxidants in fuels

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Factor VIII - Physiology

FVIII is a glycoprotein procofactor synthesized and released into the bloodstream by the liver. In the circulating blood, it is mainly bound to von Willebrand factor (vWF, also known as Factor VIII-related antigen) to form a stable complex. Upon activation by thrombin or factor Xa, it dissociates from the complex to interact with Factor IXa the coagulation cascade. It is a cofactor to Factor IXa in the activation of Factor X, which in turn, with its cofactor Factor Va, activates more thrombin. Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin which polymerizes and crossli ...

See also:

Factor VIII, Factor VIII - Genetics, Factor VIII - Physiology, Factor VIII - Therapeutic use

Read more here: » Factor VIII: Encyclopedia II - Factor VIII - Physiology

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Ethylene - Uses

Ethylene is used primarily as an intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals, especially plastics. Ethylene may be polymerized directly to produce polyethylene (also called polyethene or polythene), the world's most widely used plastic. Ethylene can be chlorinated to produce ethylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane), a precursor to the plastic polyvinyl chloride, or combined with benzene to produce ethylbenzene, which is used in the manufacture of polystyrene, another important plastic. Smaller amounts of ethylene are oxidized to produce chem ...

See also:

Ethylene, Ethylene - Nomenclature, Ethylene - Chemistry, Ethylene - Production, Ethylene - Theoretical considerations, Ethylene - Uses, Ethylene - Ethylene as a plant hormone, Ethylene - Location Characteristics and Occasions for Synthesis Induction, Ethylene - Effects

Read more here: » Ethylene: Encyclopedia II - Ethylene - Uses

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Iron-gall nut ink - Chemistry

The gradual darkening of the ink was due to the oxidation of the iron ions from ferrous (Fe++) to ferric (Fe+++) state by atmospheric oxygen. (For that reason, the liquid ink had to be stored in a well-stoppered bottle, and would become unusable after a time.) The ferric ions then reacted with the tannin or some derived compound (possibly gallic acid or pyrogallol) to form a polymeric organometallic compound. The gallol would then make strong and permanent chemical bonds with the proteins of the hide, by ...

See also:

Iron-gall nut ink, Iron-gall nut ink - Preparation and use, Iron-gall nut ink - Chemistry, Iron-gall nut ink - Demise, Iron-gall nut ink - Warning, Iron-gall nut ink - External link

Read more here: » Iron-gall nut ink: Encyclopedia II - Iron-gall nut ink - Chemistry

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Surimi - Chemistry of Surimi Curing

The curing of the fish paste is caused by the polymerization of myosin when heated. The species of fish is the most important factor that affects this curing process. Many pelagic fish with higher fat contents lack that kind of heat-curing myosin, hence they are not suitable for making surimi. Certain kinds of fish, such as the Pacific whiting, cannot form firm surimi. The surimi maker has to add egg white or potato starch into the fish paste to increase its strength. Before the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), it w ...

See also:

Surimi, Surimi - Production, Surimi - Uses and Products, Surimi - List of Surimi food, Surimi - History, Surimi - Literature, Surimi - Chemistry of Surimi Curing, Surimi - Ingredients, Surimi - Turkey surimi

Read more here: » Surimi: Encyclopedia II - Surimi - Chemistry of Surimi Curing

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Kevlar - Properties

Kevlar is a type of aramid that consists of long polymeric chains with a parallel orientation. Kevlar derives its strength from inter-molecular hydrogen bonds and aromatic stacking interactions between aromatic groups in neighboring strands. These interactions are much stronger than the van der Waals interaction found in other synthetic polymers and fibers like Dyneema. The presence of salts and certain other impurities, especially calcium, would interfere with the strand interactions and has to be avoided in the production process. Kevlar consists of relatively rigid molecules,which form a planar sheet-li ...

See also:

Kevlar, Kevlar - Properties, Kevlar - Production

Read more here: » Kevlar: Encyclopedia II - Kevlar - Properties

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Microtubule - Dynamic instability

During polymerization, both the α- and β- subunits of the tubulin dimer are bound to a molecule of GTP. The GTP bound to α-tubulin is stable, but the GTP bound to β-tubulin may be hydrolized to GDP shortly after assembly. The kinetics of GDP-tubulin are diffent from those of GTP-tubulin; GDP-tubulin is prone to depolymerization. A GDP-bound tubulin subunit at the tip of a microtubule will fall off, though a GDP-bound tubulin in the middle of a microtubule cannot spontaneously pop out. Since tubulin adds onto the end of the microtubule on ...

See also:

Microtubule, Microtubule - Structure, Microtubule - Organization within Cells, Microtubule - Nucleation and growth, Microtubule - Dynamic instability, Microtubule - Use in medicine, Microtubule - Motor proteins, Microtubule - Microtubules and theory of consciousness

Read more here: » Microtubule: Encyclopedia II - Microtubule - Dynamic instability

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Vinyl chloride - Uses

By far the most important use of vinyl chloride is its polymerization to make PVC. Much smaller amounts are used to produce other chlorinated hydrocarbons including ethylidene dichloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and vinylidene chloride. Vinyl chloride's toxicity limits its use in consumer goods, though it has been historically (until 1974) utilized as an aerosol spray propellant; carcinogenic potential has long been established and the prospective legal liability is comparable to that of asbestos ...

See also:

Vinyl chloride, Vinyl chloride - History, Vinyl chloride - Production, Vinyl chloride - Uses, Vinyl chloride - Health effects

Read more here: » Vinyl chloride: Encyclopedia II - Vinyl chloride - Uses

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity

One of the most important characteristics of PET is referred to as I.V.(Intrinsic Viscosity) The IV of the material, measured in dl/g (deci liters/gram) is dependent upon the length of its polymer chains. The longer the chains, the stiffer the material, and therefore the higher the IV. The average chain length of a particular batch of resin can be controlled during polymerization. An IV of about: 0.60 - would be appropriate for fiber 0.65 - ...

See also:

Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses, Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity, Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying, Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers, Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals, Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation, Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment, Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

Read more here: » Polyethylene terephthalate: Encyclopedia II - Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Starch - Biochemistry

Biochemically, starch is a combination of two polymeric carbohydrates (polysaccharides) called amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is constituted by glucose monomer units joined to one another head-to-tail forming alpha-1,4 linkages. Amylopectin differs from amylose in that branching occurs, with an alpha-1,6 linkage every 24-30 glucose monomer units. The overall structure of amylopectin is not that of a linear polysaccharide chain since two glucose units frequently form a branch point, so the result is the coiled molecule most suitable ...

See also:

Starch, Starch - Biochemistry, Starch - Starches as food, Starch - Household, Starch - Tests, Starch - Livestock, Starch - Starch derivatives, Starch - External link

Read more here: » Starch: Encyclopedia II - Starch - Biochemistry

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Telomerase - Telomere shortening

Telomeres shorten because of the lagging strand phenomenon that is exhibited during DNA replication in eukaryotes only. Because DNA replication does not begin at either end of the DNA strand, but starts in the centre, and considering that all DNA polymerases that have been discovered move from the 3' to 5' direction (polymerizing in the 5'-3' direction) one finds, on the DNA molecule being replicated, a leading and lagging strand. On the leading strand, DNA polymerase can make a complementary DNA strand without any hurdles because it ...

See also:

Telomerase, Telomerase - Telomere shortening, Telomerase - Structure of telomerase, Telomerase - The telomere, Telomerase - Telomerase and cancer, Telomerase - Immortal cancer cells, Telomerase - Telomerase as a potential drug target, Telomerase - Role in other human diseases, Telomerase - Role in aging

Read more here: » Telomerase: Encyclopedia II - Telomerase - Telomere shortening

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - 44'-MDI - Production

The production of 4,4'-MDI is an integrated part of petrochemical industry, which produces both MDI precursors methylene dianiline, (MDA) and phosgene from formaldehyde and aniline. The amino (-NH2) group of the aniline is converted by phosgene to the cyanate (-C=O) group of MDI. formaldehyde + aniline → MDA MDA + phosgene → MDI Major producers include Bayer, Dow, Huntsman, Elastogran, Repsol, Shell Chemicals, and Tosoh. Total world production of MDI and polymeric MDI is ...

See also:

44'-MDI, 44'-MDI - History, 44'-MDI - Chemistry, 44'-MDI - Production, 44'-MDI - Uses, 44'-MDI - Safety

Read more here: » 44'-MDI: Encyclopedia II - 44'-MDI - Production

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Power-law fluid - Pseudoplastic fluids

Pseudoplastic, or shear-thinning fluids have a lower apparent viscosity at higher shear rates, and are usually solutions of large, polymeric molecules in a solvent with smaller molecules. It is generally supposed that the large molecular chains tumble at random and affect large volumes of fluid under low shear, but that they gradually align themselves in the direction of increasing shear and produce less resistance. A common household example of a strongly shear-thinning fluid is styling gel, which primarily composed of water a ...

See also:

Power-law fluid, Power-law fluid - Pseudoplastic fluids, Power-law fluid - Newtonian fluids, Power-law fluid - Dilatant fluids

Read more here: » Power-law fluid: Encyclopedia II - Power-law fluid - Pseudoplastic fluids

polymerization: Encyclopedia II - Organic peroxide - Occurrence and use

Organic peroxides find numerous uses in various industries, as accelerators, activators, catalysts, cross-linking agents, curing and vulcanization agents, hardeners, initiators and promoters. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, benzoyl peroxide and to much smaller degree acetone peroxide are used as radical initiators for radical polymerization of some resins, eg. polyester and silicone, often encountered when making fiberglass. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide can oxidize acetone to acetone peroxide, so mixing it with acetone is discouraged. P ...

See also:

Organic peroxide, Organic peroxide - Occurrence and use, Organic peroxide - Safety, Organic peroxide - Synthesis

Read more here: » Organic peroxide: Encyclopedia II - Organic peroxide - Occurrence and use

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