Encyclopedia - Polymerization: Encyclopedia Ii - Polymerization - Overview
Addition polymerization involves the linking together of molecules incorporating double or triple chemical bonds. These unsaturated monom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polypropylene Glycol: Encyclopedia Ii - Polypropylene Glycol - Polymerization
Polypropylene glycol is produced by anionic ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide. The initiator is an alcohol and the catalyst ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polyester: Encyclopedia Ii - Polyester - Applications
Liquid crystalline polyesters are among the first industrially used liquid crystalline polymers. In general they have extremely good mech...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vinyl: Encyclopedia - Vinyl
A vinyl is an organic molecule containing a vinyl, or ethene group. This term is especially used in relationship to vinyl polymers and pl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Actin: Encyclopedia - Actin
Actin is a globular protein that polymerizes helically forming actin filaments (or microfilaments), which like the other two components o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dna Polymerase: Encyclopedia - Dna Polymerase
A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that assists in DNA replication. Such enzymes catalyze the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides alongside...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copperii Chloride: Encyclopedia - Copperii Chloride
Copper(II) chloride is the higher chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl2. It occurs naturally as the mineral eriochalcite. It is a br...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene: Encyclopedia - Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or ABS, (chemical formula ) is a common thermoplastic used to make light, rigid, molded products such as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plastic: Encyclopedia - Plastic
Plastic is a term that covers a range of synthetic or semisynthetic polymerization products. They are composed of organic condensation or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultrahard Fullerite: Encyclopedia - Ultrahard Fullerite
Ultrahard fullerite (C60) is a form of carbon found to be harder than diamond, and which can be used to create even harder materials, suc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polyester: Encyclopedia Ii - Polyester - Common Usage And Culture
The most common general usage of the word polyester is usually in reference into the fiber. Polyester clothing is considered to have a "l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radical Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Radical Chemistry - Depicting Radicals In Chemical Reactions
In written chemical equations, free radicals are frequently denoted by a dot placed immediately to the right of the atomic symbol or mole...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radical Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Radical Chemistry - The Chemistry Of Radicals
Radical chemistry - Terminology. In chemistry free radicals take part in radical addition and radical substitution as reactive intermed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radical Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Radical Chemistry - Free Radicals In Biology
Free radicals play an important role in a number of biological processes, some of which are necessary for life, such as the intracellular...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radical Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Radical Chemistry - Free Radicals In Biology
Free radicals play an important role in a number of biological processes, some of which are necessary for life, such as the intracellular...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Condensation Reaction: Encyclopedia Ii - Condensation Reaction - Condensation Reactions In Polymer Chemistry
In polymer chemistry, a series of condensation reactions take place whereby monomers or monomer chains add to each other to form longer c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polymer: Encyclopedia Ii - Polymer - Physical Properties Of Polymers
Physical properties of polymers include the degree of polymerization, molar mass distribution, crystallinity, as well as the thermal phas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polyoxymethylene: Encyclopedia Ii - Polyoxymethylene - Synthesis
To make polyoxymethylene homopolymer, anhydrous formaldehyde must be generated. The principal method is by reaction of the aqueous formal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Macrocycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Macrocycle - Synthesis
Macrocycles are generally synthesized from smaller, usually linear, molecules. To create a ring, either an intermolecular reaction, where...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heteropolymer: Encyclopedia Ii - Heteropolymer - Block Copolymers
A special type of copolymer is called a "block copolymer". Block copolymers are made up of blocks of different polymerized monomers. For ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrile Rubber: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrile Rubber - Production Process
In the production of hot NBR, emulsifier (soap), 2-propenenitrile (acrylonitrile), various butadiene monomers (including 1,3-butadiene, 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Formaldehyde: Encyclopedia Ii - Formaldehyde - Properties
Although formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, it is readily soluble in water, and it is most commonly sold as a 37% solution in wat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microtubule: Encyclopedia Ii - Microtubule - Structure
Microtubules are polymers of α- and β-tubulin dimers. The tubulin dimers polymerize end to end in protofilaments. The protofilaments th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plastic Wrap: Encyclopedia Ii - Plastic Wrap - Materials Used
Plastic wrap was first made from PVC, which remains the most common material, but non-PVC alternatives are now being sold because of conc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetylene: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetylene - Reactions
Above 400 °C (which is quite low for a hydrocarbon), the pyrolysis of acetylene will start. The main products are the dimer vinylacetyle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amber: Encyclopedia Ii - Amber - Composition
Amber is heterogeneous in composition, but consists of several resinous bodies more or less soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform, ass...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fullerene: Encyclopedia Ii - Fullerene - Buckminsterfullerene
The smallest fullerene in which no two pentagons share an edge (which is destabilizing — see pentalene) is C60 (buckminsterfullerene), ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fullerene: Encyclopedia Ii - Fullerene - Buckminsterfullerene
The smallest fullerene in which no two pentagons share an edge (which is destabilizing — see pentalene) is C60 (buckminsterfullerene), ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biomolecule: Encyclopedia Ii - Biomolecule - Saccharides
Monosaccharides are carbohydrates in the form of simple sugars. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides joined together. Monosa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Peroxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Peroxide - Occurrence And Use
Organic peroxides find numerous uses in various industries, as accelerators, activators, catalysts, cross-linking agents, curing and vulc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydride: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydride - Interstitial Hydrides Of The Transitional Metals
Their bonding nature vastly differs from element to element and changes according to external criteria such as temperature, pressure and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kevlar: Encyclopedia Ii - Kevlar - Production
Kevlar is synthesized from the monomers 1,4-phenyl-diamine (para-phenylenediamine) and terephthaloyl chloride. The result is a polymeric ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cucurbituril: Encyclopedia Ii - Cucurbituril - Synthesis
Cucurbiturils are aminals and synthesized from urea 1 and a diketone (e.g., glyoxal 2) via a nucleophilic addition to give the intermedia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fibrinolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Fibrinolysis - Physiology
Plasmin is produced in an inactive form, plasminogen, in the liver. Although plasminogen cannot cleave fibrin, it still has an affinity f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 13-butadiene: Encyclopedia Ii - 13-butadiene - History
In 1863, a French chemist isolated a previously unknown hydrocarbon from the pyrolysis of amyl alcohol.[N] This hydrocarbon was identifie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 13-butadiene: Encyclopedia Ii - 13-butadiene - Uses
Most butadiene is polymerized to produce synthetic rubber. While polybutadiene itself is a very soft, almost liquid material, polymers pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Actin: Encyclopedia Ii - Actin - Microfilaments Assembly
The individual subunits of actin are known as globular actin (G-actin), while the filamentous polymer composed of G-actin subunits (a mic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biofilm: Encyclopedia Ii - Biofilm - Properties
Biofilms are usually found on solid substrates submerged in or exposed to some aqueous solution, although they can form as floating mats ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plastic Recycling: Encyclopedia Ii - Plastic Recycling - Alternative Processes
Many such problems can be solved by using a more elaborate monomer recycling process, in which a condensation polymer essentially undergo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rheology: Encyclopedia Ii - Rheology - Applications
Rheology has important applications in engineering, geophysics and physiology. In particular, hemorheology, the study of blood flow, has ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 44'-mdi: Encyclopedia Ii - 44'-mdi - Chemistry
MDI is an isocyanate compound. It is highly reactive, rapidly hydrolysed to form 4,4'-methylene dianiline (MDA), which with additional MD...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polyethylene Terephthalate: Encyclopedia Ii - Polyethylene Terephthalate - Intrinsic Viscosity
One of the most important characteristics of PET is refered to as I.V.(Intrinsic Viscosity) The IV of the material is dependent upon the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kevlar: Encyclopedia Ii - Kevlar - Production
Kevlar is synthesized from the monomers 1,4-phenyl-diamine (para-phenylenediamine) and terephthaloyl chloride. The result is a polymeric ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diethyl Ether Peroxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Diethyl Ether Peroxide - Diethyl Ether Peroxide
Diethyl ether peroxide, also known as ethylidene peroxide, (-CH(CH3)OO-)n is a polymerization product of diethyl ether hydroperoxide. It ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polysulfide: Encyclopedia Ii - Polysulfide - Polysulfide Polymers
In the commercial world, however, polysulfide usually refers to a class of polymers with alternating chains of several sulfur atoms and h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Photolithography: Encyclopedia Ii - Photolithography - Technology
A wafer is introduced onto an automated "wafertrack" system. This track consists of handling robots, bake/cool plates, and coat/develop u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Olefin Metathesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Olefin Metathesis - Metathesis Chemistry
The complete family of metathesis chemistry: Cross-metathesis (CM) Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) Enyne metathesis (EM) Ring-opening meta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polystyrene: Encyclopedia Ii - Polystyrene - Toughening
Pure polystyrene is brittle, but hard enough that a fairly high-performance product can be made by giving it some of the properties of a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Complement System: Encyclopedia Ii - Complement System - Outline
The three pathways all generate homologous variants of the protease, C3-convertase. C3-convertase cleaves and activates C3, creating C3a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antioxidant: Encyclopedia Ii - Antioxidant - Antioxidants In Fuels
Some antioxidants are added to liquid industrial chemicals, most often fuels and lubricants to prevent oxidation, and in gasolines to pre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Factor Viii: Encyclopedia Ii - Factor Viii - Physiology
FVIII is a glycoprotein procofactor synthesized and released into the bloodstream by the liver. In the circulating blood, it is mainly bo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ethylene: Encyclopedia Ii - Ethylene - Uses
Ethylene is used primarily as an intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals, especially plastics. Ethylene may be polymerized dir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iron-gall Nut Ink: Encyclopedia Ii - Iron-gall Nut Ink - Chemistry
The gradual darkening of the ink was due to the oxidation of the iron ions from ferrous (Fe++) to ferric (Fe+++) state by atmospheric oxy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Surimi: Encyclopedia Ii - Surimi - Chemistry Of Surimi Curing
The curing of the fish paste is caused by the polymerization of myosin when heated. The species of fish is the most important factor that...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kevlar: Encyclopedia Ii - Kevlar - Properties
Kevlar is a type of aramid that consists of long polymeric chains with a parallel orientation. Kevlar derives its strength from inter-mol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microtubule: Encyclopedia Ii - Microtubule - Dynamic Instability
During polymerization, both the α- and β- subunits of the tubulin dimer are bound to a molecule of GTP. The GTP bound to α-tubulin is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vinyl Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Vinyl Chloride - Uses
By far the most important use of vinyl chloride is its polymerization to make PVC. Much smaller amounts are used to produce other chlorin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polyethylene Terephthalate: Encyclopedia Ii - Polyethylene Terephthalate - Intrinsic Viscosity
One of the most important characteristics of PET is referred to as I.V.(Intrinsic Viscosity) The IV of the material, measured in dl/g (de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Starch: Encyclopedia Ii - Starch - Biochemistry
Biochemically, starch is a combination of two polymeric carbohydrates (polysaccharides) called amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is consti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Telomerase: Encyclopedia Ii - Telomerase - Telomere Shortening
Telomeres shorten because of the lagging strand phenomenon that is exhibited during DNA replication in eukaryotes only. Because DNA repli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 44'-mdi: Encyclopedia Ii - 44'-mdi - Production
The production of 4,4'-MDI is an integrated part of petrochemical industry, which produces both MDI precursors methylene dianiline, (MDA)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Power-law Fluid: Encyclopedia Ii - Power-law Fluid - Pseudoplastic Fluids
Pseudoplastic, or shear-thinning fluids have a lower apparent viscosity at higher shear rates, and are usually solutions of large, polyme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Peroxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Peroxide - Occurrence And Use
Organic peroxides find numerous uses in various industries, as accelerators, activators, catalysts, cross-linking agents, curing and vulc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydride: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydride - Interstitial Hydrides Of The Transitional Metals
Their bonding nature vastly differs from element to element and changes according to external criteria such as temperature, pressure and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dental Fillings: Encyclopedia Ii - Dental Fillings - Composite Resin
Composite resin fillings are a mixture of powdered glass and plastic resin, and can be made to resemble the appearance of the natural too...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Water Molecule: Encyclopedia Ii - Water Molecule - History
In 1742, Anders Celsius defined the Celsius temperature scale with the freezing point of water at 100 degrees and the boiling point at st...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amber: Encyclopedia - Amber
Amber is a fossil resin much used for the manufacture of ornamental objects. Although not mineralized it is sometimes considered and used...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paint: Encyclopedia - Paint
Paint is the general term for a family of products used to protect and add color to an object or surface by covering it with a pigmented ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloromethane: Encyclopedia Ii - Chloromethane - Production
Large amounts of methyl chloride are produced naturally in the oceans by the action of sunlight on biomass and chlorine in sea foam. Howe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amber: Encyclopedia Ii - Amber - Locations And Utilization
Although amber is found along the shores of a large part of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, the great amber-producing country is the pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium Chloride - Uses
The Friedel-Crafts reaction[3] is the major use for aluminium chloride, for example in the preparation of anthraquinone (for the dyestuff...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amino Acid - Overview
Amino acids are the basic structural building units of proteins. They form short polymer chains called peptides or polypeptides which in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetone Peroxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetone Peroxide - Chemistry
Also known as "peroxyacetone", Acetone peroxide most commonly refers to the cyclic trimer TCAP (tri-cyclic acetone peroxide, or tri-cyclo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polyethylene Terephthalate: Encyclopedia Ii - Polyethylene Terephthalate - Uses
The main virtue of PET is that it is fully recyclable. Unlike other plastics, its polymer chains can be recovered for additional use. PET...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amyloid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amyloid - Amyloid Biophysics
The amyloid fold is characterized by a cross-beta sheet quaternary structure, that is, a monomeric unit contributes a beta strand to a be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paint: Encyclopedia Ii - Paint - Components
There are generally three components to a paint: binder, diluent and additives. However, only the binder is absolutely required. The bind...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glass: Encyclopedia Ii - Glass - Architectural Glass
Glass - Float annealed glass. 90% of the world's flat glass is produced by the float glass process invented in the 1950s by Sir Alastai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plastic: Encyclopedia Ii - Plastic - Plastics Explosion: Acrylic, Polyethylene, Etc.
Other plastics emerged in the prewar period, though some would not come into widespread use until after the war. By 1936, American, Briti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amber: Encyclopedia Ii - Amber - Varieties
Besides succinite, which is the common variety of European amber, the following varieties also occur: Gedanite, or brittle amber, closel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amber: Encyclopedia Ii - Amber - History
The name comes from the Arabic عنبر, ʻanbar, probably through Spanish, but this word referred originally to ambergris, which is an a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloromethane: Encyclopedia Ii - Chloromethane - Uses
Formerly, methyl chloride was a widely used refrigerant, but due to its toxicity this use has been discontinued. Methyl chloride was also...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glass: Encyclopedia Ii - Glass - History Of Glass
Naturally occurring glass, such as obsidian, has been used since the stone age. The first documented instructions for glass making is in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glass: Encyclopedia Ii - Glass - Glass As A Liquid
One common belief is that glass is a super-cooled liquid of practically infinite viscosity when at room temperature. Supporting evidence ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polyethylene Terephthalate: Encyclopedia Ii - Polyethylene Terephthalate - Drying
PET is hygroscopic, meaning that it naturally absorbs water from its surroundings. However, before the resin can be processed in a moldin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glass: Encyclopedia Ii - Glass - Glass Art
Even with the availability of common glassware, hand blown or lampworked glassware remains popular for its artistry. Some artists in glas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glass: Encyclopedia Ii - Glass - Glass Ingredients
Pure silica (SiO2) has a melting point of about 2000 °C (3600 °F), and while it can be made into glass for special applications (see fu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glass: Encyclopedia Ii - Glass - Properties And Uses
One of the most obvious characteristics of ordinary glass is that it is transparent to visible light (not all glassy materials are). The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetone Peroxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetone Peroxide - Industrial Occurrence
Acetone peroxides are common and unwanted by-products of oxidate reactions, eg. those used in phenol syntheses. Due to their explosivity,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetone Peroxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetone Peroxide - Accidental Byproduct
Acetone peroxide can also occur accidentally, when suitable chemicals are mixed together. For example, when methyl ethyl ketone is mixed ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paint: Encyclopedia Ii - Paint - Application
Paint can be applied as a solid, a gaseous suspension or a liquid. Techniques vary depending on the practical or artistic results desired...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paint: Encyclopedia Ii - Paint - Pigment
Pigments, usually insoluble powders, are used both to provide color, and to make paint opaque, thus protecting the substrate from the har...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paint: Encyclopedia Ii - Paint - Art
Since the time of the Renaissance, siccative (drying) oil paints, primarily linseed oil, have been the most commonly used kind of paints ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Actin: Encyclopedia Ii - Actin - Organization
Actin filaments are assembled in two general types of structures: bundles and networks. Actin-binding proteins dictate the formation of e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Actin: Encyclopedia Ii - Actin - Genetics
Actin is one of the most highly conserved proteins, with 80.2% sequence conservation at the gene level between Homo sapiens and Saccharom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amino Acid - Hydrophilic And Hydrophobic Amino Acids
Depending on how polar the side chain, aminoacids can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic to various degree. This influences their interaction ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amino Acid - List Of Standard Amino Acids
Amino acid - Structures. Structures and symbols of the 20 amino acids present in genetic code. Amino acid - Chemical properties. Fol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amino Acid - General Structure
The general structure of proteinogenic alpha amino acids is: COOH | H-C-R | NH2 Where "R" represents a side chain specific...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amino Acid - Nonstandard Amino Acids
Aside from the twenty standard amino acids and the two special amino acids, selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, already mentioned above, ther...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium Chloride - Chemical Properties
Aluminium chloride is a powerful Lewis acid, capable of forming stable Lewis acid-base adducts with even weak Lewis bases such as benzoph...   » Read the article

Article - Popular Pages Sitemap Ix - R
This is a sitemap for Popular Pages IX - R . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word. ...   » Read the article