As the former tutor of Scipio Aemilianus , the famous adopted grandson of the famous general Scipio Africanus, Polybius remained on terms of the most cordial friendship and remained a counselor to the man who defeated the Carthaginians in the Third Punic War. The younger Scipio eventually invaded Carthage and forced them to surrender unconditionally. Polybius was a member of the governing class, with first-hand opportunities to gain deep insight into military and political affairs. His political career was devoted largely towards main ...

See also:

Polybius, Polybius - Personal experiences, Polybius - As historian, Polybius - Cryptography, Polybius - Influence

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See also:

Polybius, Polybius - Personal experiences, Polybius - As historian, Polybius - Cryptography, Polybius - Influence

Read more here: » Polybius: Encyclopedia II - Polybius - As historian

Steganography has been widely used in historical times, especially before cryptographic systems were developed. Examples of historical usage include: Hidden messages in wax tablets: in ancient Greece, people wrote messages on the wood, then covered it with wax so that it looked like an ordinary, unused, tablet. Hidden messages on messenger's body: also in ancient Greece. Herodotus tells the story of a message tattooed on a slave's shaved head, hidden by the growth of his hair, and exposed by shaving his head again. The ...

See also:

Steganography, Steganography - Steganographic Techniques, Steganography - Modern Steganographic Techniques, Steganography - An Example from Modern Practice, Steganography - Additional Terminology, Steganography - Rumored Usage in Terrorism, Steganography - Countermeasures, Steganography - Books

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Historians from Polybius to Giambattista Vico and Karl Marx have entertained the notion that history moves in definite cycles. Polybius referred to political cycles, Vico believed in a three cycle-pattern based on divine intervention, and Marx believed in an economic viewpoint for history. Fomenko's new chronology claim that this is due to historical records which describe same events being misdated in different time periods. See also. cycles, Oswald Spengler, Julius Evola, Savitri Devi, Social cycle theor ...

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The Apennine Mountains (Greek: Απεννινος; Latin: Appenninus--in both cases used in the singular; Italian: Appennini) is a mountain range stretching 1000 km from the north to the south of Italy along its east coast, traversing the entire peninsula, and forming, as it were, the backbone of the country. The name is probably derived from the Celtic pen, a mountain top: it originally belonged to the northern portion of the chain, from the Maritime Alps to Ancona; and Polybius is probably the first write ...

Including:

Apennine Mountains - Divisions
Apennine Mountains - Northern Apennines Apennine Mountains - Central Apennines Apennine Mountains - Southern Apennines
Apennine Mountains - Character Apennine Mountains - Geology Apennine Mountains - Mountains in the Appennine Range Apennine Mountains - Historical Significance

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The larger the cover message is (in data content terms — number of bits) relative to the hidden message, the easier it is to hide the latter. For this reason, digital pictures (which contain large amounts of data) are used to hide messages on the Internet and on other communication media. It is not clear how commonly this is actually done. For example: a 24-bit bitmap will have 8 bits representing each of the three color values (red, green, and blue) at each pixel. If we consider just the blue there will be 28 different values o ...

See also:

Steganography, Steganography - Steganographic Techniques, Steganography - Modern Steganographic Techniques, Steganography - An Example from Modern Practice, Steganography - Additional Terminology, Steganography - Rumored Usage in Terrorism, Steganography - Countermeasures, Steganography - Books

Read more here: » Steganography: Encyclopedia II - Steganography - An Example from Modern Practice

In general, terminology analogous to (and consistent with) more conventional radio and communications technology is used; however, a brief description of some terms which show up in software specifically, and are easily confused, is appropriate. These are most relevant to digital steganographic systems. The payload is the data it is desirable to transport (and, therefore, to hide). The carrier is the signal, stream, or data file into which the payload is hidden; contrast "channel" (typically used to refer to the t ...

See also:

Steganography, Steganography - Steganographic Techniques, Steganography - Modern Steganographic Techniques, Steganography - An Example from Modern Practice, Steganography - Additional Terminology, Steganography - Rumored Usage in Terrorism, Steganography - Countermeasures, Steganography - Books

Read more here: » Steganography: Encyclopedia II - Steganography - Additional Terminology

The rumors about terrorists using steganography started first in the daily newspaper USA Today on February 5th 2001. The articles are still available online, and were titled "Terrorist instructions hidden online", and the same day, "Terror groups hide behind Web encryption". In July of the same year, the information looked even more precise: "Militants wire Web with links to jihad". A citation: "Lately, al-Qaeda operatives have been sending hundreds of encrypted messages that have been hidden in files on digital photographs on the auction ...

See also:

Steganography, Steganography - Steganographic Techniques, Steganography - Modern Steganographic Techniques, Steganography - An Example from Modern Practice, Steganography - Additional Terminology, Steganography - Rumored Usage in Terrorism, Steganography - Countermeasures, Steganography - Books

Read more here: » Steganography: Encyclopedia II - Steganography - Rumored Usage in Terrorism

The detection of steganographically encoded packages is called steganalysis. The simplest method to detect modified files, however, is to compare them to the originals. To detect information being moved through the graphics on a website, for example, an analyst can maintain known-clean copies of these materials and compare them against the current contents of the site. The differences (assuming t ...

See also:

Steganography, Steganography - Steganographic Techniques, Steganography - Modern Steganographic Techniques, Steganography - An Example from Modern Practice, Steganography - Additional Terminology, Steganography - Rumored Usage in Terrorism, Steganography - Countermeasures, Steganography - Books

Read more here: » Steganography: Encyclopedia II - Steganography - Countermeasures

Philip spent the winter of 217–216 BC building a fleet of 100 warships, something, according to Polybius "hardly any Macedonian king had ever done before", and training men to row them.8 Macedon probably lacked the resources to build and maintain the kind of fleet necessary to match the Romans.9 Polybius says that Philip had no "hope of fighting the Romans at sea",10 ...

See also:

First Macedonian War, First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome, First Macedonian War - Philip makes peace with Aetolia, First Macedonian War - Philip builds a fleet, First Macedonian War - Philip allies with Carthage, First Macedonian War - War breaks out in Illyria, First Macedonian War - Rome seeks allies in Greece, First Macedonian War - Campaign in Greece, First Macedonian War - Attempt at Peace fails, First Macedonian War - Hostilities resume, First Macedonian War - The war ends, First Macedonian War - Notes

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Pytheas described his travels in a document titled On the Ocean (Περι του Ωκεανου). It has not survived; only excerpts remain, quoted or paraphrased by later authors. Among them, Polybius and Strabo accused Pytheas of documenting a fictitious journey he could never have funded. His story is, however, plausible. The trip may have been underwritten by a wealthy patron. Pytheas estimated the circumference of Great Britain within 2.5% of modern estimates. There is some evidence he used the Pole Star to fix latitude and under ...

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Pytheas, Pytheas - Voyage, Pytheas - Literary influence, Pytheas - Books and articles

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The traditional account was long accepted as factual, but it has a number of problems and inconsistencies, and almost every element of the story is controversial today; some scholars, such as Richard E. Mitchell, have even argued that there was no conflict at all, the Romans of the late Republic having interpreted events of their distant past as if they were comparable to the class struggles of their own time. The crux of the problem is that there is no contemporaneous account of the conflict; writers such as Polybius, who might have ...

See also:

Conflict of the Orders, Conflict of the Orders - The traditional account, Conflict of the Orders - What really happened?, Conflict of the Orders - Reference

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In 200 BCE, Attalus became involved in the Second Macedonian War. Acarnanians with Macedonian support invaded Attica, causing Athens, which had previously maintained its neutrality, to seek help from the enemies of Philip.36 Attalus, with his fleet at Aegina, received an embassy from Athens, to come to the city for consultations. Informed that Roman ambassadors were also at Athens, Attalus went there in haste. His reception at Athens was extraordinary.37 Polybius writes: … ...

See also:

Attalus I, Attalus I - Early life, Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians, Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor, Attalus I - First Macedonian War, Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE, Attalus I - Second Macedonian War, Attalus I - Wife and sons, Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome, Attalus I - Notes

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Large parts of the text are missing: especially from the 4th and the 5th book only minor fragments survived. All other books have at least some passages missing. Scipio's dream, which is only a part from the 6th book, is nearly all that survives from that book. The largest part of the surviving text was uncovered as a palimpsest in 1822. The other fragments are mainly quotes found in the work of other authors (for example Augustine). Through these other authors, discussing Cicero's treatise, also the main topics of each book are known. Apart from the Greek philosophers mentioned above, also Polybius was an important source of ...

See also:

De re publica, De re publica - Setting and dramatis personæ, De re publica - Setting, De re publica - Participants, De re publica - What's in a title, De re publica - Cicero and Plato, De re publica - English translations of the title of Cicero's De re publica, De re publica - Content, De re publica - A brief summary of each book, De re publica - Bibliography

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Demetrius was received warmly by the young king (whose father was also called Demetrius), becoming one of Philip's most trusted advisors. According to Polybius, Demetrius was instrumental in turning Philip's ambitions toward Illyria and Rome. In 217 BC when Philip learned of the victory of Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, over the Romans, at Lake Trasimene, Philip at first showed the letter only to Demetrius. Perhaps seeing a chance to recover his possessions in Illyria and exact a measure of revenge on Rome, Demetrius immediately ...

See also:

Demetrius of Pharos, Demetrius of Pharos - Early career, Demetrius of Pharos - First Illyrian War, Demetrius of Pharos - After the war, Demetrius of Pharos - Piracy, Demetrius of Pharos - The Second Illyrian War, Demetrius of Pharos - Urges war with Rome, Demetrius of Pharos - Effect on Philips' character, Demetrius of Pharos - Notes

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Prevented by the treaty of Phoenice from expansion in the east, Philip set out to extend his power in the Aegean and in Asia Minor. In the spring of 201 BCE he took Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then besieged Chios to the north. These events caused Attalus, allied with Rhodes, Byzantium and Cyzicus, to enter the war. A large naval battle occurred in the strait between Chios and the mainland, just southwest of Erythrae. According to Polybius, fifty-three decked warships and over one hundred and fifty smaller warships ...

See also:

Attalus I, Attalus I - Early life, Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians, Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor, Attalus I - First Macedonian War, Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE, Attalus I - Second Macedonian War, Attalus I - Wife and sons, Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome, Attalus I - Notes

Read more here: » Attalus I: Encyclopedia II - Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE

Polybius also blamed Demetrius' influence for Philips tyrannical behavior.18. One incident involved Philip's apparent role in a massacre carried out by the people against their leaders that occurred at Messene in 215 BC.19 Arriving on the seen the day after the massacre, wanting to seize the acropolis, Philip asked his advisors whether the entrails of a sacrifice which had been made, indicated that he should "quit the citade ...

See also:

Demetrius of Pharos, Demetrius of Pharos - Early career, Demetrius of Pharos - First Illyrian War, Demetrius of Pharos - After the war, Demetrius of Pharos - Piracy, Demetrius of Pharos - The Second Illyrian War, Demetrius of Pharos - Urges war with Rome, Demetrius of Pharos - Effect on Philips' character, Demetrius of Pharos - Notes

Read more here: » Demetrius of Pharos: Encyclopedia II - Demetrius of Pharos - Effect on Philips' character

Attalus married Apollonis, from Cyzicus. They had four sons, Eumenes, Attalus, Philetaerus and Athenaeus (after Apollonis' father).47 Polybius describes Apollonis as: … a woman who for many reasons deserves to be remembered, and with honor. Her claims upon a favourable recollection are that, though born of a private family, she became a queen, and retained that exalted rank to the end of her life, not by the use of meretricious fascinations, but by the virtue and integrity of her conduct in private ...

See also:

Attalus I, Attalus I - Early life, Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians, Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor, Attalus I - First Macedonian War, Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE, Attalus I - Second Macedonian War, Attalus I - Wife and sons, Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome, Attalus I - Notes

Read more here: » Attalus I: Encyclopedia II - Attalus I - Wife and sons

The cipher system that Uesugi used is basically a simple substitution usually known in English as a Polybius square or “checkerboard.” The i-ro-ha alphabet contains forty-eight letters, so a seven-by-seven square is used, with one of the cells left blank. The rows and columns are labeled with a number or a letter. In Table 8, the numbers start in the top left, as does the i-ro-ha alphabet. In practice these could start in any corner. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 i ro ha ni ho ...

See also:

Cryptography in Japan, Cryptography in Japan - Japanese cryptology From the 1500s to 1910s

Read more here: » Cryptography in Japan: Encyclopedia II - Cryptography in Japan - Japanese cryptology From the 1500s to 1910s

Rome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of Macedon, to attempt to extend his power westward. According to the ancient Greek historian Polybius, an important factor in Philip's decision to take advantage of this opportunity was the influence of Demetrius of Pharos. Demetrius had been, after the First Illyrian War in 229 BC, ruler of most of coastal Illyria.1 However, in 219 BC, during the Second Illyrian War he was defeated by the Romans and fled to the cou ...

See also:

First Macedonian War, First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome, First Macedonian War - Philip makes peace with Aetolia, First Macedonian War - Philip builds a fleet, First Macedonian War - Philip allies with Carthage, First Macedonian War - War breaks out in Illyria, First Macedonian War - Rome seeks allies in Greece, First Macedonian War - Campaign in Greece, First Macedonian War - Attempt at Peace fails, First Macedonian War - Hostilities resume, First Macedonian War - The war ends, First Macedonian War - Notes

Read more here: » First Macedonian War: Encyclopedia II - First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome