During the times of Second Polish Republic, when Poland regained territories of Western Belarus, Western Ukraine and the Wilno region, linguistic assimilation was considered as a major factor of unifying the state by National Democrats. For example, Stanisław Grabski, Polish Minister for Religion and Public Education in 1923-1926 wrote that "Poland may be preserved only as the state of Polish people. If it were a state of Poles, Jews, Germans, Rusyns, Belarusians, Lithuanians, Russians, it would lose its independence again." Some oth ...

See also:

Polonization, Polonization - Second Polish Republic, Polonization - Post World War II, Polonization - Notes

Read more here: » Polonization: Encyclopedia II - Polonization - Second Polish Republic

Anglicisation (CwE) or Anglicization (NAE and CwE) is a process of making something English. For example, people may be Anglicised: an immigrant to England may be said to become Anglicised as he or she acclimates to the culture. However, Anglicisation is most commonly discussed in the more abstract context of language: language is said to become Anglicised as it becomes more like the English language. Anglicisation - Anglicisation in language. There are two primary types of Angli ...

Including:

• Anglicisation - Anglicisation in language
• Anglicisation - Anglicisation in English
• Anglicisation - Anglicisation of other languages

Read more here: » Anglicisation: Encyclopedia - Anglicisation

One of the examples of Russification was replacement of the Polish language by Russian in areas of Poland-Lithuania after the Partitions of Poland. It intensified after the 1831 uprising and, in particular, after the January Uprising of 1863: in 1864 Polish, Belarusian and Lithuanian languages were banned in public places; in the 1880s Polish was banned in schools and offices of the Congress Kingdom. A similar development was in Lithuania: its Governor General Mikhail Muravyov instituted a complete ban on the Latin and Gothic scripts ...

See also:

Russification, Russification - History, Russification - Moldova, Russification - Soviet Union, Russification - Present times, Russification - Reference

Read more here: » Russification: Encyclopedia II - Russification - History

The style and personality of Polish life has been shaped over a thousand years. The national culture developed at the crossroads of the Latinate and Byzantine worlds, in continual dialogue with the many ethnic groups in Poland. The people of Poland have always been hospitable to artists from abroad, and eager to follow what was happening in other countries. In the 19th and 20th centuries Poles' concentration on cultural advancement often took the place of political and economic activity. These factors have contributed to the versatile character ...

See also:

Culture of Poland, Culture of Poland - History, Culture of Poland - Main areas, Culture of Poland - Specific articles

Read more here: » Culture of Poland: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Poland - History

Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Russian Empire was broken up. In different parts of the former empire, several nations, including Ukrainians, developed a renewed sense of national identity. In the chaotic post-revolutionary years, Ukraine went through several short-lived independent and quasi-independent states (see Ukrainian People's Republic), and the Ukrainian language, for the first time in modern history, gained usage in most government affairs. Initially, this trend continued under the Bolshevik government of the Soviet U ...

See also:

Ukrainization, Ukrainization - Ukrainization after the Russian Revolution, Ukrainization - De-Russification

Read more here: » Ukrainization: Encyclopedia II - Ukrainization - Ukrainization after the Russian Revolution

There are two primary types of Anglicisation in language: Anglicising non-English words for use in the English language, and Anglicising non-English languages through the introduction of English words. Anglicisation - Anglicisation in English. Non-English words may be Anglicised for use in English by changing their form and pronunciation to something more familiar to English speakers. For example, the Greek word aeroplano has been imported into (American) English in the modified form airp ...

See also:

Anglicisation, Anglicisation - Anglicisation in language, Anglicisation - Anglicisation in English, Anglicisation - Anglicisation of other languages

Read more here: » Anglicisation: Encyclopedia II - Anglicisation - Anglicisation in language

In wider sense, Germanisation refers to the process of acculturation of Slavic speakers and Baltic speakers, populating, after conquests or by cultural contact in the early dark ages, areas of the modern eastern Germany to the line of Elbe. The process was performed by elimination of the leading group and pushing most of Slavic speakers into status of serfs yet in Middle Ages. In East Prussia, extermination, enslavment and forced resettlements of the Prussians by Teutonic Order and Prussian state, especially after the 1525 rebellion, but als ...

See also:

Germanisation, Germanisation - Historical Germanisation, Germanisation - Examples, Germanisation - Linguistic Germanisation

Read more here: » Germanisation: Encyclopedia II - Germanisation - Historical Germanisation

The creation of the Commonwealth by the Union of Lublin in 1569 was one of the signal achievements of Sigismund II Augustus, last king of the Jagiellon dynasty. His death in 1572 was followed by a three-year interregnum during which adjustments were made to the constitutional system that effectively increased the power of the nobility (the szlachta) and established a truly elective monarchy. The Commonwealth reached its Golden Age in the first half of the 17th century. Its powerful parliament (the Sejm) was dominated by nobles ...

See also:

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History

Karelia, Chechnya and Tatarstan republics of Russia also tried to switch their alphabets to Latin, but the Latin alphabet was officially banned for Russia's official languages. This position was officially explained by two reasons: a) switching needs finances, but they are limited; b) it is difficult to make adult people accept the changes. Sometimes this move has been viewed as remnants of policy of Russification. In the Soviet Union, publications in technical and scientific journals were mostly in Russian; this led to underdevelopme ...

See also:

Russification, Russification - History, Russification - Moldova, Russification - Soviet Union, Russification - Present times, Russification - Reference

Read more here: » Russification: Encyclopedia II - Russification - Soviet Union

Russia:   2,860,0001[1] Canada:   1,071,0601[2] USA:   890,0001[3] Brazil:   550,0001[4] Kazakhstan:   500,0001 Moldova:   450,0001 Poland:   300,0001 Belarus:   250,000 Slovakia:   200,0001 Argentina:   100,000 (est) Germany:   100,000 (est)   Slavs< ...

Including:

• Ukrainians - Origin
• Ukrainians - History
• Ukrainians - Population
• Ukrainians - Religion
• Ukrainians - Online references
• Ukrainians - Notes

Read more here: » Ukrainians: Encyclopedia - Ukrainians

Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukrayins'ka mova, [ukraˈjinsʲka ˈmɔva]) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the official state language of Ukraine. Ukrainian uses a Cyrillic alphabet. It shares some vocabulary with the languages of the neighboring Slavic nations, most notably with Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Slovakian. Ukrainian traces its origins to the Old East Slavic language of the ancient state of ...

Including:

• Ukrainian language - History
• Ukrainian language - Perspective
• Ukrainian language - Origin
• Ukrainian language - Ancient history
• Ukrainian language - Kievan Rus' and Halych-Volhynia
• Ukrainian language - Post-independence: Lithuania/Poland Muscovy/Russia and Austro-Hungary
• Ukrainian language - Soviet era
• Ukrainian language - Independence in the modern era
• Ukrainian language - History of Ukrainian literature
• Ukrainian language - Current usage
• Ukrainian language - Dialects of Ukrainian
• Ukrainian language - Ukrainophone population
• Ukrainian language - Language structure
• Ukrainian language - Comparative grammar
• Ukrainian language - Phonetics
• Ukrainian language - Alphabet

Read more here: » Ukrainian language: Encyclopedia - Ukrainian language

Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. Westernization is a process whereby traditional, long-established societies come under the influence of Western culture in such matters as industry and technology, law, politics and economics, lifestyle and diet, language and the alphabet, religion and values. Westernization has been a pervasive and accelerating ...

Including:

• Westernisation - Definition of the West
• Westernisation - Territorial
• Westernisation - Personal
• Westernisation - Differences
• Westernisation - Process of Westernization
• Westernisation - Colonization 1492-1960s
• Westernisation - Globalization 1960s-now
• Westernisation - Consequences
• Westernisation - America
• Westernisation - The West
• Westernisation - Cultural influence
• Westernisation - Other

Read more here: » Westernisation: Encyclopedia - Westernisation

Cultural Assimilation, or assimilation (also had other meanings) for short, is an intense process of conistent integration whereby memebers of an ethno-cultural grioup, typically immigrants, or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community. This presumes a loss of all characteristics which make the newcomers different. A region where assimilation is o ...

Including:

• Cultural assimilation - Immigration
• Cultural assimilation - Minority cultures
• Cultural assimilation - Named cases
• Cultural assimilation - Religious assimilation

Read more here: » Cultural assimilation: Encyclopedia - Cultural assimilation

On 28th of October 1989 the Supreme Soviet of Ukrainian SSR changed the Constitution and adopted the Law on Languages. The Ukrainian language was declared the only official state language, while both Russian and Ukrainian got the status "interethnic communication languages". The government was obliged to create the conditions required for the development and use of Ukrainian language as well as languages of other ethnic groups (including Russian). Other languages might be used along with Ukrainian in local institutions located in places of r ...

See also:

Ukrainization, Ukrainization - Ukrainization after the Russian Revolution, Ukrainization - De-Russification

Read more here: » Ukrainization: Encyclopedia II - Ukrainization - De-Russification

The lands that once belonged to the Commonwealth are now largely distributed among several Central and East European countries: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, with smaller pieces in Estonia, Slovakia, Romania and Moldova. While the term "Poland" was also commonly used to denote this whole polity, Poland was in fact only part of a greater whole — the Commonwealth, which comprised primarily two parts: the Crown of the Polish Kingdom (Poland proper), colloquially "the Crown"; a ...

See also:

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography

The economy of the Commonwealth was dominated by feudal agriculture based on exploitation of agricultural workforce (serfs). Typically a nobleman's landholding comprised a folwark, a large farm worked by serfs to produce surpluses for internal and external trade. The peasantry's situation worsened from the late 17th century on, when the landed szlachta sought to compensate for falling grain prices by increasing the peasants' workload, thus leading to the creation of second serfdom, ...

See also:

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy

Many people allege that Russification policies continue in other ex-Soviet territories, mainly in Belarus under Lukashenka's government and in the unrecognized de facto independent republics of Transnistria in Moldova and Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia. Some international NGOs argue that Russification policies are occurring in republics inside the Russian Federation like Mari El, but Putin's administration have been denying these accusations, and retorted by charging that the NGOs are attempting to destabilize the Volga Republics, as they had, according to the opi ...

See also:

Russification, Russification - History, Russification - Moldova, Russification - Soviet Union, Russification - Present times, Russification - Reference

Read more here: » Russification: Encyclopedia II - Russification - Present times

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military. Commonwealth armies were commanded by four hetmans. The armies comprised: Wojsko kwarciane: Regular units with wages paid from taxes (these units were later merged with the wojsko komputowe) Wojsko komputowe: Semi-regular units created for times of war (in 1652 these units were merged with the wojsko kwarciane into a new permanent army) Pospolite ruszenie: Szlachta levée en masse Piechota łanowa and pie ...

See also:

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics

The Commonwealth was one of the important European sites for the development of modern social and political ideas. It was famous for its unique quasi-democratic political system praised by philosophers such as Erasmus, was known for a near-unparallelled religious tolerance during the Counter-Reformation, hence the numerosity of peacefuly coexisting Catholic, Jewish, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and even Muslim communities. It gave rise to the famous Christian sect of Polish Bre ...

See also:

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture

The economy of the Commonwealth was dominated by feudal agriculture. Typically a nobleman's landholding comprised a folwark, a large farm worked by serfs to produce surpluses for internal and external trade. The peasantry's situation worsened from the late 17th century on, when the landed szlachta sought to compensate for falling grain prices by increasing the peasants' workload, thus leading to the creation of second serfdom, ...

See also:

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy