Local workers' Soviets elect representatives that go on to form regional soviets, which in turn elect representatives that form higher soviets, and so on up to a Supreme Soviet, the highest legislative body of the entire country. This is a method of democracy through which the dictatorship of the proletariat can be exercised in large populations. Soviet Democracy is democracy by proxy. This is to say that members of the soviets are close to those workers or lower soviet members that they represent and therefore can accurately translate the p ...

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Soviet democracy, Soviet democracy - In Theory, Soviet democracy - In The Soviet Union

Read more here: » Soviet democracy: Encyclopedia II - Soviet democracy - In Theory

Beer in Serbia and Montenegro - In Serbia. Apatin: Apatinska pivara (Apatin brewery) Jelen pivo (Deer beer) Pils Light Bečej: Pivara Bečej www.pivara.co.yu Old Gold - light and dark Gerber's - light and dark Belgrade: Beogradska industrija piva (BIP) (Belgrade Beer Industry) www.bip.co.yu/fpuppivo.htm, in Serbian Bg Bip (БИП) See also:

Beer in Serbia and Montenegro, Beer in Serbia and Montenegro - Appearance, Beer in Serbia and Montenegro - Availability and Market Presence, Beer in Serbia and Montenegro - Quality, Beer in Serbia and Montenegro - Breweries and brews, Beer in Serbia and Montenegro - In Serbia, Beer in Serbia and Montenegro - In Montenegro, Beer in Serbia and Montenegro - Beer festivals, Beer in Serbia and Montenegro - Dani piva, Beer in Serbia and Montenegro - Belgrade Beer Fest

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Critics of democracy as a form of government allege it has inherent disadvantages, both in practice and by its very nature. Some of which may be shared by some or all other forms of government, while others may be unique to democracy. Democracy - Ethnic and religious conflicts. Democracy, and especially liberal democracy, necessarily assumes a sense of shared values in the demos (otherwise political legitimacy will fail). In other words, it assumes that the demos is in fact a unit. For historical reasons, ...

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Democracy, Democracy - Democratic Government, Democracy - History of democracy, Democracy - 20th century waves of democracy, Democracy - Essential elements of a democracy, Democracy - Four Conceptions of Democracy, Democracy - Political legitimacy and 'democratic culture', Democracy - Direct versus representative democracy or democracy versus republic, Democracy - Liberal democracy, Democracy - Preconditions and structure, Democracy - Liberal freedoms, Democracy - Proportional versus majoritarian representation, Democracy - Social democracy, Democracy - Illiberal democracy, Democracy - Advantages and disadvantages of democracy, Democracy - Ethnic and religious conflicts, Democracy - Bureaucracy, Democracy - Short-term focus, Democracy - Electorate Intelligence, Democracy - Public choice theory, Democracy - Plutocracy, Democracy - Tyranny of the majority, Democracy - Political stability, Democracy - Effective response in wartime, Democracy - Corruption, Democracy - Poverty and famine, Democracy - The democratic peace theory, Democracy - General skepticism of democracy, Democracy - Sources

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List of political parties in Fiji - Parliamentary parties. Have representatives in the House of Representatives: Conservative Alliance (Matanitu Vanua, almost exclusively ethnic Fijian) Fiji Labour Party (originally multiracial but now predominantly Indo-Fijian; led by Mahendra Chaudhry) New Labour Unity Party (founded in 2001 by Tupeni Baba; won two seats). United Fiji Party (Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua, mainly ethnic Fijian; led by Laisenia Qarase) United Peoples Party (sup ...

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List of political parties in Fiji, List of political parties in Fiji - The parties, List of political parties in Fiji - Parliamentary parties, List of political parties in Fiji - Minor parties, List of political parties in Fiji - Historical parties, List of political parties in Fiji - Coalitions and electoral alliances

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Different voting systems use different types of vote. Suppose that the options in some election are Alice, Bob, Charlie, Daniel, and Emily. In a voting system that uses a single vote, the voter can select one of the five that they most approve of. First past the post uses single votes. So, a voter might vote for Charlie. This precludes him voting for anyone else. In a voting system that uses a multiple vote, the voter can vote for any subset of the alternatives. So, a voter might vote for Alice, Bob, and Charlie, rejecting Daniel and Emily. ...

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Voting, Voting - Types of votes, Voting - Issues

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Pure folk music includes a two-beat dance called kolo, which is a circle dance with almost no movement above the waist, accompanied by instrumental music made most often with a accordion, but also with other instruments: frula (traditional kind of a recorder), tamburica, or harmonica. Modern accordionists include Mirko Kodić and Ljubiša Pavković. Sung epic poetry has been an integral part of Balkan music for centuries, but is now found mostly in Montenegro; see Serbian epic poetry. These long poems are typically accompanied on a on ...

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Music of Serbia and Montenegro, Music of Serbia and Montenegro - Folk music

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In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, or the law does not permit political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate for office runs on her or his own merits rather than as a member of a political party. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within the legislature; even if there are caucuses for specific issues. Despite being nonpartisan, most members have consistent and identifiable voting patterns. Historians have frequently interpreted Federalist No. 10 to imply that th ...

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Political party, Political party - Nonpartisan Single-party two-party and multi-party governments, Political party - Parties and directions, Political party - Colors and emblems for parties, Political party - International organizations of political parties

Read more here: » Political party: Encyclopedia II - Political party - Nonpartisan Single-party two-party and multi-party governments

Election - Who can vote. A crucial issue in elections is the question of suffrage—who is allowed to vote—whether the electorate comprises the entire citizenry or some subset of it. The democracy of ancient Athens did not allow women, children, foreigners and slaves to vote—thus disenfranchising the majority of the population. Over the last few centuries since elections began to be held there has been a ...

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Election, Election - Definitions of democratic elections, Election - Characteristics of elections, Election - Who can vote, Election - Who is voted for, Election - Types of election, Election - Electoral systems, Election - Scheduling, Election - Election campaigns, Election - Difficulties with elections, Election - Show elections, Election - Bias and limited options, Election - Corruption of democracies, Election - Elections around the world

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Referendum - Australia. Approval in a referendum is necessary in order to amend the Australian constitution. A bill must first be passed by both houses of Parliament or, in certain limited circumstances, by only one house of Parliament, and is then submitted to a referendum. If a majority of those voting, as well as separate majorities in each of a majority of states, vote in favour of the amendment, it is presented for Royal Assent, given in the Queen's name by the Governor-General. Out of the 43 referendums hel ...

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Referendum, Referendum - Terminology, Referendum - Procedure and status, Referendum - Criticism, Referendum - Criticisms from representative democracy, Referendum - Other criticisms, Referendum - Multiple-choice referendums, Referendum - Referendums by country, Referendum - Australia, Referendum - Canada, Referendum - Iraq, Referendum - Republic of Ireland, Referendum - Italy, Referendum - Sweden, Referendum - Switzerland, Referendum - United Kingdom, Referendum - Other nations, Referendum - Sources, Referendum - Specific referendums

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Foreign relations of Japan Foreign policy Economic relations Development assistance Australia China France Germany Korea Oceania Philippines Russia United Kingdom USA Vietnam United Nations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomats edit ...

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Japanese-Korean relations, Japanese-Korean relations - Japan, Japanese-Korean relations - South Korea, Japanese-Korean relations - North Korea, Japanese-Korean relations - Reference

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All democracies (and every other form of government) have certain structural defects, which are related to the nature of democracy. Although all forms of government have defects, supporters of democracy are often reluctant to concede that it is less than perfect, which in turn may hinder its reform. Two prominent defects are related to the territory and membership of the demos itself. Democracy - Immigrants and 'the people'. Many democratic constitutions explicitly state (or imply) that power belongs to, o ...

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Democracy, Democracy - Democratic Government, Democracy - History of democracy, Democracy - 20th century waves of democracy, Democracy - Essential elements of a democracy, Democracy - Political legitimacy and 'democratic culture', Democracy - Direct versus representative democracy or 'democracy' versus 'republic', Democracy - Liberal democracy, Democracy - Preconditions and structure, Democracy - Liberal freedoms, Democracy - Proportional versus majoritarian representation, Democracy - Social democracy, Democracy - Illiberal democracy, Democracy - Advantages and disadvantages of democracy, Democracy - Immigrants and 'the people', Democracy - Ethnic and religious conflicts, Democracy - Bureaucracy, Democracy - Short-term focus, Democracy - Electorate Intelligence, Democracy - Public choice theory, Democracy - Plutocracy, Democracy - Tyranny of the majority, Democracy - Political stability, Democracy - Effective response in wartime, Democracy - Corruption, Democracy - Poverty and famine, Democracy - The democratic peace theory, Democracy - Sources

Read more here: » Democracy: Encyclopedia II - Democracy - Advantages and disadvantages of democracy

More conveniently known as rep-by-pop, is the concept that elected representatives be chosen by more or less numerically equivalent blocks of voters. This is not always practical for historical and current political reasons, and sometimes are impractical purely on the basis of logistics, as in regions where travel is difficult and distances are long. Historically rep-by-pop is the alternative to rep-by-area, a system when applied with broad strokes infamously created "rotten boroughs" of near-empty countryside as another form of "pocket boro ...

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Representation politics, Representation politics - Representation by Population, Representation politics - Representation by area, Representation politics - Descriptive representation

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Under the 1947 constitution, the cabinet exercises the primary responsibility for the conduct of foreign affairs, subject to the overall supervision of the National Diet. The prime minister is required to make periodic reports on foreign relations to the Diet, whose upper and lower houses each have a foreign affairs committee. Each committee reports on its deliberations to plenary sessions of the chamber to which it belongs. Ad hoc committees are formed occasionally to consider special questions. Diet members have the right to raise pertinen ...

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan - Policy formulation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan - Reference

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Chinese domestic political problems and uneven progress in mainland China's reform programs at times dampened Japanese enthusiasm for economic relations with the PRC. Yet Sino-Japanese relations made considerable progress in the 1980s. In 1982 there was a serious political controversy over revision of Japanese textbooks dealing with the history of imperial Japan's war against China in the 1930s and 1940s. Beijing also registered concern in 1983 about the reported shift in United States strategic emphasis in Asia, away from China and in favor ...

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Sino-Japanese relations, Sino-Japanese relations - Goals and nature of relations since 1949, Sino-Japanese relations - Unofficial relations and hostility 1950s, Sino-Japanese relations - Trade resumes 1960s, Sino-Japanese relations - Official relations and Friendship treaty 1970s, Sino-Japanese relations - Development of complementary interests 1980s, Sino-Japanese relations - 1990s, Sino-Japanese relations - 2000s, Sino-Japanese relations - Japanese history textbooks controversy, Sino-Japanese relations - China's military expenditure, Sino-Japanese relations - Bibliography

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List of political parties in Serbia and Montenegro - Parties in Serbia. Bosniak Democratic Party of Sandzak (Bosnjacka demokratska stranka Sandžaka) Civic Alliance of Serbia (Građanski Savez Srbije) Democratic Party of Serbia (Demokratska Stranka Srbije) Democratic Party (Demokratska Stranka) G17 Plus New Serbia (Nova Srbija) Serbian Liberal Party (Srpska liberalna stranka) Serbian Radical Part ...

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List of political parties in Serbia and Montenegro, List of political parties in Serbia and Montenegro - The parties, List of political parties in Serbia and Montenegro - Parties in Serbia, List of political parties in Serbia and Montenegro - Parties in Montenegro

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V.G. Childe describes the transformation of human society that took place around 6000 BCE as an urban revolution. Among the features of this new type of civilization were the institutionalization of social stratification, non-agricultural specialised crafts (including priests and lawyers), taxation, and writing. All of which require clusters of densely populated settlements - city-states. The word "Politics" is derived from the Greek word for city-state, "Polis". Corporate, religious, academic and every other polity, especially those ...

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Politics, Politics - A natural state, Politics - Early history, Politics - Definitions, Politics - Political power, Politics - The Normative 'Faces of Power' Debate, Politics - The Postmodern Challenge of Normative Views of Power, Politics - Sociological Views of Power, Politics - Authority and legitimacy, Politics - Traditional, Politics - Charismatic, Politics - Legal-rational

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Max Weber identified three sources of legitimacy for authority known as (tripartite classification of authority). He proposed three reasons why people followed the orders of those who gave them: Politics - Traditional. Traditional authorities receive loyalty because they continue and support the preservation of existing values, the status quo. Traditional authority has the longest history. Patriarchal (and more rarely Matriarchal) societies gave rise to hereditary monarchies where authority was given to de ...

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Politics, Politics - A natural state, Politics - Early history, Politics - Definitions, Politics - Political power, Politics - The Normative 'Faces of Power' Debate, Politics - The Postmodern Challenge of Normative Views of Power, Politics - Sociological Views of Power, Politics - Authority and legitimacy, Politics - Traditional, Politics - Charismatic, Politics - Legal-rational

Read more here: » Politics: Encyclopedia II - Politics - Authority and legitimacy

The industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought. Urbanization and capitalism greatly reshaped society. During this same period, the socialist movement began to form. In the mid-19th century, Marxism was developed, and socialism in general gained increasing popular support, mostly from the urban working class. By the late 19th century, socialism and trade unions were established members of the political landscape. In addit ...

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Political philosophy, Political philosophy - History of political philosophy, Political philosophy - The classical period, Political philosophy - Islamic period, Political philosophy - Medieval period, Political philosophy - The Enlightenment, Political philosophy - Industrialization and the early modern age, Political philosophy - Contemporary political philosophy, Political philosophy - Influential political philosophers

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The principle of rep-by-pop, when brought in and promoted publicly, removed many archaic seats in the British House of Commons although some northern and rural counties necessarily still have variably lower populations than most urban ridings. This also holds true, but even moreso, in former British colonies like Canada and Australia. There, rural and wilderness areas spanning tens of thousands of square miles have considerably fewer voters in them than a tiny urban-core riding. In the most extreme case, one riding in Canadian parliment cove ...

See also:

Representation politics, Representation politics - Representation by Population, Representation politics - Representation by Area, Representation politics - Descriptive representation

Read more here: » Representation politics: Encyclopedia II - Representation politics - Representation by Area

After World War II the peace movement became the dominant mode of political philosophy in the Western world, due largely to fear of nuclear war. Opponents tended to line up on either side of the arms race debate. Communism remained an important focus especially during the 1950s and 60s. Zionism, racism and colonialism were important issues that arose. In general, there was a marked trend towards a pragmatic approach to political issues, rather than a philosophical one. Much academic debate regarded one or both of two pragmatic topics: how (o ...

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Political philosophy, Political philosophy - History of political philosophy, Political philosophy - The classical period, Political philosophy - Islamic period, Political philosophy - Medieval period, Political philosophy - The Enlightenment, Political philosophy - Industrialization and the early modern age, Political philosophy - Contemporary political philosophy, Political philosophy - Influential political philosophers

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Generally speaking, over the world, political parties associate themselves with colors, primarily for identification, especially for voter recognition during elections. Red usually signifies leftist, communist or socialist parties. Conservative and Christian democratic parties generally use blue or black. Recently in the United States, this trend has been reversed. Pink sometimes signifies socialist. Yellow is often used for liberalism. Green is the color for green parties and Islamist parties. Orange is sometimes a color of nationalism, suc ...

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Political party, Political party - Nonpartisan Single-party two-party and multi-party governments, Political party - Parties and directions, Political party - Colors and emblems for parties, Political party - International organizations of political parties

Read more here: » Political party: Encyclopedia II - Political party - Colors and emblems for parties

Political parties are often considered on a political spectrum. One typical spectrum has the Left associated with radical or progressive policies and the Right with conservative or traditional policies. Other analyses include other dimensions such as the political parties' acceptance of parliamentary democracy as opposed to authoritarian or totalitarian attitudes, and economic policies, the Left favoring social-democracy, socialism or communism, while the Right tends to favor laissez-faire economics or Fascism. Centrist parties often adopt a collection of ...

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Political party, Political party - Nonpartisan Single-party two-party and multi-party governments, Political party - Parties and directions, Political party - Colors and emblems for parties, Political party - International organizations of political parties

Read more here: » Political party: Encyclopedia II - Political party - Parties and directions