Politics of Peru

Politics of Peru - Executive branch. The President of Peru is popularly elected for a five-year term, and the 1993 constitution permits one consecutive re-election. All citizens above the age of eighteen are entitled and in fact compelled to vote. The first and second vice presidents also are popularly elected but have no constitutional functions unless the president is unable to discharge his duties. The President appoints the Council of Ministers (Consejo de Ministros, or Cabinet) and Prime Minister (primer ministro). All presidential decree laws or draft bills sen ...

See also:

Politics of Peru, Politics of Peru - Branches of government, Politics of Peru - Executive branch, Politics of Peru - Legislative branch, Politics of Peru - Judicial branch, Politics of Peru - Administrative divisions, Politics of Peru - Political parties and leaders, Politics of Peru - Political pressure groups and leaders, Politics of Peru - International organization participation

Read more here: » Politics of Peru: Encyclopedia II - Politics of Peru - Branches of government

Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori (アルベルト・ケンヤ・フジモリ Aruberuto Ken'ya Fujimori, born in Peru July 28, 1938), also known as Kenya Fujimori (藤森 謙也 Fujimori Ken'ya), was President of Peru from July 28, 1990 to November 17, 2000. He was the first person of East Asian descent to become head of state of a Latin American nation, and (after Arthur Chung in the ceremonial presidency of Guyana) the second person of ...

Including:

• Alberto Fujimori - Early years
• Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1990–1992
• Alberto Fujimori - 1992 Auto-coup
• Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1992–1995
• Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1995–2000
• Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 2000
• Alberto Fujimori - Anti-terrorism
• Alberto Fujimori - In exile
• Alberto Fujimori - Arrest in Chile
• Alberto Fujimori - Legacy

Read more here: » Alberto Fujimori: Encyclopedia - Alberto Fujimori

Fernando Belaúnde Terry - Early years. The second of four children, Belaúnde was born in Lima into an upper-middle-class family of Spanish forebears. During the dictatorship of Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo, the persecution for the political activities of his father Rafael and his uncle Víctor Andrés Belaúnde prompted the family to move to France in 1924, where Fernando attended high school and rec ...

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Fernando Belaúnde Terry, Fernando Belaúnde Terry - Biography, Fernando Belaúnde Terry - Early years, Fernando Belaúnde Terry - Political career, Fernando Belaúnde Terry - First term 1963-1968, Fernando Belaúnde Terry - Second term 1980 – 1985

Read more here: » Fernando Belaúnde Terry: Encyclopedia II - Fernando Belaúnde Terry - Biography

Alan García - Early years. García was born into a middle-class Peruvian family with close ties to the already established APRA party. García's father, Carlos García Ronceros, was the secretary of the APRA's organization during the government of Manuel A. Odría, which had declared the illegality of the APRA. His father was later arrested and imprisoned given his political militancy, leaving him alienated from his family and not me ...

See also:

Alan García, Alan García - Biography, Alan García - Early years, Alan García - President of Peru in 1985, Alan García - Exile, Alan García - Legacy, Alan García - 2006 presidential campaign, Alan García - Other, Alan García - Published works

Read more here: » Alan García: Encyclopedia II - Alan García - Biography

During the Belaúnde administration, as he held no majority in Congress, political disputes were already becoming a norm. Serious arguments between President Belaúnde and Congress, dominated by the APRA-UNO coalition, and even between the President and his own Acción Popular (Popular Action) party were common. A dispute with the International Petroleum Company over licenses to the La Brea y Pariñas oil fields in northern Peru sparked a national scandal when a key page of a contract (página 11) was found missing. This ...

See also:

Juan Velasco Alvarado, Juan Velasco Alvarado - Early Years, Juan Velasco Alvarado - Presidency 1968-1975, Juan Velasco Alvarado - Overthrow

Read more here: » Juan Velasco Alvarado: Encyclopedia II - Juan Velasco Alvarado - Presidency 1968-1975

In 1908 he succeeded José Pardo (a succession event that would occur again in 1919) after being elected president for the first time by an alliance of the Civil and Constitutional parties. Some of Leguía's first actions were to institute social and economic reforms in an attempt to industrialize Peru and turn it into a modern capitalist society. On May 29, 1909, a group of citizens (supporters of Piérola's Democratic Party) managed to force their entry into the Palacio de Gobierno demanding the resignation of Leguía. Among ...

See also:

Augusto B. Leguía, Augusto B. Leguía - Early Years, Augusto B. Leguía - First term, Augusto B. Leguía - Second term, Augusto B. Leguía - Overthrown

Read more here: » Augusto B. Leguía: Encyclopedia II - Augusto B. Leguía - First term

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See also:

Peruvian national election 2006, Peruvian national election 2006 - Candidates, Peruvian national election 2006 - Poll Results

Read more here: » Peruvian national election 2006: Encyclopedia II - Peruvian national election 2006 - Candidates

Valentín Paniagua - Early years. Paniagua's father was born in Bolivia but lived most of his life in Peru. Valentín Paniagua was born in Cuzco, where he went to high school at the Colegio Nacional de Ciencias. Then, he went on to study Law at the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad in Cuzco and later at the Universidad Mayor de San Marcos in Lima. He finished there specializing in Constitutional Law. In the following years, he worked in his private practic ...

See also:

Valentín Paniagua, Valentín Paniagua - Biography, Valentín Paniagua - Early years, Valentín Paniagua - Political career, Valentín Paniagua - Presidency, Valentín Paniagua - Current situation

Read more here: » Valentín Paniagua: Encyclopedia II - Valentín Paniagua - Biography

Haya de la Torre was born in Trujillo in the north of the country. In 1913 he enrolled in Trujillo University to study literature, where he met and forged a solid friendship with the Peruvian poet César Vallejo. He then enrolled in the National University of San Marcos in Lima. He was instrumental in bringing the ideas of the Argentine University Reform movement (La Reforma) to San Marcos, and administrative reforms were instituted in 1919. Part of the reform movement was university extension programs, through which the university students ...

See also:

Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre - Life, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre - Ideas, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre - Quotation

Read more here: » Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre: Encyclopedia II - Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre - Life

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See also:

Peruvian national election 2006, Peruvian national election 2006 - Candidates, Peruvian national election 2006 - Poll Results

Read more here: » Peruvian national election 2006: Encyclopedia II - Peruvian national election 2006 - Candidates

During the Belaúnde administration, as he held no majority in Congress, political disputes were already becoming a norm. Serious arguments between President Belaúnde and Congress, dominated by the APRA-UNO coalition, and even between the President and his own Acción Popular (Popular Action) party were common. A dispute with the International Petroleum Company over licenses to the La Brea y Pariñas oil fields in northern Peru sparked a national scandal when a key page of a contract (página 11) was found missing. This ...

See also:

Juan Velasco Alvarado, Juan Velasco Alvarado - Early Years, Juan Velasco Alvarado - Presidency: Military Revolution 1968-1975, Juan Velasco Alvarado - Overthrow

Read more here: » Juan Velasco Alvarado: Encyclopedia II - Juan Velasco Alvarado - Presidency: Military Revolution 1968-1975

After submitting his resignation initially by fax and later in hard copy, Fujimori remained in self-imposed exile in Japan, where his citizenship as foreign-born Japanese was confirmed because his parents had registered him with the Japanese consular authorities in Peru as an infant, and he had not given it up under the 1985 citizenship law revision. Several senior Japanese politicians have supported Fujimori, partly because of what they consider his decisive action in ...

See also:

Alberto Fujimori, Alberto Fujimori - Early years, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1990–1992, Alberto Fujimori - 1992 Auto-coup, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1992–1995, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1995–2000, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 2000, Alberto Fujimori - Anti-terrorism, Alberto Fujimori - In exile, Alberto Fujimori - Arrest in Chile, Alberto Fujimori - Legacy

Read more here: » Alberto Fujimori: Encyclopedia II - Alberto Fujimori - In exile

Despite the questionable constitutionality of his right to a third term of office [5], Fujimori declared his candidacy for the 2000 elections. He was declared winner of the May 28 election, amidst a flurry of accusations of irregularities. As a conciliatory measure, he nominated former opposition candidate Federico Salas as the new prime minister, leaving most of the Fujimorista hardliners of his previous administration away from the Council of Ministers. However, the opposition parties in parliament failed ...

See also:

Alberto Fujimori, Alberto Fujimori - Early years, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1990–1992, Alberto Fujimori - 1992 Auto-coup, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1992–1995, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1995–2000, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 2000, Alberto Fujimori - Anti-terrorism, Alberto Fujimori - In exile, Alberto Fujimori - Arrest in Chile, Alberto Fujimori - Legacy

Read more here: » Alberto Fujimori: Encyclopedia II - Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 2000

Economic difficulties such as inflation, unemployment, food shortages (arising from the unsuccessful economic policies), and increased political opposition after the 1974 crackdown on the press ultimately increased pressures on the Velasco Administration and led to its downfall. On August 29, 1975, a number of prominent military commanders initiated a coup in the southern city of Tacna, nicknamed El Tacnazo. The military commanders of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th military regions declared that Velasco had not achieved most o ...

See also:

Juan Velasco Alvarado, Juan Velasco Alvarado - Early Years, Juan Velasco Alvarado - Presidency: Military Revolution 1968-1975, Juan Velasco Alvarado - Overthrow

Read more here: » Juan Velasco Alvarado: Encyclopedia II - Juan Velasco Alvarado - Overthrow

Alberto Fujimori was born in Lima to Naoichi Fujimori and Mutsue Fujimori, natives of Kumamoto, Japan who moved to Peru in 1934. His parents applied to the Japanese consulate to keep the baby's Japanese citizenship. Alberto Fujimori obtained his early education at the Colegio Nuestra Señora de la Merced, La Rectora, and graduated high school from La gran unidad escolar Alfonso Ugarte in Lima. He went on to undergraduate studies at the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina in 1957, graduating in 1961 first in his class ...

See also:

Alberto Fujimori, Alberto Fujimori - Early years, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1990–1992, Alberto Fujimori - 1992 Auto-coup, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1992–1995, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1995–2000, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 2000, Alberto Fujimori - Anti-terrorism, Alberto Fujimori - In exile, Alberto Fujimori - Arrest in Chile, Alberto Fujimori - Legacy

Read more here: » Alberto Fujimori: Encyclopedia II - Alberto Fujimori - Early years

Velasco was born on June 16, 1910 in Piura, a city on Peru's north coast. He was the son of Manuel José Velasco and Clara Luz Alvarado. He was married to Consuelo Gonzáles Arriola. In 1929, he joined the Peruvian Army as a foot soldier. Due to his excellent discipline, he was selected to attend the military academy of Chorrillos, located near Lima. In 1934 he graduated at the top of his class. He kept close relationships over the years with some of his military colleagues from this era, most of them la ...

See also:

Juan Velasco Alvarado, Juan Velasco Alvarado - Early Years, Juan Velasco Alvarado - Presidency: Military Revolution 1968-1975, Juan Velasco Alvarado - Overthrow

Read more here: » Juan Velasco Alvarado: Encyclopedia II - Juan Velasco Alvarado - Early Years

In April 1995, at the height of his popularity, Fujimori was re-elected in a landslide victory over Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations. His independent party won control of the legislature. One of the first acts of the new congress was declaring an amnesty for all members of the Peruvian military or police accused or convicted of human rights abuses between 1980 and 1995. During his second term, Fujimori signed a peace agreement with Ecuador over a border dispute that had simmered for more th ...

See also:

Alberto Fujimori, Alberto Fujimori - Early years, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1990–1992, Alberto Fujimori - 1992 Auto-coup, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1992–1995, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1995–2000, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 2000, Alberto Fujimori - Anti-terrorism, Alberto Fujimori - In exile, Alberto Fujimori - Arrest in Chile, Alberto Fujimori - Legacy

Read more here: » Alberto Fujimori: Encyclopedia II - Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1995–2000

During his first term in office, Fujimori's economic strategy, which Peruvians dubbed the Fujishock, bore no resemblance to the vague, populist program set out during the campaign under the slogan: "Work, technology, honesty". Under the close tutelage of the International Monetary Fund, Fujimori embarked upon tough and wide-ranging economic reforms – far more drastic than anything Vargas Llosa had proposed – resulting in Peru's re-entry to the global econ ...

See also:

Alberto Fujimori, Alberto Fujimori - Early years, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1990–1992, Alberto Fujimori - 1992 Auto-coup, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1992–1995, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1995–2000, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 2000, Alberto Fujimori - Anti-terrorism, Alberto Fujimori - In exile, Alberto Fujimori - Arrest in Chile, Alberto Fujimori - Legacy

Read more here: » Alberto Fujimori: Encyclopedia II - Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1990–1992

During Fujimori's first term in office, the APRA and FREDEMO parties remained in control of both chambers of Congress (the Chamber of Deputies and Senate), thus hampering his ability to get the legislation he wanted onto the statute books. In response to this, Fujimori mounted an auto-coup (in Spanish: autogolpe; sometimes called the Fuji-coup, or fujigolpe) — that is, a coup d'état against his own government, on April 5, 1992. The intent was to restructure the organs of the Peruvian government and constitutito ...

See also:

Alberto Fujimori, Alberto Fujimori - Early years, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1990–1992, Alberto Fujimori - 1992 Auto-coup, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1992–1995, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1995–2000, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 2000, Alberto Fujimori - Anti-terrorism, Alberto Fujimori - In exile, Alberto Fujimori - Arrest in Chile, Alberto Fujimori - Legacy

Read more here: » Alberto Fujimori: Encyclopedia II - Alberto Fujimori - 1992 Auto-coup

Fujimori remains a controversial figure in Peru. He is credited by many Peruvians for bringing stability to the country after the violence and hyperinflation of the García years. Peru was reinserted in the global economic system and attracted foreign investment; its international currency reserves were built up from nearly zero at the end of García's term in office to almost USD $10 billion a decade later. The total GDP growth between 1992 and 2001, inclusive, was 44.60%, that is, 3.76% per annum; total GDP per capita growth between 1991 and 2001, inclusive, ...

See also:

Alberto Fujimori, Alberto Fujimori - Early years, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1990–1992, Alberto Fujimori - 1992 Auto-coup, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1992–1995, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 1995–2000, Alberto Fujimori - President of the Republic 2000, Alberto Fujimori - Anti-terrorism, Alberto Fujimori - In exile, Alberto Fujimori - Arrest in Chile, Alberto Fujimori - Legacy

Read more here: » Alberto Fujimori: Encyclopedia II - Alberto Fujimori - Legacy