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political philosophy | A Wisdom Archive on political philosophy | | political philosophy A selection of articles related to political philosophy | |
| We recommend this article: political philosophy - 1, and also this: political philosophy - 2. |
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political philosophy
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO political philosophy | | | |  political philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Objectivist philosophy - Objectivist principles
Objectivist philosophy - Metaphysics: Objective reality.
Main article: Objectivist metaphysics
The key tenets of the Objectivist metaphysics are captured in three propositions:
Existence exists.
Existence is Identity.
Consciousness is Identification.
The axiom of Existence affirms that reality (the universe, that which is) exists, and that it exists independently of human consciousness. The Law of Identity states that anything that exists is determinate, ...
See also:Objectivist philosophy, Objectivist philosophy - Objectivist principles, Objectivist philosophy - Metaphysics: Objective reality, Objectivist philosophy - Epistemology: reason, Objectivist philosophy - Ethics: rational self-interest, Objectivist philosophy - Politics: individual rights and capitalism, Objectivist philosophy - Esthetics: Romanticism, Objectivist philosophy - Response to Objectivist philosophy, Objectivist philosophy - Criticism of Objectivism, Objectivist philosophy - Criticism of Ayn Rand’s reading of the history of philosophy, Objectivist philosophy - Notes Read more here: » Objectivist philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Objectivist philosophy - Objectivist principles |
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| | | | | political philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Objectivist philosophy - Response to Objectivist philosophy It is fair to say that, of people who are familiar with Objectivism, reactions are rarely neutral. Rand's beliefs are often supported with great passion or derided with great disgust, with little in between. The general reaction of academia has been in the latter category, to the point where Objectivism is often not taken as a serious contribution to the field and therefore worthy of little more than dismissal. To be specific, critics in academia often conclude that many of the specific stances are demonstrably false rehashes of old errors, ...
See also:Objectivist philosophy, Objectivist philosophy - Objectivist principles, Objectivist philosophy - Metaphysics: Objective reality, Objectivist philosophy - Epistemology: reason, Objectivist philosophy - Ethics: rational self-interest, Objectivist philosophy - Politics: individual rights and capitalism, Objectivist philosophy - Esthetics: Romanticism, Objectivist philosophy - Response to Objectivist philosophy, Objectivist philosophy - Criticism of Objectivism, Objectivist philosophy - Criticism of Ayn Rand’s reading of the history of philosophy, Objectivist philosophy - Notes Read more here: » Objectivist philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Objectivist philosophy - Response to Objectivist philosophy |
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| | | | | political philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Objectivist philosophy - Response to Objectivist philosophy It is fair to say that, of people who are familiar with Objectivism, reactions are rarely neutral. Indeed, it is almost impossible to be neutral, because Objectivism holds itself to be factually valid, meaning that you either agree with it fully or contradict it. Rand's beliefs are often supported with great passion or derided with great disgust, with little in between. The general reaction of academia has been in the latter category, to the point where Objectivism is often not taken as a serious contribution to the field and therefore worth ...
See also:Objectivist philosophy, Objectivist philosophy - Objectivist principles, Objectivist philosophy - Metaphysics: Objective reality, Objectivist philosophy - Epistemology: reason, Objectivist philosophy - Ethics: rational self-interest, Objectivist philosophy - Politics: individual rights and capitalism, Objectivist philosophy - Esthetics: Romanticism, Objectivist philosophy - Response to Objectivist philosophy, Objectivist philosophy - Criticism of Objectivism, Objectivist philosophy - Criticism of Ayn Rand’s reading of the history of philosophy, Objectivist philosophy - Notes Read more here: » Objectivist philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Objectivist philosophy - Response to Objectivist philosophy |
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| | | | | political philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world In modern times the expansion of "freedom" around the world is considered by some to be synonymous with increased participation in democratic political systems.
During the 20th century overall, there was a dramatic growth in democracy, especially among the more developed countries, and decline in monarchy and colonialism. However, there was also an increase in various types of authoritarian regimes, and currently 33 percent of people ...
See also:Freedom political, Freedom political - Philosophy of political freedom, Freedom political - Types of freedom, Freedom political - Different views on political freedom, Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world, Freedom political - Famous sayings Read more here: » Freedom political: Encyclopedia II - Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world |
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| | | | | | political philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world In modern times the expansion of "freedom" around the world is considered by some to be synonymous with increased participation in democratic political systems.
During the 20th century overall, there was a dramatic growth in democracy, especially among the more developed countries, and decline in monarchy and colonialism. However, there was also an increase in various types of authoritarian regimes, and currently 33 percent of people ...
See also:Freedom political, Freedom political - Philosophy of political freedom, Freedom political - Types of freedom, Freedom political - Different views on political freedom, Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world, Freedom political - Quotes about political freedom Read more here: » Freedom political: Encyclopedia II - Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world |
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| | | | | | | | | political philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Gaia philosophy - Predecessors to the Gaia theory There are some mystical, scientific and religious predecessors to the theory, which had a Gaia-like conceptual basis. Many religious mythologies had a view of Earth as being a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts (e.g. some Native American religions).
Lewis Thomas held that Earth should be viewed as a single cell; he derived this view from Johannes Kepler's view of Earth as a single round organism. Teilhard de Chardin, a paleontologist and geologist, believes that evolution unfolded from cell to organism to planet to solar ...
See also:Gaia philosophy, Gaia philosophy - Predecessors to the Gaia theory, Gaia philosophy - Range of views, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in biology and science, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in the social sciences, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in politics, Gaia philosophy - Semantic debate Read more here: » Gaia philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Gaia philosophy - Predecessors to the Gaia theory |
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| | | | | | political philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Gaia philosophy - Gaia in biology and science See the main article Gaia theory (science) for more.
Buckminster Fuller has been credited as the first to incorporate scientific ideas into a Gaia theory, which he did with his Dymaxion map of the Earth.
The first scientifically rigorous theory was the Gaia Hypothesis by James Lovelock, a UK chemist. While controversial at first, various forms of this idea became accepted to some degree by many scientists.
A variant of this hypothesis was developed by Lynn Margulis, a microbiologist, in 1979. Her version is sometimes called the "Gaia Theory" (note uppercase-T). Her mode ...
See also:Gaia philosophy, Gaia philosophy - Predecessors to the Gaia theory, Gaia philosophy - Range of views, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in biology and science, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in the social sciences, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in politics, Gaia philosophy - Semantic debate Read more here: » Gaia philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Gaia philosophy - Gaia in biology and science |
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| | | | | political philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Gaia philosophy - Semantic debate The question of "what is an organism" and at what scale is it rational to speak about organisms vs. biospheres, give rise to a semantic debate. We are all ecologies in the sense that our (human) bodies contain gut bacteria, parasite species, etc., and to them our body is not organism but rather more of a microclimate or biome. Applying that thinking to whole planets:
The argument is that these symbiotic organisms, being unable to survive apart from each other and their climate and local conditions, form an organism in their own right, ...
See also:Gaia philosophy, Gaia philosophy - Predecessors to the Gaia theory, Gaia philosophy - Range of views, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in biology and science, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in the social sciences, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in politics, Gaia philosophy - Semantic debate Read more here: » Gaia philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Gaia philosophy - Semantic debate |
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| | | | | | | political philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Hilary Putnam - Philosophy of mathematics Putnam and Benacerraf are co-editors of Philosophy of Mathematics: Collected Essays, which contains a useful introduction to the subject.
Putnam also contributed to the resolution of Hilbert's tenth problem in mathematics.
Putnam also held the view that in mathematics, as in physics and other empirical sciences, we don't use only strict logical proofs, but rather, while not doing this explicitly, we use "quasi-empirical" methods. That is, methods like verifying by many calculations that for no integer n > 2 do ...
See also:Hilary Putnam, Hilary Putnam - Philosophy of mind, Hilary Putnam - Philosophy of language, Hilary Putnam - Philosophy of mathematics, Hilary Putnam - Computer science, Hilary Putnam - Metaphilosophy, Hilary Putnam - Political ideology Read more here: » Hilary Putnam: Encyclopedia II - Hilary Putnam - Philosophy of mathematics |
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| | | | | | political philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Karl Popper - Influence By all accounts, Popper has played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within analytic philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students -- chief among them, Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend, two of the foremost philosophers of science in the next generation of analytic philosophy. (Lakatos's work drastically modifies Popper's position, and Feyerabend's repudiates it entirely, but the work of both is deeply influenced by Popper and engaged wi ...
See also:Karl Popper, Karl Popper - Life, Karl Popper - Popper's philosophy, Karl Popper - Philosophy of Science, Karl Popper - Political philosophy, Karl Popper - Problem of Induction, Karl Popper - Influence, Karl Popper - Critics, Karl Popper - Bibliography Read more here: » Karl Popper: Encyclopedia II - Karl Popper - Influence |
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