Political philosophy - The classical period. Political philosophy most broadly concerns the nature and forms of power; more specifically, it involves the principles for proper governance. As an academic discipline, Western political philosophy has its origins in ancient Greek society, when city-states were experimenting with various forms of political organization including monarchy, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy. The first classic work of political philosophy is Plato's The Republic, whic ...

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Political philosophy, Political philosophy - History of political philosophy, Political philosophy - The classical period, Political philosophy - Islamic period, Political philosophy - Medieval period, Political philosophy - The Enlightenment, Political philosophy - Industrialization and the early modern age, Political philosophy - Contemporary political philosophy, Political philosophy - Influential political philosophers

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Political philosophy, Political philosophy - History of political philosophy, Political philosophy - The classical period, Political philosophy - Islamic period, Political philosophy - Medieval period, Political philosophy - The Enlightenment, Political philosophy - Industrialization and the early modern age, Political philosophy - Contemporary political philosophy, Political philosophy - Influential political philosophers

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The industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought. Urbanization and capitalism greatly reshaped society. During this same period, the socialist movement began to form. In the mid-19th century, Marxism was developed, and socialism in general gained increasing popular support, mostly from the urban working class. By the late 19th century, socialism and trade unions were established members of the political landscape. In addit ...

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Political philosophy, Political philosophy - History of political philosophy, Political philosophy - The classical period, Political philosophy - Islamic period, Political philosophy - Medieval period, Political philosophy - The Enlightenment, Political philosophy - Industrialization and the early modern age, Political philosophy - Contemporary political philosophy, Political philosophy - Influential political philosophers

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Analytic philosophy is the dominant philosophical movement in University philosophy departments in English-speaking countries, although one of its founders, Gottlob Frege, was German, and many of its leading proponents, such as Ludwig Wittgenstein, Rudolf Carnap, Kurt Gödel and Karl Popper, were Austrian. Logic and philosophy of language were central strands of analytic philosophy from the beginning, although this dominance has diminished greatly. Several lines of thought originate from the early, language-and-logic part of th ...

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Analytic philosophy - The term analytic philosophy Analytic philosophy - Relation to continental philosophy Analytic philosophy - Formalism and natural languages Analytic philosophy - Formalism
Analytic philosophy - Logical atomism Analytic philosophy - The Tractatus Analytic philosophy - Natural language semantics
Analytic philosophy - Natural language
Analytic philosophy - Reaction against idealism Analytic philosophy - Language as use
Analytic philosophy - Logical positivism and logical empiricism Analytic philosophy - Philosophy of mind cognitive science Analytic philosophy - Ethics in analytic philosophy Analytic philosophy - Political philosophy
Analytic philosophy - Analytical Marxism Analytic philosophy - Communitarianism

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The 20th century brought with it upheavals that produced a series of conflicting developments within philosophy over the basis of knowledge and the validity of various absolutes. With classical certainties thought to be overthrown, and new social, economic, scientific, ethical, and logical problems, 20th-century philosophy was set for a series of attempts variously to reform, preserve, alter, abolish, previously conceived limits. Philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, and epistemology furthered seemingly antagonistic tenden ...

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20th-century philosophy - List of philosophers 20th-century philosophy - Philosophical schools and tendencies 20th-century philosophy - Quasi-philosophical or politically-philosophical movements schools and tendencies

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The common good is a term that can refer to several different concepts. In the popular meaning, the common good describes a specific "good" that is shared and beneficial for all (or most) members of a given community. This is also how the common good is broadly defined in philosophy, ethics, and political science. However, in economics, the term "common good" is used to refer to a competitive non-excludable good. Common good - Common good in philosophy ethics and political science. In ethics and pol ...

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Common good - Common good in philosophy ethics and political science Common good - Common good in economics

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Choice consists of that mental process of thinking involved with the process of judging the merits of multiple options and selecting one for action. Simple examples can involve deciding whether to get up in the morning or go back to sleep, or selecting a given route to make a journey across a country. Most people generally regard having choices as a good thing. But a severely limited or artificially restricted choice can lead to discomfort with choosing or even to unsatisfactory outcomes. On the contrary, unlimited choice may l ...

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Choice - In economics and politics Choice - In philosophy Choice - In law Choice - In psychology

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Realism is commonly defined as a concern for fact or reality and rejection of the impractical and visionary. However, the term realism is used, with varying meanings, in several of the liberal arts; particularly painting, literature, and philosophy. It is also used in international relations. In philosophy, realism is the view that there is an external world that exists independent of our perception of it. Realism - Realism in visual arts and literature. Main article: Realism (arts) In ...

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Realism - Realism in visual arts and literature Realism - Realism in philosophy Realism - Realism in politics Realism - Realism in international relations

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Positivism can have several meanings. Positivism - Law. Legal positivism is a view which, in contrast to the natural law view, claims that a legal system can be defined independently of evaluative terms or propositions. Sometimes legal positivism is understood as the view that laws must be obeyed, whatever their content. The late Carlos Nino called the former view "methodological" and the latter "ideological," claiming that only the former was philosophically defensible. Legal Positi ...

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Positivism - Law Positivism - Political Theory Positivism - Literature Positivism - Philosophy Positivism - Social science

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Communitarianism as a group of related but distinct philosophies began in the late 20th century, opposing aspects of liberalism and capitalism while advocating phenomena such as civil society. Not necessarily hostile to liberalism in the contemporary American sense of the word, communitarianism rather has a different emphasis, shifting the focus of interest toward communities and societies and away from the individual. The question of priority (individual or community) often has the largest impact in the most pressing ethical question ...

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Communitarianism - Terminology Communitarianism - Philosophical communitarianism Communitarianism - Ideological communitarianism
Communitarianism - Communitarian philosophy Communitarianism - Comparison to other political philosophies Communitarianism - Communitarian movement Communitarianism - Writers Communitarianism - Concepts

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The PPE course at Oxford takes three years and awards students with a BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. The average intake across the university is 300 students per year. All undergraduate colleges offer PPE. Philosophy Politics and Economics - Prelims course. In the first year students will take introductory course in all three subjects, mostly taught in the traditional Oxford-style tutorials. These courses include: Introduction to Microeconomics Introduction to Macroeconomic ...

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Philosophy Politics and Economics, Philosophy Politics and Economics - Course of study at Oxford, Philosophy Politics and Economics - Prelims course, Philosophy Politics and Economics - Final Honours Schools

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Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. Pluralism is, in the general sense, the affirmation and acceptance of diversity. The concept is used, often in different ways, in a wide range of issues. In politics, the affirmation of diversity in the interests and beliefs of the citizenry, is one of the most important features of modern democracy. In science, the concept often describes the view that several methods, theories or ...

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Pluralism - Pluralism in politics
Pluralism - Pluralism and the common good Pluralism - Conditions for pluralism Pluralism - Pluralism and Subsidiarity
Pluralism - Pluralism in the scientific community Pluralism - Pluralism in philosophy

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David Charles Stove (1927–1994), was a conservative Australian philosopher of science, and essayist in the popular press. His contributions to the philosophy of science include detailed criticisms of David Hume's inductive skepticism, as well as the alleged irrationalism of his disciplinary contemporaries Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos, and Paul Feyerabend. He also marshalled a positive defense of inductivism in his 1986 work, The Rationality of Induction. Stove was also a staunch critic of sociobiology, going as far as describing the field as a new ...

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David Stove - Life David Stove - Reputation David Stove - Philosophy of Science Induction and Probability David Stove - Polemics against Popper and other 'irrationalists' David Stove - The Plato Cult David Stove - Political Philosophy David Stove - Darwinism David Stove - Stove's contrariness David Stove - A selected bibliography

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Philosophers have identified a positive and negative aspect to the concept of "freedom". "Positive freedom" may generally be defined as the ability of an individual to act to fulfill their potential (see positive liberty). "Negative freedom" may generally be defined as the absence of constraint upon an individual (see negative liberty). For example, according to Thomas Hobbes an individual is free to act when the law does not prohibit an act or is otherwise silent on the matter. Isaiah Berlin and others examined the difference between the positive and negati ...

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Freedom political, Freedom political - Philosophy of political freedom, Freedom political - Types of freedom, Freedom political - Different views on political freedom, Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world, Freedom political - Quotes about political freedom

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Philosophers have identified a positive and negative aspect to the concept of "freedom". "Positive freedom" may generally be defined as the ability of an individual to act to fulfill their potential (see positive liberty). "Negative freedom" may generally be defined as the absence of constraint upon an individual (see negative liberty). For example, according to Thomas Hobbes an individual is free to act when the law does not prohibit an act or is otherwise silent on the matter. Isaiah Berlin and others examined the difference between the positive and negati ...

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Freedom political, Freedom political - Philosophy of political freedom, Freedom political - Types of freedom, Freedom political - Different views on political freedom, Freedom political - Recent trends in political freedom around the world, Freedom political - Famous sayings

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Some radical political environmentalists who accept some form of the Gaia theory call themselves Gaians. They actively seek to restore the Earth's homeostasis - whenever they see it out of balance, e.g. to prevent manmade climate change, primate extinction, or rainforest loss. In effect, they seek to cooperate to 'become' the "system consciously manipulating to make conditions more conducive to life". Such activity 'defines' the homeostasis, but for leverage it relies on deep investigation of the homeorhetic balances, if only to find places to interven ...

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Gaia philosophy, Gaia philosophy - Predecessors to the Gaia theory, Gaia philosophy - Range of views, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in biology and science, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in the social sciences, Gaia philosophy - Gaia in politics, Gaia philosophy - Semantic debate

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Nihilism was not a political movement. It was a youth culture. Nevertheless, it led to the politization and radicalization of the Russian youth. Many revolutionaries like Nikolai Tchaikovsky, Sophia Perovskaya, Sergei Kravchinski, Vera Zasulich and Sergey Nechayev were adept of Nihilist values. Nihilist political philosophy rejected all religious and political authority, social traditions, and traditional morality as standing in opposition to freedom, the ultimate ideal. In this sense, it can be seen as an extreme form of anarchism, but ...

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Nihilist movement, Nihilist movement - History, Nihilist movement - Historical context, Nihilist movement - Political philosophy

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Libertarians tend to call themselves "individualists" and claim to oppose anything that they see as paternalistic or collectivist. Many libertarians hold that all liberties they support (such as privacy, freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the freedom to trade) are justifiable on the same philosophical or ethical foundations. Some libertarians have elaborate philosophies to support their positions while others express an instinctive politics. Libertarianism - Rights and the law. Main articles: ...

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Libertarianism, Libertarianism - Terminology, Libertarianism - A typographical convention, Libertarianism - Libertarianism in the political spectrum, Libertarianism - Classical liberalism, Libertarianism - Libertarian politics and philosophy, Libertarianism - Rights and the law, Libertarianism - Private property, Libertarianism - Libertarian economic views, Libertarianism - Libertarian philosophy in the academy, Libertarianism - The libertarian movement, Libertarianism - Disputes among libertarians, Libertarianism - Criticism of libertarianism, Libertarianism - Notes and references

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Rawls is noted for his contributions to liberal political philosophy. Among the ideas from Rawls's work that have received wide attention are: Justice As Fairness which consists of the liberty principle and the difference principle. The original position. Reflective equilibrium. Overlapping consensus. Public reason. Many academic philosophers believe that Rawls made an important and lasting contribution to political philosophy. There is general agreement that the publication of < ...

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John Rawls, John Rawls - Biographical Sketch, John Rawls - Rawls's contribution to political and moral philosophy, John Rawls - A Theory of Justice, John Rawls - Political Liberalism, John Rawls - Publications, John Rawls - Books, John Rawls - Articles, John Rawls - Book chapters, John Rawls - Reviews, John Rawls - Selected secondary literature, John Rawls - Awards

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Main article: Federalist The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context. Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can be either centralising or decentralising. For example, at the time those nations were being established, 'federalists' in the United States and Australia were those who advocated the creation of strong central government. Similarly, in European Union politics, federalists are mostly tho ...

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Federation, Federation - Federations and other forms of state, Federation - Unitary States, Federation - Other forms of state, Federation - European Union, Federation - Russian Federation, Federation - Soviet Union, Federation - Constitutional structure, Federation - Division of powers, Federation - Organs of government, Federation - Other technical terms, Federation - Federalism as a political philosophy, Federation - Internal controversy and conflict, Federation - List of federations, Federation - Contemporary, Federation - Defunct, Federation - Notable Fictional Federations, Federation - List of unitary states with devolution, Federation - Footnotes

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