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Polish Secret State | A Wisdom Archive on Polish Secret State | | Polish Secret State A selection of articles related to Polish Secret State | |
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Polish Secret State
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Polish Secret State | | | |  Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - CultureThe Commonwealth was one of the important European sites for the development of modern social and political ideas. It was famous for its unique quasi-democratic political system praised by philosophers such as Erasmus, was known for a near-unparallelled religious tolerance during the Counter-Reformation, hence the numerosity of peacefuly coexisting Catholic, Jewish, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and even Muslim communities. It gave rise to the famous Christian sect of Polish Bre ...
See also:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Duchy of Warsaw - Military and economic demands The duchy's armed forces were completely under French control via its war minister, Prince Józef Poniatowski, who was also a Marshal of France. In fact, the duchy was heavily militarised, bordered as it was by Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and Russia, and it was to be a significant source for troops in various campaigns of Napoleon.
The standing army was of a considerable size when compared to the duchy's number of inhabitants. Initially consisting of 45,000 of regular soldiers (made up of both cavalry and infantry), its numbers were ...
See also:Duchy of Warsaw, Duchy of Warsaw - Formation of the duchy, Duchy of Warsaw - Geography and demographics, Duchy of Warsaw - The departments, Duchy of Warsaw - Military and economic demands, Duchy of Warsaw - The end of the duchy, Duchy of Warsaw - Napoleon's campaign against Russia, Duchy of Warsaw - The Congress of Vienna and the Fourth Partition, Duchy of Warsaw - The duchy's legacy, Duchy of Warsaw - Duchy of Warsaw vs. Grand Duchy of Warsaw Read more here: » Duchy of Warsaw: Encyclopedia II - Duchy of Warsaw - Military and economic demands |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Duchy of Warsaw - Geography and demographics According to the Treaties of Tilsit, the area of the duchy covered roughly the areas of the 2nd and 3rd Prussian partitions, with the exception of Danzig (Gdańsk), which was made a free city under joint French and Saxon "protection", and the district around Białystok, which was given to Russia. The Prussian territory was made up of territory from the former Prussian provinces of New East Prussia, Southern Prussia, New Silesia, and West Prussia. In addition, the new state was giv ...
See also:Duchy of Warsaw, Duchy of Warsaw - Formation of the duchy, Duchy of Warsaw - Geography and demographics, Duchy of Warsaw - The departments, Duchy of Warsaw - Military and economic demands, Duchy of Warsaw - The end of the duchy, Duchy of Warsaw - Napoleon's campaign against Russia, Duchy of Warsaw - The Congress of Vienna and the Fourth Partition, Duchy of Warsaw - The duchy's legacy, Duchy of Warsaw - Duchy of Warsaw vs. Grand Duchy of Warsaw Read more here: » Duchy of Warsaw: Encyclopedia II - Duchy of Warsaw - Geography and demographics |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Duchy of Warsaw - Duchy of Warsaw vs. Grand Duchy of Warsaw The Duchy of Warsaw is commonly referred to today as the "Grand Duchy of Warsaw". However, the duchy was not referred to as such in French, which was both the diplomatic language of the time, and of course the language of the French Empire which created the state.
Article 5 of the Treaty of Tilsit, which created the duchy, the Convention which transferred it to Saxony, and Article 1 of the Act of the Congress of Vienna, which eff ...
See also:Duchy of Warsaw, Duchy of Warsaw - Formation of the duchy, Duchy of Warsaw - Geography and demographics, Duchy of Warsaw - The departments, Duchy of Warsaw - Military and economic demands, Duchy of Warsaw - The end of the duchy, Duchy of Warsaw - Napoleon's campaign against Russia, Duchy of Warsaw - The Congress of Vienna and the Fourth Partition, Duchy of Warsaw - The duchy's legacy, Duchy of Warsaw - Duchy of Warsaw vs. Grand Duchy of Warsaw Read more here: » Duchy of Warsaw: Encyclopedia II - Duchy of Warsaw - Duchy of Warsaw vs. Grand Duchy of Warsaw |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - Origin and variations of the name The name Galicia et Lodomeria was first used in the 13th century by King Andrew II of Hungary. It was a Latinized version of the Slavic names Halych and Volodymyr, the major cities of the Ukrainian or Ruthenian principality of Halych-Volhynia, which was under Hungarian rule at the time.
The origin of the Ukrainian name Halych (Halicz in Polish, Galich in Russian, Galic in Latin) is uncertain. Some historians believe it has to do with people of Celtic origin settled nearby, and is related to many similar pla ...
See also:Galicia Central Europe, Galicia Central Europe - Origin and variations of the name, Galicia Central Europe - Galicia and Lodomeria in different languages, Galicia Central Europe - History, Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland, Galicia Central Europe - From partitions of Poland to the Congress of Vienna, Galicia Central Europe - From 1815 to 1860, Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional experiments, Galicia Central Europe - Galician autonomy, Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration, Galicia Central Europe - First World War and Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Galicia Central Europe - Second World War and Distrikt Galizien, Galicia Central Europe - Legacy, Galicia Central Europe - Economy, Galicia Central Europe - Major cities and towns, Galicia Central Europe - Personalities from Galicia Read more here: » Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - Origin and variations of the name |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration Beginning in the 1880s, a mass emigration of the Galician peasantry occurred. The emigration started as a seasonal one to Germany (newly unified and economically dynamic) and then later became a Trans-Atlantic one with large-scale emigration to The United States, Brazil, and Canada.
Caused by the backward economic condition of Galicia where rural poverty was widespread (See "Economy" below), the emigration began in the western, Polish populated part of Galicia and quickly shifted east to the Ukrainian inhabited parts. Poles, Ukrainian ...
See also:Galicia Central Europe, Galicia Central Europe - Origin and variations of the name, Galicia Central Europe - Galicia and Lodomeria in different languages, Galicia Central Europe - History, Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland, Galicia Central Europe - From partitions of Poland to the Congress of Vienna, Galicia Central Europe - From 1815 to 1860, Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional experiments, Galicia Central Europe - Galician autonomy, Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration, Galicia Central Europe - First World War and Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Galicia Central Europe - Second World War and Distrikt Galizien, Galicia Central Europe - Legacy, Galicia Central Europe - Economy, Galicia Central Europe - Major cities and towns, Galicia Central Europe - Personalities from Galicia Read more here: » Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional experiments In 1859, following Austrian military defeat in Italy, the Empire entered a period of constitutional experiments. In 1860, the Vienna Government, influenced by Agenor Goluchowski, issued its October Diploma, which envisioned a conservative federalization of the empire, but a negative reaction in the German-speaking lands led to changes in government and the issuing of the February Patent which watered down this de-centralization. Nevertheless, by 1861, Galicia was granted a Legislative Assembly or Sejm. Although at first pro-Habsburg R ...
See also:Galicia Central Europe, Galicia Central Europe - Origin and variations of the name, Galicia Central Europe - Galicia and Lodomeria in different languages, Galicia Central Europe - History, Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland, Galicia Central Europe - From partitions of Poland to the Congress of Vienna, Galicia Central Europe - From 1815 to 1860, Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional experiments, Galicia Central Europe - Galician autonomy, Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration, Galicia Central Europe - First World War and Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Galicia Central Europe - Second World War and Distrikt Galizien, Galicia Central Europe - Legacy, Galicia Central Europe - Economy, Galicia Central Europe - Major cities and towns, Galicia Central Europe - Personalities from Galicia Read more here: » Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional experiments |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Duchy of Warsaw - Formation of the duchy The area of the duchy had already been liberated by a popular uprising that had escalated from anti-conscription rioting in 1806. One of the first tasks for the new government included providing food to the French army fighting the Russians in East Prussia.
The Duchy of Warsaw was officially created by Napoleon Bonaparte, as part of the Treaty of Tilsit with Prussia. Its creation met the support of both local republicans in partitioned Poland, and the large Polish diaspora in France, who openly supported Napoleon as the only man capab ...
See also:Duchy of Warsaw, Duchy of Warsaw - Formation of the duchy, Duchy of Warsaw - Geography and demographics, Duchy of Warsaw - The departments, Duchy of Warsaw - Military and economic demands, Duchy of Warsaw - The end of the duchy, Duchy of Warsaw - Napoleon's campaign against Russia, Duchy of Warsaw - The Congress of Vienna and the Fourth Partition, Duchy of Warsaw - The duchy's legacy, Duchy of Warsaw - Duchy of Warsaw vs. Grand Duchy of Warsaw Read more here: » Duchy of Warsaw: Encyclopedia II - Duchy of Warsaw - Formation of the duchy |
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| | | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces
Polish September Campaign - Germany.
Germany had a large numerical advantage over Polish forces, and the German economy was geared toward military production. The Wehrmacht had some 2,400 tanks organized into six panzer divisions using the new operational doctrine. They acted with other units to punch holes in the enemy line and isolate selected enemy units, which the infantry would then encircle and destroy. This would be repeated and followed up by less mobile mechanized infantry and foot soldiers. The German a ...
See also:Polish September Campaign, Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces, Polish September Campaign - Germany, Polish September Campaign - Soviet Union, Polish September Campaign - Poland, Polish September Campaign - Order of battle, Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Plans, Polish September Campaign - Phase 1: German aggression, Polish September Campaign - Phase 2: Soviet aggression, Polish September Campaign - Civilian losses, Polish September Campaign - Aftermath, Polish September Campaign - Notes Read more here: » Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography The lands that once belonged to the Commonwealth are now largely distributed among several Central and East European countries: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, with smaller pieces in Estonia, Slovakia, Romania and Moldova.
While the term "Poland" was also commonly used to denote this whole polity, Poland was in fact only part of a greater whole — the Commonwealth, which comprised primarily two parts:
the Crown of the Polish Kingdom (Poland proper), colloquially "the Crown"; a ...
See also:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign The Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, took power in Germany in 1933. Hitler at first ostentatiously pursued a policy of rapprochement with Poland, culminating in the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934. However, following Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938, and most of Czechoslovakia in 1939, under the continued Allied policy of appeasement, the Nazi regime turned its attention to Poland. Of special concern to Germany was the Free City of Danzig and the fact that German exclave of East Prussia was separated from mainland by little- ...
See also:Polish September Campaign, Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces, Polish September Campaign - Germany, Polish September Campaign - Soviet Union, Polish September Campaign - Poland, Polish September Campaign - Order of battle, Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Plans, Polish September Campaign - Phase 1: German aggression, Polish September Campaign - Phase 2: Soviet aggression, Polish September Campaign - Civilian losses, Polish September Campaign - Aftermath, Polish September Campaign - Notes Read more here: » Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy The economy of the Commonwealth was dominated by feudal agriculture based on exploitation of agricultural workforce (serfs). Typically a nobleman's landholding comprised a folwark, a large farm worked by serfs to produce surpluses for internal and external trade. The peasantry's situation worsened from the late 17th century on, when the landed szlachta sought to compensate for falling grain prices by increasing the peasants' workload, thus leading to the creation of second serfdom, ...
See also:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy |
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| | | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - Economy Despite being one of the most populous regions in Europe, Galicia was also one of the least developed economically. The first detailed description of the economic situation of the region was prepared by Stanislaw Szczepanowski (1846–1900), a Polish lawyer, economist and chemist who in 1873 published the first version of his report titled Nędza galicyjska w cyfrach (The Galician Poverty in Numbers). Based on his own experience as a worker in the India Office, as well as his work on development of the oil industry in the regio ...
See also:Galicia Central Europe, Galicia Central Europe - Origin and variations of the name, Galicia Central Europe - Galicia and Lodomeria in different languages, Galicia Central Europe - History, Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland, Galicia Central Europe - From partitions of Poland to the Congress of Vienna, Galicia Central Europe - From 1815 to 1860, Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional experiments, Galicia Central Europe - Galician autonomy, Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration, Galicia Central Europe - First World War and Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Galicia Central Europe - Second World War and Distrikt Galizien, Galicia Central Europe - Legacy, Galicia Central Europe - Economy, Galicia Central Europe - Major cities and towns, Galicia Central Europe - Personalities from Galicia Read more here: » Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - Economy |
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