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Polish Secret State | A Wisdom Archive on Polish Secret State | | Polish Secret State A selection of articles related to Polish Secret State | |
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Polish Secret State
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Polish Secret State | | | |  Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Poland
Western betrayal - First World War aftermath.
After the First World War, Poland regained independence after 123 years of partitions. While the victorious Western allies proclaimed their support for an independent Poland, their hidden motivation was to weaken Germany and Russia. Therefore their actual support was limited. One instance is the affair of Silesia. Many French and British politicians desired the industrial region of Silesia to remain part of Germany, so that Germany would have an easier time paying the ...
See also:Western betrayal, Western betrayal - Diplomacy & Eastern Europe Between the Wars, Western betrayal - Croatia, Western betrayal - Czechoslovakia, Western betrayal - Munich Conference, Western betrayal - Second World War Ally, Western betrayal - Finland, Western betrayal - Poland, Western betrayal - First World War aftermath, Western betrayal - Up to 1939, Western betrayal - 1940s, Western betrayal - Russia, Western betrayal - Spain, Western betrayal - Ukraine, Western betrayal - Yugoslavia, Western betrayal - Essays and articles, Western betrayal - Dictionaries Read more here: » Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Poland |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign
Polish September Campaign - Plans.
The German plan Fall Weiss, for what became known as the September campaign, was created by General Franz Halder, chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief of the upcoming campaign. The plan called for the start of hostilities before the declaration of war and to pursue the doctrine of lightning war, later known as blitzkrieg. The novel concept of blitzkrieg called for German tanks (panzers) to attac ...
See also:Polish September Campaign, Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces, Polish September Campaign - Germany, Polish September Campaign - Soviet Union, Polish September Campaign - Poland, Polish September Campaign - Order of battle, Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Plans, Polish September Campaign - Phase 1: German aggression, Polish September Campaign - Phase 2: Soviet aggression, Polish September Campaign - Civilian losses, Polish September Campaign - Aftermath, Polish September Campaign - Notes Read more here: » Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - History
Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland.
Main articles: Red Ruthenia and Halych-Volhynia
The region of what later became known as Galicia appears to have been incorporated, in large part, into the Empire of Great Moravia. It is first attested in the Primary Chronicle under 981, when Volodymyr the Great of Kievan Rus took over the Red Ruthenian cities i ...
See also:Galicia Central Europe, Galicia Central Europe - Origin and variations of the name, Galicia Central Europe - Galicia and Lodomeria in different languages, Galicia Central Europe - History, Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland, Galicia Central Europe - From partitions of Poland to the Congress of Vienna, Galicia Central Europe - From 1815 to 1860, Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional experiments, Galicia Central Europe - Galician autonomy, Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration, Galicia Central Europe - First World War and Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Galicia Central Europe - Second World War and Distrikt Galizien, Galicia Central Europe - Legacy, Galicia Central Europe - Economy, Galicia Central Europe - Major cities and towns, Galicia Central Europe - Personalities from Galicia, Galicia Central Europe - External link Read more here: » Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - History |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Operation Tempest - History
Operation Tempest - Plan.
The Home Army had from its inception been preparing a national armed rising against the Germans. The basic framework of the future rising had been created in September 1942. According to the plan, the Uprising was to be ordered by the Polish Commander in Chief in Exile when the defeat of the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front had become apparent. The Uprising was to begin in Central Poland: in the "General Gouvernement," Zagłębie, Kraków Voivo ...
See also:Operation Tempest, Operation Tempest - History, Operation Tempest - Plan, Operation Tempest - Allies' ally, Operation Tempest - Operation Storm, Operation Tempest - Operation Ostra Brama, Operation Tempest - Lwów Uprising, Operation Tempest - Warsaw Uprising, Operation Tempest - Outcome Read more here: » Operation Tempest: Encyclopedia II - Operation Tempest - History |
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| | | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Poland - History Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century. In the 12th century Poland fragmented into several smaller states, which were later ravaged by the Mongol armies of the Golden Horde in 1241. In 1320 Władysław I became the King of ...
See also:Poland, Poland - Name, Poland - History, Poland - Politics, Poland - Geography, Poland - Principal Cities, Poland - Administrative division, Poland - Economy, Poland - Science technology and education, Poland - Telecommunication and IT, Poland - Transportation, Poland - Tourism and holidays, Poland - Demographics, Poland - Culture, Poland - UNESCO World Heritage in Poland, Poland - International rankings Read more here: » Poland: Encyclopedia II - Poland - History |
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| | | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - The Jagiellon Era 1385-1572 Main articles: History of Poland (1385-1569), Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons
The personal union with the grand duchy of Lithuania to the north-east paved the way for the extension of Polish power far to the east and the creation (Union of Lublin, 1569) of a unified Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) stretching from the Baltic and the Carpathians to present-day Belarus and ...
See also:History of Poland, History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385, History of Poland - The Jagiellon Era 1385-1572, History of Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1572-1795, History of Poland - Partitioned Poland 1795-1918, History of Poland - Independence Regained 1918-1939, History of Poland - World War II in Poland 1939-1945, History of Poland - People's Republic of Poland 1945-1989, History of Poland - Martial law, History of Poland - The Third Republic 1989-present Read more here: » History of Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - The Jagiellon Era 1385-1572 |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Grand Duchy of Poznań - Area and population The area was 28,951 km² and contained most of the territories of the historical province of Greater Poland, which comprised the western parts of the Duchy of Warsaw (Departments of Poznań, Bydgoszcz, partly Kalisz) that were ceded to Prussia according to the Congress of Vienna (1815) with an international guarantee of self-administration and free development of the Polish nation.
Population:
776,000 (1815)
820,000 (18 ...
See also:Grand Duchy of Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Area and population, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Territorial administration, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Poznań District Rejencja Poznańska Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Bydgoszcz District Rejencja Bydgoska Bydgoszcz, Grand Duchy of Poznań - History, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Repression system after 1830, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Milder period after 1840, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Autonomy abolished 1848, Grand Duchy of Poznań - The Kulturkampf in 1880s, Grand Duchy of Poznań - The liberation 1918-1919, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Polish organizations in the Grand Duchy of Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - German organizations in the Grand Duchy of Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Famous people of the Grand Duchy of Poznań Read more here: » Grand Duchy of Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Grand Duchy of Poznań - Area and population |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1572-1795 Main articles: History of Poland (1569-1795), Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, following upon the Union of Lublin, became an interesting counterpoint to the absolute monarchies gaining power in Europe. It's quasi-democratic political system of Golden Liberty, albeit limited to nobility (szlachta) was mostly unprecedented in the history of Europe.
However the series of power struggles between the lesser nobility, the higher nobility (magnates) and elected kings undermined citizensh ...
See also:History of Poland, History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385, History of Poland - The Jagiellon Era 1385-1572, History of Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1572-1795, History of Poland - Partitioned Poland 1795-1918, History of Poland - Independence Regained 1918-1939, History of Poland - World War II in Poland 1939-1945, History of Poland - People's Republic of Poland 1945-1989, History of Poland - Martial law, History of Poland - The Third Republic 1989-present Read more here: » History of Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1572-1795 |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - Partitioned Poland 1795-1918 Main articles: History of Poland (1795-1918), Kingdom of Galicia, Duchy of Warsaw, Congress Kingdom, Free City of Kraków, Grand Duchy of Poznań, Regency Kingdom
Polish independence ended in a series of partitions (1772, 1793 and 1795) undertaken by Russia, Prussia and Austria, with Russia gaining most of the Commonwealth's territory including nearly all of the former Lithuania (except Podlasie and lands West from Niemen river), Volhynia and Ukraine. Austria gained the populous southern region henceforth named Galicia–Lodome ...
See also:History of Poland, History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385, History of Poland - The Jagiellon Era 1385-1572, History of Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1572-1795, History of Poland - Partitioned Poland 1795-1918, History of Poland - Independence Regained 1918-1939, History of Poland - World War II in Poland 1939-1945, History of Poland - People's Republic of Poland 1945-1989, History of Poland - Martial law, History of Poland - The Third Republic 1989-present Read more here: » History of Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - Partitioned Poland 1795-1918 |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Spain A similar feeling occurred among the supporters of the Second Spanish Republic. During the Spanish Civil War, the democratic countries had taken to neutrality instead of supporting the democratically-elected republic against the rebels supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. At most, the people of France, Belgium and Britain took refugee children, and some foreign volunteers, mostly leftists, joined the International Brigades. Only the Soviet Union offered military help to the Republic.
To this perception, they added the treatment of republican soldiers that fled to France who w ...
See also:Western betrayal, Western betrayal - Diplomacy & Eastern Europe Between the Wars, Western betrayal - Croatia, Western betrayal - Czechoslovakia, Western betrayal - Munich Conference, Western betrayal - Second World War Ally, Western betrayal - Finland, Western betrayal - Poland, Western betrayal - First World War aftermath, Western betrayal - Up to 1939, Western betrayal - 1940s, Western betrayal - Russia, Western betrayal - Spain, Western betrayal - Ukraine, Western betrayal - Yugoslavia, Western betrayal - Essays and articles, Western betrayal - Dictionaries Read more here: » Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Spain |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Grand Duchy of Poznań - History Up to 1830 the Prussian authorities were relatively tolerant to the Polish people, although the Prussian administrative schemes were introduced and the role of German language was strengthened in education.
Grand Duchy of Poznań - Repression system after 1830.
After the November Uprising (1830 in Congress Poland against Russia) which was significantly supported by the Poles from the Grand Duchy of Poznań, the Prussian administration under over-president Edward Flotwell introduced a system of police and r ...
See also:Grand Duchy of Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Area and population, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Territorial administration, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Poznań District Rejencja Poznańska Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Bydgoszcz District Rejencja Bydgoska Bydgoszcz, Grand Duchy of Poznań - History, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Repression system after 1830, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Milder period after 1840, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Autonomy abolished 1848, Grand Duchy of Poznań - The Kulturkampf in 1880s, Grand Duchy of Poznań - The liberation 1918-1919, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Polish organizations in the Grand Duchy of Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - German organizations in the Grand Duchy of Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Famous people of the Grand Duchy of Poznań Read more here: » Grand Duchy of Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Grand Duchy of Poznań - History |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - Independence Regained 1918-1939 Main articles: History of Poland (1918-1939), Second Polish Republic
The upcoming World War I and the political turbulence that was sweeping throughout Europe in 1914 offered the Polish nation hopes for regaining independence. By the end of World War I, Poland had seen the defeat or retreat of all three occupying powers.
Polish independence was eventually proclaimed on November 3, 1918 and later confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919; the same treaty also gave Poland some German and Austrian territories (see Polis ...
See also:History of Poland, History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385, History of Poland - The Jagiellon Era 1385-1572, History of Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1572-1795, History of Poland - Partitioned Poland 1795-1918, History of Poland - Independence Regained 1918-1939, History of Poland - World War II in Poland 1939-1945, History of Poland - People's Republic of Poland 1945-1989, History of Poland - Martial law, History of Poland - The Third Republic 1989-present Read more here: » History of Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - Independence Regained 1918-1939 |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Yugoslavia At the Tehran Conference in November 1943, a decision was made by the Allies to cease their support of the Royalist Chetniks, and switch allegiances to Josip Broz Tito's communist Yugoslav National Liberation Army.
While the West (primarily the UK) had supported the Yugoslav monarchy (allowing the exiled King to settle in London and providing assistance to the Chetniks via RAF and SOE) prior to 1943, the people of Yugoslavia had by and large already abandoned it, given how the kingdom deteriorated after the death of King Aleksandar an ...
See also:Western betrayal, Western betrayal - Diplomacy & Eastern Europe Between the Wars, Western betrayal - Croatia, Western betrayal - Czechoslovakia, Western betrayal - Munich Conference, Western betrayal - Second World War Ally, Western betrayal - Finland, Western betrayal - Poland, Western betrayal - First World War aftermath, Western betrayal - Up to 1939, Western betrayal - 1940s, Western betrayal - Russia, Western betrayal - Spain, Western betrayal - Ukraine, Western betrayal - Yugoslavia, Western betrayal - Essays and articles, Western betrayal - Dictionaries Read more here: » Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Yugoslavia |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Essays and articles
Western betrayal - Dictionaries.
Betrayal - Wiktionary
Betrayal - Cambridge Dictionary
Betrayal - Dictionary.com
...
See also:Western betrayal, Western betrayal - Diplomacy & Eastern Europe Between the Wars, Western betrayal - Croatia, Western betrayal - Czechoslovakia, Western betrayal - Munich Conference, Western betrayal - Second World War Ally, Western betrayal - Finland, Western betrayal - Poland, Western betrayal - First World War aftermath, Western betrayal - Up to 1939, Western betrayal - 1940s, Western betrayal - Russia, Western betrayal - Spain, Western betrayal - Ukraine, Western betrayal - Yugoslavia, Western betrayal - Essays and articles, Western betrayal - Dictionaries Read more here: » Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Essays and articles |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Finland Contrary to many countries reborn after the World War I, Finland remained neutral and did not enter direct military alliances. The League of Nations and the international community were seen as warrants of peace, but the governments of Finland saw their main warrant lay in posing no danger to the Soviet Union. In March-April 1938, Joseph Stalin decided that the next target of German expansion following Austria would be Finland, and placed intense pressure on the Finnish government to allow the Soviet Union extra-territorial rights in and ter ...
See also:Western betrayal, Western betrayal - Diplomacy & Eastern Europe Between the Wars, Western betrayal - Croatia, Western betrayal - Czechoslovakia, Western betrayal - Munich Conference, Western betrayal - Second World War Ally, Western betrayal - Finland, Western betrayal - Poland, Western betrayal - First World War aftermath, Western betrayal - Up to 1939, Western betrayal - 1940s, Western betrayal - Russia, Western betrayal - Spain, Western betrayal - Ukraine, Western betrayal - Yugoslavia, Western betrayal - Essays and articles, Western betrayal - Dictionaries Read more here: » Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Finland |
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| | | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - People's Republic of Poland - Economy Poland suffered enormous losses during World War II. While in 1939 Poland had 35.1 million inhabitants, the census of 14 February 1946 showed only 23.9 million inhabitants. The losses in national resources and infrastructure amounted to 38%. Compared to Western nations, including Germany, Poland was still mostly an agricultural country. The implementation of the immense tasks involved with the reconstruction of the country was intertwined with the struggle of the new government for the stabilisation of power, made even more difficult by the ...
See also:People's Republic of Poland, People's Republic of Poland - History, People's Republic of Poland - Government and politics, People's Republic of Poland - Economy, People's Republic of Poland - Culture, People's Republic of Poland - Demographics, People's Republic of Poland - Geography Read more here: » People's Republic of Poland: Encyclopedia II - People's Republic of Poland - Economy |
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| | | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces
Polish September Campaign - Germany.
Germany had a large numerical advantage over Polish forces, and had developed a significant military. The Wehrmacht had some 2,400 tanks organized into six panzer divisions using the new operational doctrine. They theoretically acted with other units to punch holes in the enemy line and isolate selected enemy units, which the infantry would then encircle and destroy. This would be repeated and followed up by less mobile mechanized infantry and foot soldiers. The German airforc ...
See also:Polish September Campaign, Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces, Polish September Campaign - Germany, Polish September Campaign - Soviet Union, Polish September Campaign - Poland, Polish September Campaign - Order of battle, Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Plans, Polish September Campaign - Phase 1: German aggression, Polish September Campaign - Phase 2: Soviet aggression, Polish September Campaign - Civilian losses, Polish September Campaign - Aftermath, Polish September Campaign - Notes Read more here: » Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Diplomacy & Eastern Europe Between the Wars Starting in 1919, it was the policy of France to construct a cordon sanitaire (security cordon) in Eastern Europe that was designed to keep both the Germans and Soviets out. The crushing of Béla Kun's Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 by the combined forces of Romania, Czechoslovakia, and France was an early example of cordon sanitaire in action. In 1921, France signed a defensive alliance with Poland committing both states to come to each other's aid in the event of one of the powers being attacked by another European power. In 1924, the French signed a similar defen ...
See also:Western betrayal, Western betrayal - Diplomacy & Eastern Europe Between the Wars, Western betrayal - Croatia, Western betrayal - Czechoslovakia, Western betrayal - Munich Conference, Western betrayal - Second World War Ally, Western betrayal - Finland, Western betrayal - Poland, Western betrayal - First World War aftermath, Western betrayal - Up to 1939, Western betrayal - 1940s, Western betrayal - Russia, Western betrayal - Spain, Western betrayal - Ukraine, Western betrayal - Yugoslavia, Western betrayal - Essays and articles, Western betrayal - Dictionaries Read more here: » Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Diplomacy & Eastern Europe Between the Wars |
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