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Polish Secret State | A Wisdom Archive on Polish Secret State | | Polish Secret State A selection of articles related to Polish Secret State | |
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Polish Secret State
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Polish Secret State | | | |  Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Resistance movement - BackgroundResistance movements can include any irregular armed force that rises up against an enforced or established authority, government, or administration. This frequently includes groups that consider themselves to be resisting tyranny. Some resistance movements are underground organizations engaged in a struggle for national liberation in a country under military occupation or totalitarian domination.
Tactics of resistance movements against a constituted authority range from nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, to industrial sabo ...
See also:Resistance movement, Resistance movement - Background, Resistance movement - Resistance movements, Resistance movement - Post-World War II, Resistance movement - World War II, Resistance movement - Pre-World War II, Resistance movement - Pre-20th Century, Resistance movement - Notable individuals in resistance movements, Resistance movement - World War II anti-Nazi anti-Fascist, Resistance movement - Other Resistance Movements Read more here: » Resistance movement: Encyclopedia II - Resistance movement - Background |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Armia Krajowa - Relations with Lithuanians
Relations between Lithuanians and Poles were strained during most of the interwar period due to conflicts over the Vilnius region and Suvalkai region, where there was a large Lithuanian minority. During the war these conflicts resurfaced as Armia Krajowa's ideal of a Polish state included the Vilnius region.
On June 23, 1944, AK committed a massacre of Lithuanian civilians[citation needed], at Dubingiai where 27 Lithuanian civilians, including women and children were murdered. Some Lithuanian authors suggest a ...
See also:Armia Krajowa, Armia Krajowa - Origins, Armia Krajowa - Structure, Armia Krajowa - Weapons and equipment, Armia Krajowa - Operations, Armia Krajowa - Relations with Jews, Armia Krajowa - Relations with Lithuanians, Armia Krajowa - External link Read more here: » Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia II - Armia Krajowa - Relations with Lithuanians |
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| | | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Armia Krajowa - Origins The AK originated from the Sluzba Zwyciestwu Polski (Polish Victory Service), set up on 27 September 1939 by General Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski. On 17 November 1939 General Władysław Sikorski replaced this organization with the Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Union for Armed Struggle), which after joining with the Polski Związek Powstanczy (Polish Union of Resistance) became the AK on 14 February 1942.
Stefan Rowecki (known as Grot, or "arrowhead"), served as the AK's first commander until his arrest in 19 ...
See also:Armia Krajowa, Armia Krajowa - Origins, Armia Krajowa - Structure, Armia Krajowa - Weapons and equipment, Armia Krajowa - Operations, Armia Krajowa - Relations with Jews, Armia Krajowa - Relations with Lithuanians Read more here: » Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia II - Armia Krajowa - Origins |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Armia Krajowa - Structure The executive branch of the AK was the operational command, composed of many units. Estimates of the AK membership in the first half of 1944 range from 250,000 to 350,000, with more than 10,000 officers. Most of the other Polish underground armies became incorporated into the AK, including:
The Konfederacja Narodu (Confederation of the People) (1943).
The Bataliony Chłopskie (Peasants' Battalions).
A large military organization of the Stronnictwo Ludowe (People's Party).
The So ...
See also:Armia Krajowa, Armia Krajowa - Origins, Armia Krajowa - Structure, Armia Krajowa - Weapons and equipment, Armia Krajowa - Operations, Armia Krajowa - Relations with Jews, Armia Krajowa - Relations with Lithuanians Read more here: » Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia II - Armia Krajowa - Structure |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Armia Krajowa - Operations While the AK did not engender a general revolt, its forces did carry out intensive economic and armed sabotage. In 1944 it acted on a broad scale, notably in initiating the Warsaw Uprising, which broke out on 1 August 1944. It had the aim of liberating Warsaw before the arrival of the Soviet Red Army. While the insurgents released a few hundred prisoners from the Gesia St. concentration camp and carried out fierce street-fighting, the Germans eventually defeated the rebels and burned the city, finally q ...
See also:Armia Krajowa, Armia Krajowa - Origins, Armia Krajowa - Structure, Armia Krajowa - Weapons and equipment, Armia Krajowa - Operations, Armia Krajowa - Relations with Jews, Armia Krajowa - Relations with Lithuanians Read more here: » Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia II - Armia Krajowa - Operations |
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| | | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Armia Krajowa - Relations with Lithuanians Relations between Lithuanians and Poles were strained during most of the interwar period due to conflicts over the Vilnius region and Suvalkai region, where there was a large Lithuanian minority. During the war these conflicts resurfaced as Armia Krajowa's ideal of a Polish state included the Vilnius region.
On June 23, 1944, AK committed a massacre of Lithuanian civilians[citation needed], at Dubingiai where 27 Lithuanian civilians, including women and children were murdered. Some Lithuanian authors suggest a higher ...
See also:Armia Krajowa, Armia Krajowa - Origins, Armia Krajowa - Structure, Armia Krajowa - Weapons and equipment, Armia Krajowa - Operations, Armia Krajowa - Relations with Jews, Armia Krajowa - Relations with Lithuanians Read more here: » Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia II - Armia Krajowa - Relations with Lithuanians |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Poland 1916-1918 - Quotes "Starvation is here," said General von Kries. "Candidly, we would like to see it relieved; we fear our soldiers may be unfavourably affected by the things that they see. But since it is here, starvation must serve our purpose. So we set it to work for Germany. By starvation we can accomplish in two or three years in East Poland more than we have in West Poland, which is East Prussia, in the last hundred years. With that in view, we propose to turn this force to our advantage." "This country is meant for Germany," continued the keep ...
See also:Kingdom of Poland 1916-1918, Kingdom of Poland 1916-1918 - Regents of the Kingdom 1916-1918, Kingdom of Poland 1916-1918 - Prime Ministers of the Regency Kingdom, Kingdom of Poland 1916-1918 - Quotes Read more here: » Kingdom of Poland 1916-1918: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Poland 1916-1918 - Quotes |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History The creation of the Commonwealth by the Union of Lublin in 1569 was one of the signal achievements of Sigismund II Augustus, last king of the Jagiellon dynasty. His death in 1572 was followed by a three-year interregnum during which adjustments were made to the constitutional system that effectively increased the power of the nobility (the szlachta) and established a truly elective monarchy.
The Commonwealth reached its Golden Age in the first half of the 17th century. Its powerful parliament (the Sejm) was dominated by nobles ...
See also:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History |
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| | | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign
Polish September Campaign - Plans.
The German plan Fall Weiss, for what became known as the September campaign, was created by General Franz Halder, chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief of the upcoming campaign. The plan called for the start of hostilities before the declaration of war and to pursue a traditional doctrine of mass encirclement and destruction of enemy forces, assisted by the Germans' material advantages, including the use of mo ...
See also:Polish September Campaign, Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces, Polish September Campaign - Germany, Polish September Campaign - Soviet Union, Polish September Campaign - Poland, Polish September Campaign - Order of battle, Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Plans, Polish September Campaign - Phase 1: German aggression, Polish September Campaign - Phase 2: Soviet aggression, Polish September Campaign - Civilian losses, Polish September Campaign - Aftermath, Polish September Campaign - Notes Read more here: » Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - People's Republic of Poland - History At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Stalin was able to present his western allies, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, with a fait accompli in Poland. His armed forces were in occupation of the country, and his agents, the Polish Communists, were in control of its administration. The USSR was in the process of incorporating the lands in eastern Poland which it had occupied between 1939 and 1941. In compensation, the USSR awarded Poland all the German territories in Pomerania, Silesia and Brandenburg east of the Oder-Neisse ...
See also:People's Republic of Poland, People's Republic of Poland - History, People's Republic of Poland - Government and politics, People's Republic of Poland - Economy, People's Republic of Poland - Culture, People's Republic of Poland - Demographics, People's Republic of Poland - Geography Read more here: » People's Republic of Poland: Encyclopedia II - People's Republic of Poland - History |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - History
Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland.
Main articles: Red Ruthenia and Halych-Volhynia
The region of what later became known as Galicia appears to have been incorporated, in large part, into the Empire of Great Moravia. It is first attested in the Primary Chronicle under 981, when Volodymyr the Great of Kievan Rus took over the Red Ruthenian cities i ...
See also:Galicia Central Europe, Galicia Central Europe - Origin and variations of the name, Galicia Central Europe - Galicia and Lodomeria in different languages, Galicia Central Europe - History, Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland, Galicia Central Europe - From partitions of Poland to the Congress of Vienna, Galicia Central Europe - From 1815 to 1860, Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional experiments, Galicia Central Europe - Galician autonomy, Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration, Galicia Central Europe - First World War and Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Galicia Central Europe - Second World War and Distrikt Galizien, Galicia Central Europe - Legacy, Galicia Central Europe - Economy, Galicia Central Europe - Major cities and towns, Galicia Central Europe - Personalities from Galicia Read more here: » Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - History |
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| | | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Grand Duchy of Poznań - Territorial administration The monarch of the duchy, with title of Grand Duke of Poznań, was the Hohenzollern king of Prussia and his representative was the Duke-Governor: the first was Prince Antoni Radziwiłł (1815-1831), who was married to Princess Luise of Prussia, the king's cousin. The governor was assigned to give advice in matters of Polish nationality, and had the right to veto the administration decisions; in reality, however, all administrative p ...
See also:Grand Duchy of Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Area and population, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Territorial administration, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Poznań District Rejencja Poznańska Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Bydgoszcz District Rejencja Bydgoska Bydgoszcz, Grand Duchy of Poznań - History, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Repression system after 1830, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Milder period after 1840, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Autonomy abolished 1848, Grand Duchy of Poznań - The Kulturkampf in 1880s, Grand Duchy of Poznań - The liberation 1918-1919, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Polish organizations in the Grand Duchy of Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - German organizations in the Grand Duchy of Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Famous people of the Grand Duchy of Poznań Read more here: » Grand Duchy of Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Grand Duchy of Poznań - Territorial administration |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Second Polish Republic - History Occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies in the summer of 1915, the formerly Russian-ruled part of what was considered Poland was proclaimed an independent kingdom by the occupying powers on November 5, 1916, with a governing Council of State and (from October 15, 1917) a Regency Council (Rada Regencyjna Królestwa Polskiego) to administer the country under German auspices pending the election of a king.
Shortly before the end of World War I, on October 7, 1918, the Regency Council dissolved the Council of State and annou ...
See also:Second Polish Republic, Second Polish Republic - History, Second Polish Republic - List of events, Second Polish Republic - World War II, Second Polish Republic - Politics and government, Second Polish Republic - Economy, Second Polish Republic - Demographics, Second Polish Republic - Culture, Second Polish Republic - Geography and demographics Read more here: » Second Polish Republic: Encyclopedia II - Second Polish Republic - History |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385 Main articles: History of Poland (966-1385), Kingdom of Poland of the first Piasts, Kingdom of Poland during feudal dissolution, Kingdom of Poland of the later Piasts
The Polish state was born in 966 with the baptism of Mieszko I, duke of the Slavic tribe of Polans and founder of the Piast dynasty. His conversion from Pagnism to Christianity marked the first written historical event of Poland. By 990, when Mieszko officially submitted to the authority of the Holy See, he had transformed his country into one of the strongest pow ...
See also:History of Poland, History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385, History of Poland - The Jagiellon Era 1385-1572, History of Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1572-1795, History of Poland - Partitioned Poland 1795-1918, History of Poland - Independence Regained 1918-1939, History of Poland - World War II in Poland 1939-1945, History of Poland - People's Republic of Poland 1945-1989, History of Poland - Martial law, History of Poland - The Third Republic 1989-present Read more here: » History of Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385 |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Duchy of Warsaw - The end of the duchy
Duchy of Warsaw - Napoleon's campaign against Russia.
Poles expected in 1812 that the duchy would be upgraded to the status of a kingdom and that during Napoleon's march on Russia, it would be joined with the liberated territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland's historic partner in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, Napoleon did not want to make a permanent decision that would tie his ha ...
See also:Duchy of Warsaw, Duchy of Warsaw - Formation of the duchy, Duchy of Warsaw - Geography and demographics, Duchy of Warsaw - The departments, Duchy of Warsaw - Military and economic demands, Duchy of Warsaw - The end of the duchy, Duchy of Warsaw - Napoleon's campaign against Russia, Duchy of Warsaw - The Congress of Vienna and the Fourth Partition, Duchy of Warsaw - The duchy's legacy, Duchy of Warsaw - Duchy of Warsaw vs. Grand Duchy of Warsaw Read more here: » Duchy of Warsaw: Encyclopedia II - Duchy of Warsaw - The end of the duchy |
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| | | | | Polish Secret State: Encyclopedia II - Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Biography
Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Early years.
Antoni Ferdynand Ossendowski was born May 27, 1876, in his family manor in Lucyna on Dvina near Vitebsk. He studied at the famous gymnasium in Kamieniec Podolski, but he moved with his father, a renown medician, to Saint Petersburg, where he graduated from a Russian-language school. Then he joined the mathematical-physical faculty of the local university, where he studied chemistry. As an assistant to professor Aleksander Zalewski, he travelled to many distant areas, in ...
See also:Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Biography, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Early years, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Petersburg to China, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Back to Poland, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - World War II, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - After his death Read more here: » Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski: Encyclopedia II - Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Biography |
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