Polish Secret State - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia - Armia Krajowa
The Armia Krajowa or AK (Home Army) functioned as the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland, which was active in all are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Resistance Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Resistance Movement - Resistance Movements
The following groups may differ widely in numbers and in activity: Resistance movement - Post-World War II. Resistance movement - Worl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Szare Szeregi: Encyclopedia Ii - Szare Szeregi - Internal Structure
On May 1, 1944, the Szare Szeregi had 8 359 members. Initially only the elder scouts (Senior Scouts, Senior Guides, Rovers and Rangers) 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jan Nowak-jeziorański: Encyclopedia Ii - Jan Nowak-jeziorański - Biography
ZdzisÅ‚aw JezioraÅ„ski was born in Warsaw. After finishing his studies in economics in 1936 he continued to work there as an assistant at...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia Ii - Armia Krajowa - Weapons And Equipment
As a clandestine army operating in a country occupied by the enemy, separated by over a thousand kilometers from any friendly territory, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Władysław Sikorski: Encyclopedia Ii - Władysław Sikorski - Biography
WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Sikorski - Early life and World War I. Sikorski was born May 20, 1881, in Tuszów Narodowy, Polish Galicia, then a territor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Resistance During World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Resistance During World War Ii - Famous Resistance Operations
An intricate series of resistance operations were launched in France prior to, and during, Operation Overlord. On June 5 1944, the BBC br...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish Contribution To World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish Contribution To World War Ii - Army
After the country's defeat in the 1939 campaign, the Polish government in exile quickly organized in France a new army of about 80,000 me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jan Karski: Encyclopedia Ii - Jan Karski - World War Ii
After crossing into German-held part of Poland, in November of 1939 he managed to escape a train to a POW camp and found his way to Warsa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Szare Szeregi: Encyclopedia Ii - Szare Szeregi - Structure
The structure of the Szare Szeregi was based on pre-war structure of the ZHP, modified to suit the new circumstances of occupation and pe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jan Karski: Encyclopedia Ii - Jan Karski - Post-war Career
After the war Karski was unable to return to Poland and made his home in the United States and began his studies at Georgetown University...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish Contribution To World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish Contribution To World War Ii - Intelligence
During a period of over six and a half years, from late December 1932 to the outbreak of World War II, three mathematician-cryptologists ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish Contribution To World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish Contribution To World War Ii - Navy
Just on the eve of war, most of the major Polish Navy ships had been sent for safety to the British Isles. There they fought alongside th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Władysław Sikorski: Encyclopedia Ii - Władysław Sikorski - Aftermath
Immediately after the crash, a Polish officer who had witnessed the event from the airstrip began sobbing quietly and repeating: "This is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congress Poland: Encyclopedia - Congress Poland
The Congress Poland is an unofficial term for the Kingdom of Poland (1815-1831), a political entity that was created out of the Duchy of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cross Of Lorraine: Encyclopedia - Cross Of Lorraine
The Cross of Lorraine is a heraldic cross. It consists of a vertical line, crossed by two smaller horizontal bars. The lower bar is as cl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Władysław Sikorski: Encyclopedia Ii - Władysław Sikorski - Controversy Surrounding Sikorski's Death
In 1943 a British Court of Inquiry investigated the crash of Sikorski's B-24 Liberator but was unable to determine the probable cause, fi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish Contribution To World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish Contribution To World War Ii - Air Force
The Polish Air Force fought in the Battle of France as one fighter squadron GC 1/145, several small units detached to French squadrons, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Resistance Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Resistance Movement - Notable Individuals In Resistance Movements
Resistance movement - World War II anti-Nazi anti-Fascist. Mordechaj Anielewicz Josip Broz - Tito Jean Moulin Christian Pineau Hannie ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia Ii - Armia Krajowa - Relations With Lithuanians
Relations between Lithuanians and Poles were strained during most of the interwar period due to conflicts over the Vilnius region and Suv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Resistance Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Resistance Movement - Background
Resistance movements can include any irregular armed force that rises up against an enforced or established authority, government, or adm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia Ii - Armia Krajowa - Relations With Lithuanians
Relations between Lithuanians and Poles were strained during most of the interwar period due to conflicts over the Vilnius region and Su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Resistance Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Resistance Movement - Notable Individuals In Resistance Movements
Resistance movement - World War II anti-Nazi anti-Fascist. Mordechaj Anielewicz Josip Broz - Tito Jean Moulin Christian Pineau Hannie ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia Ii - Armia Krajowa - Origins
The AK originated from the Sluzba Zwyciestwu Polski (Polish Victory Service), set up on 27 September 1939 by General MichaÅ‚ Karaszewicz-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia Ii - Armia Krajowa - Structure
The executive branch of the AK was the operational command, composed of many units. Estimates of the AK membership in the first half of 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia Ii - Armia Krajowa - Operations
While the AK did not engender a general revolt, its forces did carry out intensive economic and armed sabotage. In 1944 it acted on a bro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia Ii - Armia Krajowa - Relations With Jews
In February 1942, the Operational Command of the AK Information and Propaganda Office set up the Section for Jewish Affairs, directed by ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Armia Krajowa: Encyclopedia Ii - Armia Krajowa - Relations With Lithuanians
Relations between Lithuanians and Poles were strained during most of the interwar period due to conflicts over the Vilnius region and Suv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kingdom Of Poland 1916-1918: Encyclopedia Ii - Kingdom Of Poland 1916-1918 - Quotes
"Starvation is here," said General von Kries. "Candidly, we would like to see it relieved; we fear our soldiers may be unfavourably affec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth - History
The creation of the Commonwealth by the Union of Lublin in 1569 was one of the signal achievements of Sigismund II Augustus, last king of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kedyw: Encyclopedia Ii - Kedyw - Warsaw Uprising
Prior to the Warsaw Uprising, most of the Kedyw units in the Warsaw area were moved into the city and grouped into infantry battalions. N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish September Campaign - Details Of The Campaign
Polish September Campaign - Plans. The German plan Fall Weiss, for what became known as the September campaign, was created by General...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - People's Republic Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - People's Republic Of Poland - History
At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Stalin was able to present his western allies, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, with a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Galicia Central Europe - History
Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland. Main articles: Red Ruthenia and Halych-Volhynia The region of what later beca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Henryk Dobrzański: Encyclopedia Ii - Henryk Dobrzański - Biography
Henryk DobrzaÅ„ski was born on June 22, 1897, in JasÅ‚o, to a Polish noble family of Henryk DobrzaÅ„ski de Hubal and Maria DobrzaÅ„ska nÃ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Poznań: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Poznań - Territorial Administration
The monarch of the duchy, with title of Grand Duke of PoznaÅ„, was the Hohenzollern king of Prussia and his representative was the Duke-G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Second Polish Republic: Encyclopedia Ii - Second Polish Republic - History
Occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies in the summer of 1915, the formerly Russian-ruled part of what was considered Poland was p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland - Early History Of Poland 966-1385
Main articles: History of Poland (966-1385), Kingdom of Poland of the first Piasts, Kingdom of Poland during feudal dissolution, Kingdom ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Duchy Of Warsaw: Encyclopedia Ii - Duchy Of Warsaw - The End Of The Duchy
Duchy of Warsaw - Napoleon's campaign against Russia. Poles expected in 1812 that the duchy would be upgraded to the status of a kingdo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski: Encyclopedia Ii - Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Biography
Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Early years. Antoni Ferdynand Ossendowski was born May 27, 1876, in his family manor in Lucyna on Dvina ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Council Of National Unity: Encyclopedia Ii - Council Of National Unity - History
Originally the political arm of the Polish Secret State was Polityczny Komitet Porozumiewawczy, a council composed of 4 main political pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Poland
Western betrayal - First World War aftermath. After the First World War, Poland regained independence after 123 years of partitions. Wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish September Campaign - Details Of The Campaign
Polish September Campaign - Plans. The German plan Fall Weiss, for what became known as the September campaign, was created by General...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Galicia Central Europe - History
Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland. Main articles: Red Ruthenia and Halych-Volhynia The region of what later beca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Operation Tempest: Encyclopedia Ii - Operation Tempest - History
Operation Tempest - Plan. The Home Army had from its inception been preparing a national armed rising against the Germans. The basic fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trial Of The Sixteen: Encyclopedia Ii - Trial Of The Sixteen - History
In February 1945 the Government Delegate together with most members of the Council of National Unity and the C-i-C of the Armia Krajowa w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - Poland - History
Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Po...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cross Of Lorraine: Encyclopedia Ii - Cross Of Lorraine - Symbol In France
The Cross of Lorraine is part of the heraldic arms of Lorraine in eastern France. It was originally the symbol of Joan of Arc, renowned f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland - The Jagiellon Era 1385-1572
Main articles: History of Poland (1385-1569), Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons The personal union with the grand duchy of Lithuania to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Poznań: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Poznań - Area And Population
The area was 28,951 km² and contained most of the territories of the historical province of Greater Poland, which comprised the western ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland - The Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth 1572-1795
Main articles: History of Poland (1569-1795), Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, following upon the Union...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland - Partitioned Poland 1795-1918
Main articles: History of Poland (1795-1918), Kingdom of Galicia, Duchy of Warsaw, Congress Kingdom, Free City of Kraków, Grand Duchy of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Spain
A similar feeling occurred among the supporters of the Second Spanish Republic. During the Spanish Civil War, the democratic countries ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Poznań: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Poznań - History
Up to 1830 the Prussian authorities were relatively tolerant to the Polish people, although the Prussian administrative schemes were intr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland - Independence Regained 1918-1939
Main articles: History of Poland (1918-1939), Second Polish Republic The upcoming World War I and the political turbulence that was sweep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Yugoslavia
At the Tehran Conference in November 1943, a decision was made by the Allies to cease their support of the Royalist Chetniks, and switch ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Essays And Articles
Western betrayal - Dictionaries. Betrayal - Wiktionary Betrayal - Cambridge Dictionary Betrayal - Dictionary.com ... See also:Weste...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Finland
Contrary to many countries reborn after the World War I, Finland remained neutral and did not enter direct military alliances. The League...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trial Of The Sixteen: Encyclopedia Ii - Trial Of The Sixteen - People Involved
Members of the Council of National Unity: Kazimierz BagiÅ„ski - 1 year, later released and forced to emigrate to the USA Head of Zjednoc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - People's Republic Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - People's Republic Of Poland - Economy
Poland suffered enormous losses during World War II. While in 1939 Poland had 35.1 million inhabitants, the census of 14 February 1946 sh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Second Polish Republic: Encyclopedia Ii - Second Polish Republic - Geography And Demographics
  ... See also:Second Polish Republic, Second Polish Republic - History, Second Polish Republic - List of events, Second Polish R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish September Campaign - Opposing Forces
Polish September Campaign - Germany. Germany had a large numerical advantage over Polish forces, and had developed a significant milita...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Diplomacy & Eastern Europe Between The Wars
Starting in 1919, it was the policy of France to construct a cordon sanitaire (security cordon) in Eastern Europe that was designed to ke...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Betrayal: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Betrayal - Czechoslovakia
See also: History of Czechoslovakia#Before WWII (1938 – 1939) and later sections Unlike many of its neighbours, Czechoslovakia formed a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland - People's Republic Of Poland 1945-1989
Main article: History of Poland (1945-1989), People's Republic of Poland Following the Yalta Conference in February 1945, a Polish Provis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Second Polish Republic: Encyclopedia Ii - Second Polish Republic - World War Ii
The "Polish September Campaign" campaign began 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the secret Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and en...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland - The Third Republic 1989-present
Main article: History of Poland (1989-present), Third Polish Republic A shock therapy program during the early 1990s enabled the country ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish September Campaign - Prelude To The Campaign
The Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, took power in Germany in 1933. Hitler at first ostentatiously pursued a policy of rapprochement with...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland - World War Ii In Poland 1939-1945
Main articles: History of Poland (1939-1945), Polish government in exile, Polish Secret State On August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy
The economy of the Commonwealth was dominated by feudal agriculture. Typically a nobleman's landholding comprised a folwark, a large farm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - Poland - Name
Poland's official name in Polish is Rzeczpospolita Polska. The names of the country, Polska, and of the nationality, the Poles, are of Sl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish September Campaign - Prelude To The Campaign
Led by Adolf Hitler, the Nazi Party took power in Germany in 1933. Hitler at first ostentatiously pursued a policy of rapprochement with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - Poland - Politics
Poland is a democratic republic. Its current constitution dates from 1997. The government structure centres on the Council of Ministers, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - Poland - Geography
The Polish landscape consists almost entirely of the lowlands of the North European Plain, at an average height of 173 metres (568 ft), t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - Poland - Science Technology And Education
The education of Polish society was a goal of rulers as early as the 12th century. The library catalog of the Cathedral Chapter of Krakó...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - Poland - Economy
Since its return to democracy, Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of liberalising the economy and today stands out as one of the mos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish September Campaign - Order Of Battle
Order of battle of Poland: Polish army order of battle in 1939 Polish Air Force order of battle in 1939 Polish Navy order of battle in 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish September Campaign - Opposing Forces
Polish September Campaign - Germany. Germany had a large numerical advantage over Polish forces, and the German economy was geared towa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cross Of Lorraine: Encyclopedia Ii - Cross Of Lorraine - Miscellaneous
The "Cross of Lorraine" symbol appears in Unicode as U+2628 (☨) or U+2021 (‡) and in HTML as ‡ (‡). The electronic music...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cross Of Lorraine: Encyclopedia Ii - Cross Of Lorraine - Other Uses
The flag of Slovakia and the Slovak coat of arms both include the cross of Lorraine. In Slovakia, the cross of Lorraine as a symbol of Lo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Galicia Central Europe - Origin And Variations Of The Name
The name Galicia et Lodomeria was first used in the 13th century by King Andrew II of Hungary. It was a Latinized version of the Slavic n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional Experiments
In 1859, following Austrian military defeat in Italy, the Empire entered a period of constitutional experiments. In 1860, the Vienna Gove...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Galicia Central Europe - Economy
Despite being one of the most populous regions in Europe, Galicia was also one of the least developed economically. The first detailed de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration
Beginning in the 1880s, a mass emigration of the Galician peasantry occurred. The emigration started as a seasonal one to Germany (newly ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth - State Organization And Politics
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military. Commonwealth armies were commanded by four hetmans. The armies comprised: Wojs...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture
The Commonwealth was one of the important European sites for the development of modern social and political ideas. It was famous for its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Duchy Of Warsaw: Encyclopedia Ii - Duchy Of Warsaw - Military And Economic Demands
The duchy's armed forces were completely under French control via its war minister, Prince Józef Poniatowski, who was also a Marshal of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Duchy Of Warsaw: Encyclopedia Ii - Duchy Of Warsaw - Geography And Demographics
According to the Treaties of Tilsit, the area of the duchy covered roughly the areas of the 2nd and 3rd Prussian partitions, with the exc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Duchy Of Warsaw: Encyclopedia Ii - Duchy Of Warsaw - Duchy Of Warsaw Vs. Grand Duchy Of Warsaw
The Duchy of Warsaw is commonly referred to today as the "Grand Duchy of Warsaw". However, the duchy was not referred to as such in Frenc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Galicia Central Europe - Origin And Variations Of The Name
The name Galicia et Lodomeria was first used in the 13th century by King Andrew II of Hungary. It was a Latinized version of the Slavic n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration
Beginning in the 1880s, a mass emigration of the Galician peasantry occurred. The emigration started as a seasonal one to Germany (newly ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional Experiments
In 1859, following Austrian military defeat in Italy, the Empire entered a period of constitutional experiments. In 1860, the Vienna Gove...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Duchy Of Warsaw: Encyclopedia Ii - Duchy Of Warsaw - Formation Of The Duchy
The area of the duchy had already been liberated by a popular uprising that had escalated from anti-conscription rioting in 1806. One of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cross Of Lorraine: Encyclopedia Ii - Cross Of Lorraine - Miscellaneous
The "Cross of Lorraine" symbol appears in Unicode as U+2628 (☨) or U+2021 (‡) and in HTML as ‡ (‡). The electronic music...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish September Campaign - Opposing Forces
Polish September Campaign - Germany. Germany had a large numerical advantage over Polish forces, and the German economy was geared towa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces And Geography
The lands that once belonged to the Commonwealth are now largely distributed among several Central and East European countries: Poland, L...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish September Campaign - Prelude To The Campaign
The Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, took power in Germany in 1933. Hitler at first ostentatiously pursued a policy of rapprochement with...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy
The economy of the Commonwealth was dominated by feudal agriculture based on exploitation of agricultural workforce (serfs). Typically a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Council Of National Unity: Encyclopedia Ii - Council Of National Unity - Composition
Since Poland was still under enemy occupation and no elections could be held, it was decided that the RJN will include representatives of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Galicia Central Europe - Economy
Despite being one of the most populous regions in Europe, Galicia was also one of the least developed economically. The first detailed de...   » Read the article