The Commonwealth was one of the important European sites for the development of modern social and political ideas. It was famous for its unique quasi-democratic political system praised by philosophers such as Erasmus, was known for a near-unparallelled religious tolerance during the Counter-Reformation, hence the numerosity of peacefuly coexisting Catholic, Jewish, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and even Muslim communities. It gave rise to the famous Christian sect of Polish Bre ...

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Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

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See also:

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

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The economy of the Commonwealth was dominated by feudal agriculture. Typically a nobleman's landholding comprised a folwark, a large farm worked by serfs to produce surpluses for internal and external trade. The peasantry's situation worsened from the late 17th century on, when the landed szlachta sought to compensate for falling grain prices by increasing the peasants' workload, thus leading to the creation of second serfdom, ...

See also:

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy

The original phrase "common wealth" or "the common weal" is a calque translation of the Latin term res publica ('public matters'), from which the word republic comes, which was itself used as a synonym for the greek politeia as well as for the republican (i.e. non-monarchical) Roman constitution (in legal theory still in force during the empire, see Principate). The English noun Commonwealth dates originally from the fifteenth century and in different contexts indicates: a political unit ...

Including:

Commonwealth - Definition and linguistics Commonwealth - International or Multinational
Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Independent States
Commonwealth - National
Commonwealth - Great Britain Commonwealth - Australia Commonwealth - Dominica Commonwealth - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commonwealth of Poland Commonwealth - Other states that use the name Commonwealth
Commonwealth - Subnational
Commonwealth - United States
Commonwealth - Fictional

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Crown of the Polish Kingdom, or just colloquially the Crown (Polish:Korona) is the archaic name, used in the times of Kingdom of Poland until the end of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, for the territories under Polish direct administration, distinguishing them from federated territories of Grand Duchy of Lithuania or vassal territories like Duchy of Prussia or Duchy of Courland, which had varying degrees of autonomy. Before the 1569 Union of Lublin, territories of the Crown can be understood as the territo ...

Including:

Crown of the Polish Kingdom - Voivodeships of the Crown
Crown of the Polish Kingdom - Voivodships of Greater Poland

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Złoty (literally meaning "golden", plural: złote or złotych, depending on the number) is the Polish currency unit. ISO 4217 currency code: PLN Exchange rate (December 25, 2005): 1 USD = 3.23 PLN; 1 Euro = 3.84 PLN As a result of hyperinflation in the early 1990s, the decimal point on the currency was moved by four places. Thus, on January 1, 1995, 10,000 old złotych (PLZ) became one new złoty (PLN). Polish złoty - Historical Currencies. Including:

Polish złoty - Historical Currencies
Polish złoty - Złoty in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish złoty - Złoty in the Duchy of Warsaw Polish złoty - Złoty in the Congress Kingdom 1815-1850 Polish złoty - Ruble and Marka 1850-1924 Polish złoty - Złoty 1924-1939 Polish złoty - Złoty of General Government 1939-1944 Polish złoty - Post-War Złoty 1944-1950 Polish złoty - Złoty PLZ 1950-1994
Polish złoty - New Złoty Polish złoty - Future

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The Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 (Polish: Konstytucja Trzeciego Maja) is claimed to be Europe's first modern codified national constitution as well as the second oldest constitution in the world. It was instituted by the Government Act (Polish: Ustawa rządowa) adopted on that date by the Sejm (parliament) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the federative Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its Golden Liberty. The Constitution introduced political equ ...

Including:

Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - History
Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Background Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Drafting and Adoption Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - The fall Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Legacy
Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Features Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Notes

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Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by using rubbing or a chemical action. In metallography polishing is used to create a flat, defect free surface for examination of a metal's microstructure under a microscope. Silicon based polishing pads or diamond solution can be used in the polishing process. See also. Tumble polishing Chemical-mechanical planarization, in semiconductor fabrication Nail polish Shoe polish Wood finishin ...

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Official court posts are the most difficult to describe. Some court officials held responsibilities important to both the court and the country; the functions of others evolved over the centuries. In time (generally by the end of the 17th century), the titles of most had become merely honorary, and the King had to create another set of officials to deal with those responsibilities. Court officials may be divided into those who served the King, and those who ensured the smooth running of his court (in the 16th century, comprising some ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices

Court officials are the most difficult to describe. Some held responsibilities important both the court and country, functions of others kept evolving during centuries. In time (usually with end of XVII century), the titles become only honorary and the king had to create another bunch of officials to deal with those responsibilities. Court officials can be divided into those who dealt with king service and those who ensured the court and run smoothly (in XVI century, it consisted of approximately 1000-1500 people). Since the first gro ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central not Senat-related officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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The highest military officials were the Hetmans. As with most offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, "hetman" was a job for life and its holder could not be removed even if he was a poor commander. Until the beginning of the 18th century, hetmans were not paid for their services. Hetmans were very independent; they could maintain their own foreign contacts with the Ottoman Empire, Russia and the Tatars. They allocated their military budgets as they saw fit. As the highest military commanders and administrators, hetmans made administrative and juridical law concerning ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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The upper chamber of the First Republic's Sejm (parliament, or diet) was the Senat. It comprised bishops, voivods, castellans and ministers. The list of dignitaries eligible for the Senat had been finalized when, in the Union of Lublin (1569), the Kingdom of Poland had been transformed into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The most important of all officials was the Primate, Archbishop of Gniezno. Since 1572, the first time Poland had no king, he was the interrex - acted as the head of the state until new king was elected. H ...

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Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central not Senat-related officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial Offices

The upper chamber of the First Republic's Sejm (parliament, or diet) was the Senate, comprising bishops, voivods, castellans and ministers (central officials). The list of dignitaries eligible to serve in the Senat had been finalized when, in the Union of Lublin (1569), the Kingdom of Poland was transformed into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The most important official was the Primate — the Archbishop of Gniezno. From 1572, the first time that Poland had been without a king (the Jagiellon Dynasty having died out ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices

Hetmans were the highest military officials. As most of the positions in first Rzeczpospolita, hetman was a job for life and couldn’t be removed even if he was a poor commander. Until beginning of XVIII century, they were not paid for their job. Hetmans were very independent; they could keep their own foreign contacts with Ottoman Empire, Russia and Tatars. They distributed the military budgets as they felt like and as the highest commanders and administrators, hetman made administrative and juridica ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central not Senat-related officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military Officials

These offices were very stable, having evolved about the 13th century and lasting almost unchanged to the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The administrative system had come from Germany together with Magdeburg law. Every city (without exception) had a Council and a Bench, the Council being the administrative branch and the Bench the judicial branch. A new Council was chosen by the old one whose term had expired. The Council was responsible for administration, law, privileges, security, finances, guild oversight, and the lik ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices

The most important official was the starosta (mayor). He was supported by a borough deputy-starosta (podstarości grodowy), burgrave (burgrabia), notary (notariusz) and clerk (pisarz). The borough deputy-starosta assisted the starosta and in his absence acted in his name with all his powers. Lower city officials were the borough rejent (rejent grodzki), borough notary (notariusz grodzki), ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices

The most important official was the starost. He was supported by deputy borough starost (podstarosci grodowy), burgraby (burgrabia), notary (notariusz) and writer (pisarz). Deputy borough starost helped district starost and acted in his name with all his powers during his absence. The lower city officials were borough rejent (rejent grodzki), borough notary (notariusz grodzki), borough writer (pisarz grodzki) and the common clerks – underwrites (podpiskowie). In the eastern territories from 1667, bordering with Russia, there was an office of Border Judge, who coo ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central not Senat-related officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial officials

Constitution from 1611 (amended in 1633 and 1635) describes many officials. But bear in mind that exceptions to the rule were the rule. Sejm rules were treated just as suggestions, and in Belz Voivodship, for example, there were only 4 dignitaries (instead of total 15), most north voivodships had about 5, while in Wołyń and Bracław the hierarchical order was almost reversed. Each province or district has its own set of officials - for list of provinces pl ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central not Senat-related officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District Offices

A 1611 Constitution (amended 1633 and 1635) prescribed many officials. Exceptions to the rule, however, were the rule; Sejm rules were treated as mere suggestions. Thus Belz Voivodship had only 4 of the 15 prescribed dignitaries; most northern voivodships had about 5; and in Wołyń and Bracław Voivodships the hierarchical order was almost reversed. Each province or district had its own set of officials — a list of provinces may be foun ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices

Those officials were very stable, having evolved around XIII century and lasting almost unchanged till the end of 1st Rzeczpospolita. Administration system came from Germany along with the ‘magdeburgian law’. Each city (no exceptions) had a Council and Bench, where Council was the administrative branch and Bench was the judicial branch. New Council was chosen by the old one run out. It was responsible for administration, law, privileges, security, finances, guild control and such. Council chose the Mayor and his members decision w ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central not Senat-related officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village officials