Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The history of Abraham ben Abraham, also known as Count Valentine (Valentin, Walentyn) Potocki (Pototzki or Pototski) is a controversial subject. According to traditional Jews of the time and since then, he is regarded as someone known even to the revered Jewish Talmudic sage known as the Vilna Gaon (Rabbi Elijah (Eliyahu) Ben Solomon Kremer (1720-1797)). On the other hand, secular historians have questioned its factual accuracy because they claim that no other corroborating evidence of Potocki's existence has yet been discover ...

Including:

• Abraham ben Abraham - Background
• Abraham ben Abraham - Historical evidence
• Abraham ben Abraham - Jewish tradition
• Abraham ben Abraham - Response to criticism
• Abraham ben Abraham - Historical background

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Vitsebsk (Belarusian: Ві́цебск (Viciebsk); Russian: Ви́тебск (Vitebsk); Polish: Witebsk) is a city in Belarus, near the border with Russia and Latvia. The capital of the Vitsebsk voblast, in 2004 it had 342,381 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth largest city. Vitsebsk - History. Vitsebsk developed from a river harbour where the Vitba (Віцьба, from which it derives its name) flows into the larger Daugava (in Belarusian, Dzvina). Its mention i ...

Including:

• Vitsebsk - History
• Vitsebsk - Famous inhabitants

Read more here: » Vitsebsk: Encyclopedia - Vitsebsk

For the ghost town in Western Australia, see Cossack, Western Australia. Cossack is the common name that has been independently shared by several population groups and military units throughout the history of Eastern Europe and some adjacent territories. The most prominent and numerous are the Ukrainian Cossacks (Козаки) and the Russian Cossacks (Казаки) of the Don, Terek and Ural regions. Russian Cossacks were considerably involved in the colonizing of Siberia. In the middle of the 17th century ...

Including:

• Cossack - History
• Cossack - Russian Cossacks
• Cossack - Cossack Settlements
• Cossack - Cossacks during the final years of the Russian Empire
• Cossack - Cossacks After the Revolution
• Cossack - Cossack organization
• Cossack - Cossacks and religion
• Cossack - Popular image of Cossacks
• Cossack - Terminology
• Cossack - Ukrainian Cossacks
• Cossack - Russian Cossacks
• Cossack - Tatar Cossacks

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A count is a nobleman in most European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is still a "countess" (for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin comes— in its accusative comitem— meaning "companion, bound (by oath)", and later "bound to the emperor, delegate of the emperor". Count - Definition. Main article: Comes. In the late Roman Empire. the Latin title comes meaning (imp ...

Including:

• Count - Definition
• Count - Comital Titles in different European languages
• Count - Etymological derivations from the Latin Comes
• Count - Etymological parallels of the German Graf some unclear
• Count - Related titles
• Count - Lists of counts
• Count - Territory of today's France - A - West- Francia proper
• Count - Territory of today's France - B - long within the German kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire
• Count - In Germany
• Count - In Italy
• Count - In Austria
• Count - In the Low Countries
• Count - In Switzerland
• Count - In Iberia
• Count - In other continental European countries
• Count - Crusader states
• Count - Equivalents

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The Crimean Karaites (sometimes known as Karaim) are a Karaite Jewish community of Eastern Europe. Originally centered in the Crimean Peninsula, the Karaim were established in Lithuania and elsewhere in Europe from late medieval times. The name "Crimean Karaites" is something of a misnomer, as many branches of this community found their way to locations throughout Europe and the Middle East. Their self-designation, Karaim (or, in the Karaim language, Qaraylar), however, is insufficient, as it fails to disti ...

Including:

• Crimean Karaites - Language
• Crimean Karaites - Origins
• Crimean Karaites - In Lithuania
• Crimean Karaites - In the Russian Empire
• Crimean Karaites - During the Holocaust
• Crimean Karaites - Post-War
• Crimean Karaites - Recommended Reading

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Warmia (Polish: Warmia, German: Ermland, Latin: Varmia, also historically known as Ermeland) is a region between Pomerania and Masuria in northeastern Poland. Together with Masuria it forms the Warminsko-Mazurskie Voivodship. To the west of Warmia is Pomesania, to the south Chełmno Land, Sassinia and Galindia (later called Masuria) and to the east Sambia. In the north it borders the Vistula Bay. Because it is located in a border area ...

Including:

• Warmia - History
• Warmia - Major towns
• Warmia - Famous Warmians

Read more here: » Warmia: Encyclopedia - Warmia

The Warsaw Confederation (January 28, 1573), an important development in the history of Poland, is considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland. While it did not prevent all conflict based on religion, it did make the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth a much safer and more tolerant place than most of contemporaneous Europe, especially during the subsequent Thirty Years' War. Religious tolerance in Poland had had a long tradition and had been de facto policy in the reign of the recently deceased King Zygmun ...

Including:

• Warsaw Confederation - Reference

Read more here: » Warsaw Confederation: Encyclopedia - Warsaw Confederation

Considerations on the Government of Poland — also simply The Government of Poland or, in the original French, Considérations sur le gouvernement de Pologne — is an essay by French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau concerning the design of a new constitution for the people of Poland (or more exactly, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). It represents Rousseau's last venture into political theory. To many readers, The Government of Poland is surprising in the degree to which its reco ...

Including:

• Considerations on the Government of Poland - Commission
• Considerations on the Government of Poland - Structure and recommendations
• Considerations on the Government of Poland - Within Rousseau's oeuvre
• Considerations on the Government of Poland - Notes
• Considerations on the Government of Poland - Online text

Read more here: » Considerations on the Government of Poland: Encyclopedia - Considerations on the Government of Poland

The Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 (Polish: Konstytucja Trzeciego Maja) is claimed to be Europe's first modern codified national constitution as well as the second oldest constitution in the world. It was instituted by the Government Act (Polish: Ustawa rządowa) adopted on that date by the Sejm (parliament) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the federative Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its Golden Liberty. The Constitution introduced political equ ...

Including:

• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - History
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Background
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Drafting and Adoption
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - The fall
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Legacy
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Features
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Notes

Read more here: » Polish Constitution of May 3 1791: Encyclopedia - Polish Constitution of May 3 1791

Crown land is a designated land belonging to the Crown, the equivalent of an entailed estate that passed with the monarchy and could not be alienated from it. In the United Kingdom and its predecessors, the hereditary revenues of Crown lands were a feature until at the start of the reign of George III when the Crown Estate was surrendered to Parliament in return for a fixed civil list payment - the monarch retains the income from the Duchy of Lancaster. The conception of Crown land in Canada and Australia has developed parall ...

Including:

• Crown land - United Kingdom and its predecessors
• Crown land - Anglo-Saxon and Norman
• Crown land - England Britain UK
• Crown land - Crown Estate
• Crown land - The British Commonwealth
• Crown land - Tasmanian Crown Lands Act 1976
• Crown land - Canada
• Crown land - Austro-Hungary
• Crown land - Poland
• Crown land - Reference
• Crown land - External link

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Crown of the Polish Kingdom, or just colloquially the Crown (Polish:Korona) is the archaic name, used in the times of Kingdom of Poland until the end of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, for the territories under Polish direct administration, distinguishing them from federated territories of Grand Duchy of Lithuania or vassal territories like Duchy of Prussia or Duchy of Courland, which had varying degrees of autonomy. Before the 1569 Union of Lublin, territories of the Crown can be understood as the territo ...

Including:

• Crown of the Polish Kingdom - Voivodeships of the Crown
• Crown of the Polish Kingdom - Voivodships of Greater Poland

Read more here: » Crown of the Polish Kingdom: Encyclopedia - Crown of the Polish Kingdom

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC), also known as the Ukrainian Catholic Church, is one of the successor Churches to the acceptance of Christianity by Grand Prince Vladimir the Great (Ukrainian Volodymyr) of Kiev (Kyiv), in 988. UGCC is the largest Eastern Rite sui juris particular church in full communion with the Holy See, and is directly subject to the Roman Pope. The Primate of the Church, in union with the Pope, holds the office of Archbishop-Major of Kiev-Halych and All Rus, though the hierarchs of the chur ...

Including:

• Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church - History
• Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church - Early pre-history
• Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church - Old Ruthenian period
• Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church - Middle Ruthenian period
• Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church - The era of Catholic-Orthodox rivalry and separation
• Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church - The Ukrainian period
• Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church - 19th century: West Ukrainian period
• Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church - 20th century: persecution and internationalization
• Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church - External References

Read more here: » Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church: Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, Ukrayina, /ukraˈjina/) is a country in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the northeast, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and the Black Sea to the south. The territory of present-day Ukraine was a key centre of East Slavic culture in the Middle Ages, before being divided between a variety of powers, notably Russia, Poland, Lithuania, Austrian Empire, Romania and the Ott ...

Including:

• Ukraine - Name
• Ukraine - History
• Ukraine - Government and Politics
• Ukraine - Subdivisions
• Ukraine - Geography
• Ukraine - Economy
• Ukraine - Demographics
• Ukraine - Religion
• Ukraine - Culture
• Ukraine - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Ukraine: Encyclopedia - Ukraine

Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukrayins'ka mova, [ukraˈjinsʲka ˈmɔva]) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the official state language of Ukraine. Ukrainian uses a Cyrillic alphabet. It shares some vocabulary with the languages of the neighboring Slavic nations, most notably with Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Slovakian. Ukrainian traces its origins to the Old East Slavic language of the ancient state of ...

Including:

• Ukrainian language - History
• Ukrainian language - Perspective
• Ukrainian language - Origin
• Ukrainian language - Ancient history
• Ukrainian language - Kievan Rus' and Halych-Volhynia
• Ukrainian language - Post-independence: Lithuania/Poland Muscovy/Russia and Austro-Hungary
• Ukrainian language - Soviet era
• Ukrainian language - Independence in the modern era
• Ukrainian language - History of Ukrainian literature
• Ukrainian language - Current usage
• Ukrainian language - Dialects of Ukrainian
• Ukrainian language - Ukrainophone population
• Ukrainian language - Language structure
• Ukrainian language - Comparative grammar
• Ukrainian language - Phonetics
• Ukrainian language - Alphabet

Read more here: » Ukrainian language: Encyclopedia - Ukrainian language

Ukraine This article is part of the series: Politics of Ukraine Political parties in Ukraine Elections in Ukraine: President: 2004 Parliament: 2006 edit The presidential election held in November and December 2004 in Ukraine was mostly a political battle between Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych and former Prime Minister and opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko. The elec ...

Including:

• Ukrainian presidential election 2004 - Candidates
• Ukrainian presidential election 2004 - Preliminary vote
• Ukrainian presidential election 2004 - Runoff
• Ukrainian presidential election 2004 - International influence and reaction
• Ukrainian presidential election 2004 - Russia and the CIS
• Ukrainian presidential election 2004 - European Union
• Ukrainian presidential election 2004 - United States
• Ukrainian presidential election 2004 - Rerun

Read more here: » Ukrainian presidential election 2004: Encyclopedia - Ukrainian presidential election 2004

The term upper class refers to a group of people at the top of a social hierarchy. Often members of an upper class do not have to work for a living as they are supported by earned or inherited investments. Members of an upper class often have power over other people as employers or landlords, or sometimes as members of a government. The term "upper class" has had a complex range of meanings and usages, and in the 21st century many people are uncomfortable with it as a term and as a concept. In many traditional societies, member ...

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Russia:   2,860,0001[1] Canada:   1,071,0601[2] USA:   890,0001[3] Brazil:   550,0001[4] Kazakhstan:   500,0001 Moldova:   450,0001 Poland:   300,0001 Belarus:   250,000 Slovakia:   200,0001 Argentina:   100,000 (est) Germany:   100,000 (est)   Slavs< ...

Including:

• Ukrainians - Origin
• Ukrainians - History
• Ukrainians - Population
• Ukrainians - Religion
• Ukrainians - Online references
• Ukrainians - Notes

Read more here: » Ukrainians: Encyclopedia - Ukrainians

The Congress Poland is an unofficial term for the Kingdom of Poland (1815-1831), a political entity that was created out of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, when European powers reorganised Europe following the Napoleonic wars. It had an area of roughly 127 000 km² (compared with over 1 million km² of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and a population of approximately 2,600,000 (in 1814) (compared with approximately 10 million Commonwealth citizens). Congress Poland largely emerged as a result of the effor ...

Read more here: » Congress Poland: Encyclopedia - Congress Poland

A confederation is an association of sovereign states, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. Confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defence, foreign affairs, foreign trade, and a common currency, with the central government being required to provide support for all members. A confederation, in modern political terms, is usually limited to a permanent union of sovereign states for common action in relation to other states^Including:

• Confederation - Confederation vs. federation
• Confederation - Confederation as an event
• Confederation - Confederation day
• Confederation - List of entities considered to be confederations
• Confederation - Fictional confederations

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Various governments have a Chancellor who serves as some form of junior or senior minister. Chancellor (Latin: cancellarius), an official title used by most of the peoples whose civilization has arisen directly or indirectly out of the Roman empire. At different times and in different countries it has stood and stands for very various duties, and has been, and is, borne by officers of various degrees of dignity. The original chancellors were the Cancellarii of Roman courts of justice- ushers who sat at t ...

Including:

• Chancellor - Austria
• Chancellor - Denmark
• Chancellor - Finland
• Chancellor - France
• Chancellor - Germany
• Chancellor - Lithuania
• Chancellor - Poland
• Chancellor - Russia
• Chancellor - Spain and Latin America
• Chancellor - Sweden
• Chancellor - Switzerland
• Chancellor - United Kingdom
• Chancellor - United States

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The Zaporozhian Host or Zaporozhian Voisko (Ukrainian: Запорозьке Войсько, Zaporoz’ke Vois’ko, sometimes translated as Zaporozhian Cossack Army), also called Zaporizhian Sich after its fortified capital, was a political, social, and military organization of Ukrainian (Ruthenian) Cossacks, from the 16th to the 18th centuries. It was established in the central Ukrainian territory called Zaporizhzhia, below the rapids of the Dnieper river. Its appearance chall ...

Read more here: » Zaporozhian Host: Encyclopedia - Zaporozhian Host

Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. The term has come back into fashion since the collapse of the Cold War, which had divided Europe politically into East and West. The region is generally considered to contain (from North to South): Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Slovenia and more rarely Croatia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovi ...

Including:

• Central Europe - Between the Alps and the Baltics
• Central Europe - Culturally Central-European
• Central Europe - Central Europe behind the Iron Curtain
• Central Europe - The new members of the European Union
• Central Europe - Remnants of the Holy Roman Empire

Read more here: » Central Europe: Encyclopedia - Central Europe