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Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

A Wisdom Archive on Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

A selection of articles related to Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
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ARTICLES RELATED TO Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Battle of Vienna

The Battle of Vienna in 1683 (Turkish: İkinci Viyana Kuşatması) (as distinct from the Siege of Vienna in 1529) was the first large-scale battle of the Habsburg-Ottoman Wars, yet with the most far-reaching consequences. The battle pitted a Habsburg army of about 100,000 troops and their allies, led by Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, a 30,000-man relief force under Jan III Sobieski, King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, against the Ottoman army, commanded by Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha, which numbered approxi ...

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Read more here: » Battle of Vienna: Encyclopedia - Battle of Vienna

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - August II the Strong

August II the Strong (Polish: August II Mocny; German: August II der Starke; May 12, 1670 – February 1, 1733) was Elector of Saxony (where he was known as Frederick Augustus I) 1694-1733, and King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1697-1706 and again 1709-1733. He embroiled the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the disastrous Great Northern War. His attempts at internal reforms and at bolstering the royal power came to naught, while his mistakes allowed the Russia ...

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Read more here: » August II the Strong: Encyclopedia - August II the Strong

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Belarus

The Republic of Belarus is a landlocked nation-state in Eastern Europe, which borders Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Ukraine. Its capital city is Minsk, and other important cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homyel'), Mahilyow and Vitebsk. Throughout much of history, the area which is now known as Belarus was part of various countries including Lithuania, Poland and the Russian Empire. Eventually, in 1922, Belarus became a republic in the Soviet Union as the Byelorussian SSR. The republic officially declared i ...

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Read more here: » Belarus: Encyclopedia - Belarus

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Boreyko Coat of Arms

Boreyko - is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Boreyko Coat of Arms - History. The symbol of Swastika was also popular with the nobility. Prior to Christianity, this sign was painted on the shields of knights. According to chronicles, prince Oleg who in the 9th century with his Rus Vikings had captured Constantinople, had nailed his shield to the cities gates, which had a large red Swastika painted on it. The nob ...

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Read more here: » Boreyko Coat of Arms: Encyclopedia - Boreyko Coat of Arms

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Boris Godunov

Boris Feodorovich Godunov (Бори́с Фёдорович Годуно́в) (c. 1551 – April 13, 1605) was de facto regent of Russia from 1584 to 1598 and then the first non-Rurikid tsar from 1598 to 1605. Boris Godunov - Early years. Boris was the most famous member of an ancient, now extinct, Russian family of Tatar origin, which migrated from the Horde to Kostroma in the early 14th century. Boris's career of service began at the court of Ivan the Terrible. He is mentioned in 1570 as taking part ...

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Read more here: » Boris Godunov: Encyclopedia - Boris Godunov

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький in Ukrainian, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as Bogdan Khmel'nitsky) (c. 1595 – August 6, 1657) was a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth noble of Polish or Ruthenian origin, leader of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate, hetman of Ukraine, noted for his revolt against Poland (1648 – 1654) and the Treaty of Pereyaslavl which even ...

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Read more here: » Bohdan Khmelnytsky: Encyclopedia - Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Society of Jesus

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu/Jesu (S.J.) in Latin) is a Christian religious order of the Roman Catholic Church in direct service to the Pope. Its members, known as Jesuits since the Protestant Reformation, have been called "Footsoldiers of the Pope" in part because the Society's founder, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a soldier before his conversion. Today, Jesuits number over 20,000 and comprise the largest religious order in the Catholic Church. Jesuit priests and brothers are engaged in mini ...

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Read more here: » Society of Jesus: Encyclopedia - Society of Jesus

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Belarusian language

Belarusian (беларуская мова) is the language of the Belarusian people. It is one of the three East Slavic languages and is spoken in and around Belarus. It shares some vocabulary with the languages of the neighboring Slavic nations, most notably with Ukrainian, Polish, Russian and Slovakian. It is also known as "Belarusan", "Byelorussian", "Belorussian", or "Belarusian". The word "Byelorussian" is an adjective derived from the transliteration of the Russian name of the country (Byelorussia). It was in predo ...

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Read more here: » Belarusian language: Encyclopedia - Belarusian language

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Transcontinental nation

A transcontinental nation is a country belonging to more than one continent. The definitions used may vary according to which criteria are used (whether purely geographical or, on the other hand, political, economic or cultural criteria). The best example is probably Russia, which has its historical core as well as most of its population (75%), economic activity and political institutions (such as its capital city) in Europe, yet geographically most of the territory (75%) is actually in Asia. By some definitions, Russia straddl ...

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Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - August III the Saxon

August III the Saxon or the Corpulent (Polish: August III Sas, August III Gruby; 1696-1763) was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1734-1763) and Elector of Saxony (1733-1763, as Friedrich August II). August III was born in Dresden in 1696, son of August II the Strong, Imperial Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was groomed to succeed his father as King of the Polish-Li ...

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Read more here: » August III the Saxon: Encyclopedia - August III the Saxon

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Artillery

Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. The term also describes ground-based troops with the primary function of manning such weapons. Sometimes known as "The King of Battle". Artillery - Modern Artillery. Modern artillery is distinguished by its large calibre, firing an explosive shell or rocket, and being of such a size and weight as to require a specialized mount for firing and transport. Weapons covered by this term include "tube" artillery such as ...

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Read more here: » Artillery: Encyclopedia - Artillery

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - 18th century

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800 in the Gregorian calendar. European history scholars will sometimes specifically refer to the 18th century as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution. 18th century - Events. 18th century - 1700s. 1701-1714: War of the Spanish Succession 1703: Saint Petersb ...

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Read more here: » 18th century: Encyclopedia - 18th century

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Education

Education is a social science that encompasses teaching and learning specific knowledge, beliefs and skills. Licensed and practicing teachers in the field use a variety of methods and materials in order to impart a curriculum. There has been a plethora of journals, magazines, books and digests in the field of education that addresses these areas. Such literature addresses the teaching practices. Subjects include lectures, game playing, testing, scheduling, record keeping, bullying, seating arrangements, interests, motivation, and comp ...

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Read more here: » Education: Encyclopedia - Education

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Hungary

The Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság listen ▶ (help·info)), or Hungary (Magyarország listen ▶ (help·info)), is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Croatia and Slovenia. It is known locally as the Country of the Magyars. Hungary - History. M ...

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Read more here: » Hungary: Encyclopedia - Hungary

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Adam Mickiewicz

Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (December 24, 1798 – November 26, 1855) was one of the most well-known Polish poets and writers, considered the greatest Polish poet besides Zygmunt Krasiński and Juliusz Słowacki. He is also considered one of the greatest poets of Eastern Europe. Adam Mickiewicz - Biography. Mickiewicz was born in the Zavosse manor of his uncle near Nowogródek (Lithuanian: Naugardukas, Belarusian: Наваградак, Russian: Новогрудок) of the Russian Empire (former Grand Duchy of ...

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Read more here: » Adam Mickiewicz: Encyclopedia - Adam Mickiewicz

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - American Revolution

The American Revolution is the series of events, ideas, and changes that resulted in the political separation of thirteen colonies in North America from the British Empire and the creation of the United States of America. The American War of Independence (1775–1783) was one part of the revolution, but the revolution by the Americans began before the first shot was fired at Lexington and Concord and continued after the British surrender at Yorktown. Years later, in 1818, John Adams wrote: "The Revolution was effected before the War commenced," and " ...

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Read more here: » American Revolution: Encyclopedia - American Revolution

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Anti-Semitism

Anti-Semitism (alternatively spelled antisemitism) is hostility toward or prejudice against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group, which can range from individual hatred to institutionalized, violent persecution. The highly explicit ideology of Adolf Hitler's Nazism was the most extreme example of this phenomenon. Anti-Semitism has historically taken different forms: Religious anti-Semitism, or anti-Judaism. Before the 19th century, most anti-Semitism was primarily religious in nature, based on Christian or ...

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Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia - Anti-Semitism

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Anti-Polonism

Anti-Polonism (alternatively spelled antipolonism; also, Polonophobia) is a term used to collectively describe a broad spectrum of hostile sentiments toward Poles. While the term is used in Polish (antypolonizm), its use in English has been limited. The term was used frequently in 19th century Poland to describe the anti-Polish policies of German-Prussian statesman Otto von Bismarck[citation needed]. The English derivation does not appear in major English dictionaries, and according to Lex ...

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Read more here: » Anti-Polonism: Encyclopedia - Anti-Polonism

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Warsaw

Warsaw (Polish Warszawa, [varˈʂava](?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. It is located on the Vistula river roughly 350 km from both the Baltic Sea coast and the Carpathian Mountains. Its population as of 2004 was estimated at 1,692,900, with an urban agglomeration of approximately 2,760,000. The city area amounts to 516.9 km², with an urban agglomeration of 6100,43 km² (Warsaw Metrop ...

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Read more here: » Warsaw: Encyclopedia - Warsaw

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Regent

A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is anyone who acts as head of state, especially if not the monarch (who has higher titles). Thus, the common use is for an acting deputy governor. In a monarchy, a regent usually rules due to the actual monarch's absence, incapacity or minority, and may also be elected to rule during the sede vacante when the royal line has died out. This was the case in Finland and Hungary, where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I. In Iceland, the regent repre ...

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Read more here: » Regent: Encyclopedia - Regent

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - 16th century

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. See also: 16th century in literature 16th century - Events. 1501: Safavid dynasty rules Iran until 1736. 1503: Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa and completes it three or four years later. 1509: The Battle of Diu marks the beginning of Portuguese dominance of the Spice trade. 1514: The Battle of Orsha halts Muscovy's expansion into ...

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Read more here: » 16th century: Encyclopedia - 16th century

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