Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Article Index

Encyclopedia - List Of Polish Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Polish Wars - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth
The 17th century saw fierce rivalry between the then major Eastern European powers – Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Belarus: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Belarus - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth
The Lublin Union of 1569 constituted the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as an influential player in European politics and the largest mul...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Vilnius: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Vilnius - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth
Between 1503 and 1522 the city was surrounded with walls that had nine gates and three towers. Communities of Poles, Lithuanians and Bela...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Polish Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Polish Monarchs - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth
Valois Dynasty 1573-1574 — Henryk III Walezy (abandoned the Polish-Lithuanian throne) Jagiellon Dynasty 1575-1586 — Anna Jagiellon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth - History
The creation of the Commonwealth by the Union of Lublin in 1569 was one of the signal achievements of Sigismund II Augustus, last king of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania - History
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise to great power status under the reign of the king Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian) begin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Catherine Ii Of Russia: Encyclopedia - Catherine Ii Of Russia
Catherine the Great (April 21, 1729—November 6, 1796 (O.S.)), born Sophie Augusta Fredericka of Anhalt-Zerbst, reigned as Empress of Ru...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland 1569–1795: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland 1569–1795 - House Of Vasa
History of Poland 1569–1795 - Zygmunt III Waza 1587–1632. The first few years of Sigismund's reign, until 1598 saw Poland and Swede...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nihil Novi: Encyclopedia Ii - Nihil Novi - Nihil Novi Nisi Commune Consensu
It was an important victory for Polish noblemen (szlachta) over the kings. This act (called a constitution in Poland) forbade the king to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania - History
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise to the great power status under the reign of Grand Duke Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Treaty Of Pereyaslav: Encyclopedia Ii - Treaty Of Pereyaslav - Historical Consequences
Whatever the nature of the treaty, the consequences were more clear over time. Major consequences of the treaty included the separation o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prince-elector: Encyclopedia Ii - Prince-elector - Composition
The German practice of electing monarchs began when ancient Germanic tribes formed ad hoc coalitions and elected the leaders thereof. Ele...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - With Fire And Sword: Encyclopedia Ii - With Fire And Sword - Quote
"1647 was a strange year in which signs on earth and the sky seemed to announce disasters and unusual even Contemporary chroniclers recal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania - History
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise under the reign of Grand Duke Mindaugas (or Mindoŭh in Belarusian) beginning in 1238. Mindau...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Considerations On The Government Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - Considerations On The Government Of Poland - Commission
In the early 1770's, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was in a particularly challenging situation, threatened by its neighbors on all s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confederation: Encyclopedia Ii - Confederation - List Of Entities Considered To Be Confederations
Note that historical confederations, especially those that predate the 20th century, may not fit the current definition of a confederatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Cecora: Encyclopedia - Battle Of Cecora
Battle of Cecora (also known as Battle of Ţuţora) was a battle between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (assisted by Moldavian troops...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Kircholm: Encyclopedia - Battle Of Kircholm
Battle of Kircholm (September 27, 1605) was one of the major battles in the Polish-Swedish War of 1600-1611. The battle was decided in 20...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baltic Languages: Encyclopedia - Baltic Languages
The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baltic Countries: Encyclopedia - Baltic Countries
The terms "Baltic countries", "Baltic Sea countries", "Baltic states", and "Balticum" refer to slightly different combinations of countri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Vienna: Encyclopedia - Battle Of Vienna
The Battle of Vienna in 1683 (Turkish: İkinci Viyana Kuşatması) (as distinct from the Siege of Vienna in 1529) was the first large-sca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - August Ii The Strong: Encyclopedia - August Ii The Strong
August II the Strong (Polish: August II Mocny; German: August II der Starke; May 12, 1670 – February 1, 1733) was Elector of Saxony (wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Belarus: Encyclopedia - Belarus
The Republic of Belarus is a landlocked nation-state in Eastern Europe, which borders Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Ukraine. Its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Boreyko Coat Of Arms: Encyclopedia - Boreyko Coat Of Arms
Boreyko - is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Boreyko...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Boris Godunov: Encyclopedia - Boris Godunov
Boris Feodorovich Godunov (Бори́с Фёдорович Годуно́в) (c. 1551 – April 13, 1605) was de facto regent of Russia f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bohdan Khmelnytsky: Encyclopedia - Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький in Ukrainian, commo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Society Of Jesus: Encyclopedia - Society Of Jesus
The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu/Jesu (S.J.) in Latin) is a Christian religious order of the Roman Catholic Church in direct service t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Belarusian Language: Encyclopedia - Belarusian Language
Belarusian (беларуская мова) is the language of the Belarusian people. It is one of the three East Slavic languages and is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transcontinental Nation: Encyclopedia - Transcontinental Nation
A transcontinental nation is a country belonging to more than one continent. The definitions used may vary according to which criteria ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - August Iii The Saxon: Encyclopedia - August Iii The Saxon
August III the Saxon or the Corpulent (Polish: August III Sas, August III Gruby; 1696-1763) was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artillery: Encyclopedia - Artillery
Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. The term also describes ground-based troop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 18th Century: Encyclopedia - 18th Century
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800 in the Gregorian c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Education: Encyclopedia - Education
Education is a social science that encompasses teaching and learning specific knowledge, beliefs and skills. Licensed and practicing teac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hungary: Encyclopedia - Hungary
The Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság listen ▶ (help·info)), or Hungary (Magyarország listen ▶ (help·info)), is a landloc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adam Mickiewicz: Encyclopedia - Adam Mickiewicz
Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (December 24, 1798 – November 26, 1855) was one of the most well-known Polish poets and writers, considered the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Revolution: Encyclopedia - American Revolution
The American Revolution is the series of events, ideas, and changes that resulted in the political separation of thirteen colonies in Nor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia - Anti-semitism
Anti-Semitism (alternatively spelled antisemitism) is hostility toward or prejudice against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-polonism: Encyclopedia - Anti-polonism
Anti-Polonism (alternatively spelled antipolonism; also, Polonophobia) is a term used to collectively describe a broad spectrum of hostil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warsaw: Encyclopedia - Warsaw
Warsaw (Polish Warszawa, [varˈʂava](?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Pola...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regent: Encyclopedia - Regent
A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is anyone who acts as head of state, especially if not the monarch (who has higher titles). ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 16th Century: Encyclopedia - 16th Century
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. See also: 16th century in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abraham Ben Abraham: Encyclopedia - Abraham Ben Abraham
The history of Abraham ben Abraham, also known as Count Valentine (Valentin, Walentyn) Potocki (Pototzki or Pototski) is a controversial ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vitsebsk: Encyclopedia - Vitsebsk
Vitsebsk (Belarusian: Ві́цебск (Viciebsk); Russian: Ви́тебск (Vitebsk); Polish: Witebsk) is a city in Belarus, near the b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cossack: Encyclopedia - Cossack
For the ghost town in Western Australia, see Cossack, Western Australia. Cossack is the common name that has been independently shared b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Count: Encyclopedia - Count
A count is a nobleman in most European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is still a "countess" (for lack of an ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crimean Karaites: Encyclopedia - Crimean Karaites
The Crimean Karaites (sometimes known as Karaim) are a Karaite Jewish community of Eastern Europe. Originally centered in the Crimean Pen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warmia: Encyclopedia - Warmia
Warmia (Polish: Warmia, German: Ermland, Latin: Varmia, also historically known as Ermeland) is a region between Pomerania and Masuria in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warsaw Confederation: Encyclopedia - Warsaw Confederation
The Warsaw Confederation (January 28, 1573), an important development in the history of Poland, is considered the formal beginning of rel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Considerations On The Government Of Poland: Encyclopedia - Considerations On The Government Of Poland
Considerations on the Government of Poland — also simply The Government of Poland or, in the original French, Considérations sur le go...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish Constitution Of May 3 1791: Encyclopedia - Polish Constitution Of May 3 1791
The Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 (Polish: Konstytucja Trzeciego Maja) is claimed to be Europe's first modern codified national cons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crown Land: Encyclopedia - Crown Land
Crown land is a designated land belonging to the Crown, the equivalent of an entailed estate that passed with the monarchy and could not ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crown Of The Polish Kingdom: Encyclopedia - Crown Of The Polish Kingdom
Crown of the Polish Kingdom, or just colloquially the Crown (Polish:Korona) is the archaic name, used in the times of Kingdom of Poland u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church: Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC), also known as the Ukrainian Catholic Church, is one of the successor Churches to the acceptan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukraine: Encyclopedia - Ukraine
Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, Ukrayina, /ukraˈjina/) is a country in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the northeast, Belarus t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Language: Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Language
Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukrayins'ka mova, [ukraˈjinsʲka ˈmɔva]) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Presidential Election 2004: Encyclopedia - Ukrainian Presidential Election 2004
Ukraine This article is part of the series: Politics of Ukraine Political parties in Ukraine Elections in Ukraine: President: 2004 Parli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Upper Class: Encyclopedia - Upper Class
The term upper class refers to a group of people at the top of a social hierarchy. Often members of an upper class do not have to work fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ukrainians: Encyclopedia - Ukrainians
Russia:   2,860,0001[1] Canada:   1,071,0601[2] USA:   890,0001[3] Brazil:   550,0001[4] Kazakhst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congress Poland: Encyclopedia - Congress Poland
The Congress Poland is an unofficial term for the Kingdom of Poland (1815-1831), a political entity that was created out of the Duchy of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confederation: Encyclopedia - Confederation
A confederation is an association of sovereign states, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. Confeder...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chancellor: Encyclopedia - Chancellor
Various governments have a Chancellor who serves as some form of junior or senior minister. Chancellor (Latin: cancellarius), an official...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zaporozhian Host: Encyclopedia - Zaporozhian Host
The Zaporozhian Host or Zaporozhian Voisko (Ukrainian: Запорозьке Войсько, Zaporoz’ke Vois’ko, sometimes translated ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Central Europe: Encyclopedia - Central Europe
Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. The term has come back ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Castellan: Encyclopedia - Castellan
A castellan was the governor or caretaker of a castle or keep. The role was often part way between that of a majordomo and that of a mili...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Xii Of Sweden: Encyclopedia - Charles Xii Of Sweden
Carl XII, Karl XII or Carolus Rex, (June 17, 1682 – November 30, 1718), the Alexander of the North, nicknamed in Turkish as Demirbaş �...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chernihiv: Encyclopedia - Chernihiv
Chernihiv or Chernigov is an ancient city in northern Ukraine, the capital of Chernihiv Oblast (province). The city population is 295,500...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vilnius: Encyclopedia - Vilnius
Vilnius (pronunciation ▶ (help·info), Belarusian: Вільня, Polish: Wilno, Russian: Вильнюс, formerly Вильно, Germa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Commonwealth
The original phrase "common wealth" or "the common weal" is a calque translation of the Latin term res publica ('public matters'), from w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vilnius County: Encyclopedia - Vilnius County
Vilnius County (Lithuanian: Vilniaus apskritis) is the biggest of the 10 counties of Lithuania, located in the east of the country around...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khmelnytskyi Uprising: Encyclopedia - Khmelnytskyi Uprising
Khmelnytskyi Uprising (also Chmielnicki Uprising or Chmielnicki Rebellion) is the name of a civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonweal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Citizenship: Encyclopedia - Citizenship
Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city but now usually a state) and carries with it rights to political pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kazimierz Iii The Great: Encyclopedia - Kazimierz Iii The Great
Kazimierz III the Great (Polish: Kazimierz Wielki; 1310 – 1370), King of Poland, was the son of King Władysław I the Elbow-high and J...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rocket: Encyclopedia - Rocket
A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving exhaust gas from within a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland 1569–1795: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland 1569–1795 - The Three Partitions 1764-1795
During the reign of Empress Catherine the Great (1762-1796), Russia intensified its manipulation in Polish affairs. The Kingdom of Prussi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1560s: Encyclopedia - 1560s
1530s 1540s 1550s - 1560s - 1570s 1580s 1590s 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 Events and Trends In 1564 William Shakes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1569: Encyclopedia - 1569
1569 - Events. January 11-May 6 - First recorded lottery in England performed nonstop at the west door of the St. Paul's Cathedral. Ea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland 1569–1795: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland 1569–1795 - Decay Of The Commonwealth
During the 18th century the Polish crown itself became subject to the manipulations of Russia, Sweden, the Kingdom of Prussia, France and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland 1569–1795: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland 1569–1795 - Founding Of The Elective Monarchy
The death of Sigismund II Augustus in 1572 was followed by a three-year interregnum period during which adjustments were made to the cons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prince-elector: Encyclopedia Ii - Prince-elector - High Offices
Each elector held a "High Office of the Empire" and was a member of the (ceremonial) Imperial Household. The three spiritual electors wer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania - Military
Despite Lithuania's mainly peaceful conquest of much of its Rus holdings it could call upon potent military strength if needed and were t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania - Military
Despite Lithuania's mainly peaceful acquisition of much of its Ruthenian holdings it could call upon military strength if needed and were...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1605: Encyclopedia - 1605
1605 - Publications. Francis Bacon, Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Humane. 1605 - Births. April 8 - Ki...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1632: Encyclopedia - 1632
1632 - Events. February 22 - Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published July 23 - 300 colonists for New Fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nobility: Encyclopedia - Nobility
The nobility represents, or has represented, the higher stratum of a society in which social classes can be distinguished. The most disti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prince-elector: Encyclopedia Ii - Prince-elector - Rights And Privileges
Electors were among the rulers of the States of the Empire, but enjoyed precedence over the other princes. They were, until the 18th cent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prince-elector: Encyclopedia Ii - Prince-elector - Reichstag
The electors, like the other princes ruling States of the Empire, were members of the Reichstag, which was divided into three collegia: t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Exile: Encyclopedia - Exile
Exile is a form of punishment. It means to be away from one's home (i.e. city, state or country) while either being explicitly refused pe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Enlightenment: Encyclopedia - Age Of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a larger period which incl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1660s: Encyclopedia - 1660s
1630s 1640s 1650s - 1660s - 1670s 1680s 1690s 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1660s - Events and Trends. Samuel Pepy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1670s: Encyclopedia - 1670s
1640s 1650s 1660s - 1670s - 1680s 1690s 1700s 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1670s - Events and Trends. Newton and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1773: Encyclopedia - 1773
1773 in topic: Arts Architecture - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Mexico - Science Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prince-elector: Encyclopedia Ii - Prince-elector - Elections
The individual chosen by the electors assumed title "King of the Romans", though he actually reigned in Germany and Austria. The King of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1619: Encyclopedia - 1619
1619 - Events. May 13 - Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been accused of treason. July ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duchy Of Lithuania - Legacy
According to some historians (especially in Russia) one of the most crucial effects of Lithuania's power was upon ethnic divisions amongs...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Europe-related Topics: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Europe-related Topics - States
List of Europe-related topics - Other. Crimea England European microstates Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Kalinin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Poland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Poland - Early History Of Poland 966-1385
Main articles: History of Poland (966-1385), Kingdom of Poland of the first Piasts, Kingdom of Poland during feudal dissolution, Kingdom ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lingua Franca: Encyclopedia Ii - Lingua Franca - Languages Which Have Served As A Lingua Franca
The Aramaic, native language of the Arameans, became the lingua franca of the Assyrian Empire and the western provinces of the Persian Em...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lviv: Encyclopedia Ii - Lviv - History
Lviv - Early history. Recent archaeological excavations show that the area of Lviv has been populated since at least the 5th century. A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Lithuanian Rulers: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Lithuanian Rulers - The Grand Duchy Of Lithuania
Title: Grand Duke (‘vjaliki knjazþ’ in Belarusian, ‘wielki książę’ in Polish, ‘Kunigaikštis’ or ’Didysis Kunigaikštis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Poles: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Poles - Science
List of Poles - Astronomy. Franciszek Armiński. Albert Brudzewski. Tadeusz Banachiewicz. Władysław Dziewulski. Felicjan Kępiński....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Extinct States: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Extinct States - Modern States
List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by geographical location. In and around what is now Bulgaria Third Bulgarian...   » Read the article